Methods to prevent side marks from rusting on heavy steel plates

When a steel plate produced by a steel plant leaves the factory,its upper surface should be marked with the specification,variety,batch number,and other identifying information,and its side should be marked with a side marking.The side marking contains the plate number,specification,batch number,and other information,which are convenient for customers to accurately identify relevant information after stacking.However,because of the influence of weather,environment,and other factors,the side marking becomes unidentifiable when the steel plate is corroded,affecting the customer’s loading,unloading,and other operations.The development and application of side anticorrosion devices and cleaning of finished heavy steel plates with antirust agents will solve the problem of unrecognizable side marking due to corrosion.

Coffee Leaf Rust(Hemileia vastatrix)Disease in Coffee Plants and Perspectives by the Disease Control

Coffee Leaf Rust(CLR)is caused by Hemileia vastatrix in Coffea spp.It is one of the most dangerous phytopathogens for coffee plantations in terms of coffee productivity and coffee cup quality.In this review,we resume the problem of CLR in Mexico and the pathogenesis of H.vastatrix.The review abord plant-pathogen interactions which lead a compatible or incompatible interactions and result in CLR disease or resistance,respectively.The review abord Coffea spp.defense response pathways involved in H.vastatrix pathogenicity.Additionally,current measures to control H.vastatrix proliferation and germination were aborded focused on phytosanitary actions,and biological and chemical control.Finally,new trendlines to reduce the impact of CLR as nanoparticles and nanotechnology were analyzed.

Effect Evalution of Xiulijing on Fruit Rust Control of Golden Delicious Apple

[Objectives]The paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of Xiulijing in the management of rust in Golden Delicious apple cultivation.[Methods]The Golden Delicious apple was utilized as the test material.During the young fruit stage,various dilutions of Xiulijing were applied,specifically at concentrations of 200,400,600,800,1000,and 2000 times.Additionally,both the application of a 3000-fold dilution of GA 4+7 and the practice of fruit bagging were designated as the control treatments,while a water spray was utilized as the blank control.The fruit rust index and the incidence of rust-infected fruits were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of control measures for fruit rust in Golden Delicious apple cultivation.[Results]The application of Xiulijing,with dilutions ranging from 200 to 2000 times,exhibited a significant impact on reducing both the fruit rust index and the incidence of rust-infected fruits in Golden Delicious apples.The application of a 1000-fold dilution of Xiulijing resulted in a statistically significant reduction in both the fruit rust index and the incidence of rust-infected fruits,with reduction rates of 21.1%and 31.5%,respectively.Among the various strategies for the prevention and control of apple rust,fruit bagging emerged as the most effective method.The other two technical measures demonstrated significant control effects;however,no substantial differences were observed between them.[Conclusions]The biological control agent Xiulijing is more deserving of promotion and application in practical production due to its significantly superior economic benefits,safety,and stability.

Identification of Hyperparasitic Fungal Species Associated with Coffee Leaf Rust

[Objectives]The paper was to elucidate the specific hyperparasitic fungal species that are associated with coffee leaf rust.[Methods]Tissue isolation,sample humidification,and three-point inoculation techniques were employed to isolate,culture,and purify the hyperparasitic fungi responsible for coffee leaf rust.The purified strains were identified using traditional morphological techniques and molecular biology methods.[Results]Four strains were isolated,specifically BS21(Cladosporium cladosporioides),BS34(C.tenuissimum),BS62(C.cladosporioides),and BS75(C.colombiae).[Conclusions]The findings of this research will contribute novel insights into the biological control of coffee leaf rust.

Integrated Prevention and Control Technology for Coffee Leaf Rust in Yunnan Province

This paper investigates the damage symptoms and occurrence regularity related to coffee leaf rust,and proposes a comprehensive prevention and control strategy grounded in the principle of prioritizing prevention and implementing integrated prevention and control.This strategy encompasses the cultivation of rust-resistant varieties,the implementation of agricultural practices,the application of chemical interventions,the utilization of hyperparasitic fungi,and the protection and utilization of natural enemies.The paper further outlines the necessary requirements for effective prevention and control,emphasizing the importance of enhancing responsibility implementation,fostering systematic prevention and control measures,enhancing guidance services,and increasing publicity and guidance.The aim is to offer technical guidance for the integrated prevention and control of coffee leaf rust in Yunnan Province.

Rust语言在Web开发的应用研究

随着互联网技术的飞速发展,Web应用已成为人们日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分。但随着Web应用的规模和复杂性的不断增长,传统的开发语言在性能、安全性和并发性方面逐渐面临挑战。Rust作为一种新兴的系统级编程语言,以其高效、安全和并发性强的特点,逐渐在Web开发中得到广泛应用。

Rust语言在核电安全级仪控研发应用探讨

在核安全级(1E)仪控应用中,基于处理器的应用绝大部分使用C语言来实现。针对C语言存在弱内存管理、弱数据类型、易于出错的指针控制等天然语言缺陷,提出了更安全的Rust编程语言在核电仪控中应用可能性的探讨。首先分析了C语言固有特性的安全缺陷和Rust语言的安全优势,其次结合核电行业安全软件关键需求探讨了Rust语言的切实应用场景,并阐述了Rust语言应用于核电仪控面临着极大的挑战。最后,为推动核电仪控领域应用更安全的编程语言,提出了积极的展望。

Rust语言安全研究综述

Rust是为了解决系统编程领域的安全性问题,而设计的一门面向系统编程的兼具类型安全、内存安全和并发安全的新型程序设计语言,强调安全性和高性能,已经在操作系统内核、Web浏览器、网络协议栈、数据库和区块链等底层软件系统的构建中得到了越来越广泛的应用。现有研究表明,尽管Rust的设计目标是保证安全性,但其自身仍然存在许多安全问题。作为一门系统编程语言,Rust的安全性直接影响到基于Rust开发的软件系统的安全性。随着Rust的广泛应用,对Rust语言安全的研究显得尤为重要。Rust语言安全研究正在成为研究热点,并且在近几年已经取得了较大研究进展。本综述基于该研究领域已经公开发表的46篇研究论文,对该领域的相关研究进行了系统整理、分析和总结:首先,研究分析了Rust的核心安全特性,包括函数式编程范式、强多态类型系统、基于所有权模型的自动内存管理、对非安全代码的显式标记和隔离;其次,提出了Rust语言安全研究领域的分类学,将已有研究分为安全实证研究、漏洞检测研究、安全增强研究和形式化验证研究四个热点方向,并分别对这四个方向上的相关研究进行了综述、深入分析和总结,同时分析了四个研究方向的内在联系;最后,指出了该研究领域的待解决的科学问题,并对未来可能的研究方向进行了展望,提出了四个潜在的研究方向,以期为相关领域的研究者提供有价值的参考。

Fine mapping and transcriptome sequencing reveal candidate genes conferring all-stage resistance to stripe rust on chromosome arm 1AL in Chinese wheat landrace AS1676

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(Pst), threatens wheat production worldwide, and resistant varieties tend to become susceptible after a period of cultivation owing to the variation of pathogen races. In this study, a new resistance gene against Pst race CYR34 was identified and predicted using the descendants of a cross between AS1676, a highly resistant Chinese landrace, and Avocet S, a susceptible cultivar. From a heterozygous plant from a F7recombinant inbred line(RIL) population lacking the Yr18 gene, a near-isogenic line(NIL) population was developed to map the resistance gene. An allstage resistance gene, YrAS1676, was identified on chromosome arm 1AL via bulked-segregant exomecapture sequencing. By analyzing a large NIL population consisting of 6537 plants, the gene was further mapped to the marker interval between KA1A_485.36 and KA1A_490.13, spanning 485.36–490.13 Mb on1AL. A total of 66 annotated genes have been reported in this region. To characterize and predict the candidate gene(s), an RNA-seq was performed using NIL-R and NIL-S seedlings 3 days after CYR34 inoculation. Compared to NIL-S plants, NIL-R plants showed stronger immune reaction and higher expression levels of genes encoding pathogenesis-associated proteins. These differences may help to explain why NIL-R plants were more resistant to Pst race CYR34 than NIL-S plants. By combining fine-mapping and transcriptome sequencing, a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene was finally predicted as the potential candidate gene of YrAS1676. This gene contained a single-nucleotide polymorphism. The candidate gene was more highly expressed in NIL-R than in NIL-S plants. In field experiments with Pst challenge,the YrAS1676 genotype showed mitigation of disease damage and yield loss without adverse effects on tested agronomic traits. These results suggest that YrAS1676 has potential use in wheat stripe rust resistance breeding.

Green rusts-derived iron oxide nanostructures catalyze NO reduction by CO

Green rusts with brucite-like layers of hydroxide intercalated with anions constitute a family of diverse precursors for the synthesis of iron oxides via dehydration,but precise structural control of the resulting oxides with respect to the size and shape at the nanometer level remains challenging due to the easy oxidation of the ferrous species.Herein,we report a new synthetic strategy for the facile preparation of fibrous-like green rusts by using appropriate balancing anions(CO_(3)^(2-)and SO_(4)^(2-))in ethylene glycol to regulate the morphology.Depending on the type of the intercalating anion,the green rusts were converted into hematite with fibrous-or plate-like shapes upon thermal activation.When evaluated in the reaction of NO reduction by CO,these iron oxides showed a prominent shape-dependent catalytic behavior.The fibrous-like Fe_(2)O_(3)was much more catalytically active and structurally robust than the plate-like analogue.Combined spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations on the nanostructured iron oxides revealed that the superior performance of the fibrous-like Fe_(2)O_(3)stemmed from a facile Fe_(2)O_(3)/Fe_(3)O_(4)redox cycle and a higher density of active sites for NO activation.

High-resolution genetic mapping and identification of candidate genes for the wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr8155B1

Stem rust,caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici(Pgt),threatens global wheat production.Development of cultivars with increased resistance to stem rust by identification,mapping,and deployment of resistance genes is the best strategy for controlling the disease.In this study,we performed fine mapping and characterization of the all-stage stem rust resistance(Sr)gene Sr8155B1 from the durum wheat line 8155-B1.In seedling tests of biparental populations,Sr8155B1 was effective against six Chinese Pgt races tested.In a segregating population of 5060 gametes,Sr8155B1 was mapped to a 0.06-cM region flanked by markers Pku2772 and Pku43365,corresponding to 1.5-and 2.7-Mb regions in the Svevo and Chinese Spring reference genomes.Both regions include several typical nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)and protein kinase genes that represent candidate genes.Among them,three NLR genes and three receptor-like protein kinases were highly polymorphic between the parental lines and their transcripts were upregulated in the homozygous resistant line TdR2 relative to its susceptible sister line TdS4.Four markers(Pku2772,Pku43365,Pku2950,and Pku3721)developed in this study,together with seedling resistance responses,correctly predicted Sr8155B1 absence or presence in 78 tetraploid wheat genotypes tested.The presence of Sr8155B1 in tetraploid wheat accessions CItr 14916,PI 197492,and PI 197493 was confirmed by mapping in three F_(2)populations.The genetic map and linked markers developed in this study may accelerate the deployment of Sr8155B1-mediated resistance in wheat breeding programs.

Investigation of Aegilops umbellulata for stripe rust resistance,heading date,and the contents of iron,zinc,and gluten protein

Aegilops umbellulata(UU)is a wheat wild relative that has potential use in the genetic improvement of wheat.In this study,46 Ae.umbellulata accessions were investigated for stripe rust resistance,heading date(HD),and the contents of iron(Fe),zinc(Zn),and seed gluten proteins.Forty-two of the accessions were classified as resistant to stripe rust,while the other four accessions were classified as susceptible to stripe rust in four environments.The average HD of Ae.umbellulata was significantly longer than that of three common wheat cultivars(180.9 d vs.137.0 d),with the exception of PI226500(138.9 d).The Ae.umbellulata accessions also showed high variability in Fe(69.74-348.09 mg kg^(-1))and Zn(49.83-101.65 mg kg^(-1))contents.Three accessions(viz.,PI542362,PI542363,and PI554399)showed relatively higher Fe(230.96-348.09 mg kg^(-1))and Zn(92.46-101.65 mg kg^(-1))contents than the others.The Fe content of Ae.umbellulata was similar to those of Ae.comosa and Ae.markgrafii but higher than those of Ae.tauschii and common wheat.Aegilops umbellulata showed a higher Zn content than Ae.tauschii,Ae.comosa,and common wheat,but a lower content than Ae.markgrafii.Furthermore,Ae.umbellulata had the highest proportion of γ-gliadin among all the species investigated(Ae.umbellulata vs.other species=mean 72.11%vs.49.37%;range:55.33-86.99%vs.29.60-67.91%).These results demonstrated that Ae.umbellulata exhibits great diversity in the investigated traits,so it can provide a potential gene pool for the genetic improvement of these traits in wheat.

Prevention of Q235 Steel Corrosion using Waterborne Rust Inhibitor

Sorbitol,triethanolamine,sodium benzoate,boric acid,and sodium carbonate were mixed to prepare a waterborne rust inhibitor.A temperature and humidity accelerated corrosion test was applied to investigate the corrosion behaviour of waterborne rust inhibitor coated Q235 steel and original Q235 steel,which was carried out in a temperature and humidity test chamber(WSHW-1000)at a temperature of 80℃and humidity of 95%.Compared with the original Q235,waterborne rust inhibitor coated Q235 has better resistance to corrosion in hot and humid ambient conditions.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization were measured with a three-electrode cell in 3.5%NaCl aqueous solution on a CHI760E potentiostat/galvanostat.Molecular dynamics was simulated to verify the synergistic corrosion inhibitory mechanism of sodium carbonate and triethanolamine.The test shows that the prepared waterborne rust inhibitor can reduce the tendency of Q235 to corrosion and can also effectively reduce the corrosion rate.

Fusion of Region Extraction and Cross-Entropy SVM Models for Wheat Rust Diseases Classification

Wheat rust diseases are one of the major types of fungal diseases that cause substantial yield quality losses of 15%–20%every year.The wheat rust diseases are identified either through experienced evaluators or computerassisted techniques.The experienced evaluators take time to identify the disease which is highly laborious and too costly.If wheat rust diseases are predicted at the development stages,then fungicides are sprayed earlier which helps to increase wheat yield quality.To solve the experienced evaluator issues,a combined region extraction and cross-entropy support vector machine(CE-SVM)model is proposed for wheat rust disease identification.In the proposed system,a total of 2300 secondary source images were augmented through flipping,cropping,and rotation techniques.The augmented images are preprocessed by histogram equalization.As a result,preprocessed images have been applied to region extraction convolutional neural networks(RCNN);Fast-RCNN,Faster-RCNN,and Mask-RCNN models for wheat plant patch extraction.Different layers of region extraction models construct a feature vector that is later passed to the CE-SVM model.As a result,the Gaussian kernel function in CE-SVM achieves high F1-score(88.43%)and accuracy(93.60%)for wheat stripe rust disease classification.

Spray Prediction Model for Aonla Rust Disease Using Machine Learning

Disease prediction in plants has acquired much attention in recent years.Meteorological factors such as:temperature,relative humidity,rainfall,sunshine play an important role in a plan’s growth only if they are present in adequate amounts as required by the plant.On the other hand,if the factors are inadequate,they may also support the growth of a disease in the plants.The current study focuses on the Rust disease in Aonla fruits and leaves by utilizing a real time dataset of weather parameters.Fifteen different models are tested for spray prediction on conducive days.Two resampling techniques,random over sampling(ROS)and synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)have been used to balance the dataset and five different classifiers:support vector machine(SVM),logistic regression(LR),k-nearest neighbor(kNN),decision tree(DT)and random forest(RF)have been used to classify a particular day based on weather conditions as conducive or non-conducive.The classifiers are then evaluated based on four performance metrics:accuracy,precision,recall and F1-score.The results indicate that for imbalanced dataset,kNN is appropriate with high precision and recall values.Considering both balanced and imbalanced dataset models,the proposed model SMOTE-RF performs best among all models with 94.6%accuracy and can be used in a real time application for spray prediction.Hence,timely fungicide spray prediction without over spraying will help in better productivity and will prevent the yield loss due to rust disease in Aonla crop.

Cloning of cDNA Fragment of Chitinase Gene from the Mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride on Armandii Pine Blister Rust

[Objective] The aim of this study was to isolate chitinase gene from Trichoderma atroviride strain SS003. [Method] With the aeciospore wall of armandii pine blister rust as inducer, chitinase gene was induced to express in Trichoderma atroviride cells. The cDNA fragment of chitinase gene was cloned by RT-PCR approach. [Result] The activity of chitinase induced reached 40.17 μg/10 min; and the specific fragment amplified was 834 bp in length and proved to be the fragment of chitinase gene by sequencing and sequence analysis. [Conclusion] The result showed the feasibility of isolating the full length of chitinase gene and its transformation, and further producing chitinase.

Screening of Wheat Cultivars for High Temperature Resistance to Stripe Rust from Wheat Resources in Huanghuai Growth Area

[Objective] The study aimed to screen wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust from the wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area. [Method] Seedlings of 165 wheat cultivars from Huanghuai growth area were identified by wheat stripe rust under high temperature; then the wheat cultivars showing stripe rust at seedling stage were further used to identify the same resistance in field. [Results] 13 cultivars were proved to be stripe rust resistant under high temperature, and the expression stages of stripe rust in the 13 cultivars were revealed. The field identification results confirmed the identification results at seedling stage via inoculation of mixed stripe rust of physiological races. The stripe resistances of wheat cultivars were also proved to be non-race-specific. [Conclusion] Wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area are abundant in wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust.

Control of Wheat Stripe Rust and Ensuring High Yield of Crops under Planting of Wheat Variety Mixtures

Wheat stripe rust has become the most dangerous disease which threaten safe yield of wheat in Sichuan Province. It is meaningful to provide technique support for integrated disease control by exploring the effective control measures of wheat stripe rust. Wheat stripe rust dynamic developments of all-planting and mixed-planting have been systematically investigated in this study by taking different mixed-planting combinations among 6 wheat varieties with different resistance levels. The results of this experiment show that the mixed-plantings of 4 and 6 wheat varieties can delay the occurance of wheat stripe rust,slow the speed of disease and decline the damage of disease as well as stabilize yield of wheats.

Forecast Model for Occurrence Degree of Wheat Stripe Rust Using Meteorological Data

[Objective] The aim of this study is to establish the model for forecasting wheat stripe rust occurrence condition using meteorological factors. [Method] Based on the data of wheat stripe rust occurrence degrees in its past prevalent years and the meteorological data at corresponding periods, the methods of grey correlation analysis and fuzzy mathematics were employed to establish the forecast model for four pathogenesis indices according to the time sequence before winter, Early March, Early April and Middle May. Thus, the criterion for forecasting the occurrence degree of wheat stripe rust was obtained based on the distribution method of arithmetic progression. [Result] The model corresponding to meteorological conditions for forecasting wheat stripe rust was successfully established. According to the verification, the forecasting results before winter and in Early Mar. were more severer than the real occurrence condition, while the forecasting results in Early Apr. and Middle May were basically consistent with real values. [Conclusion] The results of the present study may avail the control of wheat stripe rust in Henan Province.

Molecular Detection of Resistance Genes to Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew in Common Wheat Cultivar Yunmai52

Yunmai52, developed by crossing with common wheat-Haynaldia villosa6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149 as a resistant parent in 1992, was a common wheat cultivar approved and released in 2007 in Yunnan Province, China, which is characterized by high resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust. In this study,an F_2 population derived from a cross K78S/Yunmai52 was constructed to investigate the resistance genes, where K78 S is a wheat male sterile line susceptible to powdery mildew and stripe rust. Phenotypic identification of the parents, F_1 and F_2 populations and chi-square analyses showed that F_1 population was immune to stripe rust and powdery mildew; the segregation ratio of resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew（χ~2=1.10χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） and stripe rust（χ~2=0.15χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） fit to a 3：1 ratio in F_2 population, indicating that Yunmai52 harbors a dominant stripe rust resistance gene and a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene. The individuals were further detected with a marker co-segregated with Pm21（SCAR_（1400）） and two markers closely linked with Yr26（XWe173 and Xbarc181）. The results showed that polymorphic bands could be amplified between the parents and between resistance and susceptibility gene pools at the same locus. Randomly 96 individuals of F_2 population were selected for verification. The results showed that the phenotype was significantly correlated with the genotype. The detection accuracy of markers SCAR_（1400）, XWe173 and Xbarc181 was 100%, 97.91% and 92.70%, respectively.Yunmai52 harbored powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 and stripe rust resistance gene Yr26, which were both derived from 6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149.In addition, the results also demonstrate that Pm21 and Yr26 are two genes conferring durable resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in wheat.