二维聚合物[MnNa(Salicylate)_2(CH_3OH)(H_2O)]_n·0.5nH_2O的合成、晶体结构与活性研究

In this paper, a novel polymeric complex [MnNa（Salicylate）2（CH3OH）（H2O）]n·0.5nH2O was obtained and characterized by IR spectra, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The titled complex is crystallized in triclinic system, space group P1 with a=0.763 82（15） nm, b= 1.037 1（2） nm, c=1.290 9（3） nm, α= 103.59（3）°, β=104.65（3）°, γ=109.50（3）°, V=0.873 6（3） nm 3, Z=2, Dc=1.556 Mg/m 3, Mr=409.20, μ=0.823 mm -1, F（000）=418, R=0.0614, wR= 0.147 6. The activity in catalyzing the superoxygen anionic free radical dismutation was determinated.

Effect of sodium salicylate on oxidative stress and insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that high-dose salicylates improve free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in vitro, but the mechanism remains uncertain. In insulin-resistant rats, we found that the supplementation of sodium salicylate is associated with a reduction of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress. Few studies have investigated the effects of salicylates on oxidative stress levels in insulin-resistant animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of sodium salicylate on insulin sensitivity and to explore the potential mechanism by which it improves hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. METHODS: Intralipid+heparin (IH), saline (SAL), or intralipid+heparin+sodium salicylate (IHS) were separately infused for 7 hours in normal Wistar rats. During the last 2 hours of the infusion, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping was 3 performed with [6-(3)H] glucose tracer. Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxygenase method. Plasma insulin and C-peptide were determined by radioimmunoassay. MDA levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity in the liver and skeletal muscle were measured with colorimetric kits. RESULTS: Compared with infusion of SAL, IH infusion increased hepatic glucose production (HGP), and decreased glucose utilization (GU) (P<0.05). The elevation of plasma free fatty acids increased the MDA levels and decreased the GSH-PX activity in the liver and muscle (P<0.01). Sodium salicylate treatment decreased HGP, elevated GU (P<0.05), reduced MDA content by 60% (P<0.01), and increased the GSH-PX activity by 35% (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term elevation of fatty acids induces insulin resistance by enhancing oxidative stress levels in the liver and muscle. The administration of the anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate reduces the degree of oxidative stress, therefore improving hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. IKK-beta and NF-kappa B provide potential pathogenic links to oxidative stress.

Measurement and Correlation of Solid-Liquid Equilibria of Phenyl Salicylate with C4 Alcohols

In an equilibrium vessel,the solid-liquid equilibria(SLE) for three binary mixtures of phenyl salicylate with 1-butanol,2-butanol,and 2-methyl-1-propanol,respectively,have been measured from 283.15 K to the melting temperature of the solute using a method in which an excess amount of solute was equilibrated with the alcohol solution.The liquid concentrations of the investigated phenyl salicylate in the saturated solution were analyzed by UV spectrometry.Activity coefficients for phenyl salicylate have been calculated by means of the Wilson,NRTL,and UNIQUAC equations and with them were correlated solubility data that were compared with the experimental ones.The best correlation of the solubility data has been obtained by the Wilson equation by which the average root-mean-square deviation of temperature for the three systems is 1.03 K.

Effects of Sodium Salicylate on the Expression of HSP27 Protein during Oxidative Stress in Tissue-cultured Human Lens Epithelial Cells

The effects of sodium salicylate on the expression of heat shock protein 27 （HSP27） during oxidative stress in tissue-cultured human lens epithelial cells were investigated. Cultured human lens epithelial cells （HLB-3） were divided into 3 groups： control group （group A）, oxidation injury group （group B） and sodium salicylate group （group C）. Apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro was induced in the presence of 150 μmol/L H2O2. Cells viability and the expression of HSP27 were analyzed. Viability of the cells was measured by methyl thiazole tetrazolium （MTT） chromatometry. The expression of HSP27 in HLB-3 cells was detected by using immunohistochemistry and image analysis system, Sodium salicylate could induce the expression of HSP27, and the cells viability in group C was significantly higher than in group B （0.2667±0.01414 vs 0.2150±0.01080, P=0.012〈0.05）. The average gray value of HSP27 in group B was less than that in group C （P=0.000〈0.05）. The increased expression of HSP27 by sodium salicylate might play an important role in the protection of hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of human lens epithelial cells, suggesting that sodium salicylate could suppress, at least in part, the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells.

Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Magnesium Salicylate Powder in Air

Simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis （TG-DTA） was used to study the kinetics and the degradation of magnesium salicylate（ C14H10MgO6 ） in air. The results show that the decomposition proceeds through two steps. The kinetics of the first decomposition step was studied. The activation energies were calculated by using the Friedman and Flynn Wall Ozawa（FWO） methods, and the most probable kinetic model function was estimated using the multiple linear regression method. The values of the correlated kinetic parameters for the first decomposition step are E = 152.97 kJ/mol, lg（A/S^-1 ） = 10. 78, f（α） = （ 1 - α）^n（ 1 ＋Kcatα）, n =0. 691, and Kcat = 1. 3048.

Effects of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signal Pathway on Heat Shock Protein 27 Expression in Human Lens Epithelial Cells Exposed to Sodium Salicylate in vitro

The roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal pathway in sodium salieylate-induced expression of heat shock protein 27 （HSP27） in human lens epithelial cells （HLECs-B3） in vitro were investigated. HLECs-B3 were incubated in the fresh media containing sodium salicylate at different concentrations for different durations, and allowed to be recovered in fresh medium without sodium salicylate for different durations with or without pretreatment with p38MAPK inhibitor （SB203580）, ERK1/2 inhibitor （PD98059） and JNK/SAPK inhibitor （SP600125）. The expression of P38MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK, phosphorylated P38MAPK, phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated JNK/SAPK and HSP27 was detected by Western blot. The expression of HSP27 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. It was found there was only weak expression of HSP27 in normal HLECs. The expression of HSP27 was not detectable in HLECs-B3 that were exposed to sodium salicylate （55 retool/L） for 1-5 h. It was indicated that recovery from sodium salicylate （〉35 mmol/L） significantly increased the synthesis of HSP27. The expression of HSP27 was up-regulated in HLECs-B3 under sodium salicylate recovery for 3 h, reached the peak level for 6 h, and returned to the level of control cells by 24 h. Activation of P38MAPK from sodium salicylate stimulation occurred at 30th rain, and increased significantly at 1st h, then declined and renamed to baseline level at 3rd h under sodium salicylate recovery. Activation of ERK1/2 occurred at 1st h and reached the peak level at 6th h under sodium salicylate recovery. However, JNK/SAPK was inactivated by sodium salicylate. The expression of HSP27 could be down-regulated with the pretreatment of SB203580 and PD98059 jointly. It is concluded that sodium salicylate can induce the expression of HSP27 in HLECs-B3. The effects are mediated, at least in part, through the activation of P38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

THE EFFECTS OF SALICYLATE ON AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIAL AMPLITWDE FROM THE AUDITORY CORTEX AND AUDITORY BRAINSTEM

Tinnitus has often been studied using salicylate in animal models as they are capable of inducing tempo-rary hearing loss and tinnitus. Studies have recently observed enhancement of auditory evoked responses of the auditory cortex (AC) post salicylate treatment which is also shown to be related to tinnitus like behavior in rats. The aim of this study was to observe if enhancements of the AC post salicylate treatment are also present at structures in the brainstem. Four male Sprague Dawley rats with AC implanted electrodes were tested for both AC and auditory brainstem response (ABR) recordings pre and post 250 mg/kg intraperitone-al injections of salicylate. The responses were recorded as the peak to trough amplitudes of P1-N1 (AC), ABR wave V, and ABR waveⅡ. AC responses resulted in statistically significant enhancement of ampli-tude at 2 hours post salicylate with 90 dB stimuli tone bursts of 4, 8, 12, and 20 kHz. Wave V of ABR re-sponses at 90 dB resulted in a statistically significant reduction of amplitude 2 hours post salicylate and a mean decrease of amplitude of 31%for 16 kHz. WaveⅡamplitudes at 2 hours post treatment were signifi-cantly reduced for 4, 12, and 20 kHz stimuli at 90 dB SPL. Our results suggest that the enhancement chang-es of the AC related to salicylate induced tinnitus are generated superior to the level of the inferior colliculus and may originate in the AC.

Salicylate enhances expression and function of NMDA receptors in cochlear spiral ganglion neurons

Objective To study the effect of salicylate on the expression and function of NMDA receptors in spiral ganglion neurons （SGNs）. Methods The mRNA of NR1 subunit of NMDA receptor in modiolus tissues were detected by Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR （FQ-PCR）. NMDA receptor whole-cell currents were recorded using patch clamp in acute isolated SGNs. Results Compared with the control group, salicylate significantly increased the mRNA level of NR1 subunit in SGNs. NMDA of concentrations ranging from 0.1 mM to 10 mM evoked no current in SGNs. NMDA （0. 1mM and 0.5 mM） applied with salicylate （5 mM）, however, induced inward currents （212.6±15.2pA, n=5; 607.9±44.3pA, n=5） in a dose-dependent manner, which could be inhibited by APV. Salicylate alone did not produce any current in SGNs. Conclusion Salicylate increases the expression of NMDA receptors and facilitates the currents mediated by NMDA receptors in SGNs.

Nitric Oxide Production is Involved in Inhibition Growth of Salicylate at Chilling Temperature

[Objective] The aim was to investigate whether NO is involved in the inhibitory effect of salicylic acid on the growth at low temperature in Arabidopsis.[Method] The endogenous NO level in roots of wild-type and NahG mutant growing at 22 or 4 ℃ was measured with NO-specific probe DAF-FM DA staining method.[Result] NO level in plants growing at 4 ℃ for a long term could be increased with time;low temperature could induce NO production in wild-type and NahG mutant,and the NO level in NahG mutant with low level of salicylic acid was significantly lower than that in wild-type.[Conclusion] NO was involved in the inhibitory effect of salicylic acid on the growth of Arabidopsis at low temperature.

X-ray absorption study of tribofilms from ZDDP and overbased salicylate detergents

The interaction of overbased salicylate detergents with zinc dialkyldithiophosphates （ZDDP） and its effect on the formation of tribofilms under boundary lubrication have been studied by means of X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. The results show that addition of metallic detergents to neat ZDDP results in the change of surface chemistry of the tribofilm formed from neat ZDDP. Calcium from detergents is digested in the tribofilm. For the high overbased detergents, the deposit of overbasing agent CaCO3 in the tribofilm is also observed along with the formation of calcium phosphate in tribofilms.

Syntheses and Structures of Two Novel Salicylate-containing Mononuclear Manganese Complexes

Two salicylate containing mononuclear manganese complexes formulated as [Mnand characterized by elemental analysis, IR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Crystal data for compound 1： monoclinic, space group C2/c, a=30.748（6）, b=8.1933（13）, c=21.137（4） A, β=126.772（4）°, V=4265.5（13）A^3, Z=8, Mr=471.34, Dc=1.468 g/cm^3, μ=0.667 mm^-1, F（000）=1952,the final R=0.0637, wR=0.1783 （I 〉 2σ（I）） and GOOF=1.073; and those for compound 2： monoclinic,space group C2/c, a=14.505（5）, b=11.048（4）, c=20.711 （7）（A）, β=103.603（6）°, V=3225.6 （18）A^3, Z=4, Mr=668.65, Dc=1.377 g/cm^3, μ=0.466 mm^-1, F（000）=1416, the final R=0.0373, wR=0.1125 （I 〉2σ（I））, and GOOF=1.000. The Mn atoms of both complexes are six-coordinated in an axially elongated octahedral geometry for 1 and an axially compressed octahedral geometry for 2, and their oxidation states have been determined to be trivalent by bond valence sum calculation.

Efficacy and mechanism of methyl salicylate in the enhancement of skin delivery of herbal medicines

Objective: To elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) by which methyl salicylate enhances the skin delivery of herbal ingredients with diverse lipophilicity.Methods: The toxicity of methyl salicylate on skin cell lines was evaluated using the MTT assay. The Franz diffusion cell method was used to measure the permeability enhancing activities of methyl salicylate for five herbal ingredients with a range of lipophilicities. The interaction between methyl salicylate and the stratum corneum(SC) was observed by using an infrared spectroscopy technique. Moreover, the solubilities and SC-vehicle partition coefficient were determined to monitor the impact of methyl salicylate on the drug thermodynamic activities and partition into the SC layer, respectively.Results: Compared with azone(1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one), methyl salicylate showed lower toxicity to skin cells in terms of the IC50 values. The in vitro skin permeation studies showed that methyl salicylate could greatly improve the cumulative amounts or steady state flux of the selected model drugs with the exception of osthole, which indicated that methyl salicylate was prone to promote the skin delivery of hydrophilic drugs. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that methyl salicylate mainly interacted with SC lipids, leading to the disruption of the orderly arrangement of the SC.In addition, methyl salicylate had no obvious effect on the drug thermodynamic activity and partition into the SC.Conclusion: Methyl salicylate could effectively promote the skin delivery of relatively hydrophilic ingredients in externally used traditional Chinese medicines(TCM) without obvious cytotoxicity.

A Meta-analysis of Salicylates for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The aim of this study was to assess the effects and safety of salicylates on type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. We searched six databases （Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MED- LINE, EMBASE, CBM, CNKI and VIP） for all randomized controlled trials （RCTs） and self-control studies which investigated the effects of salicylates on T2DM. We included 34 RCTs and 17 self-control studies involving 13 464 patients with T2DM. It was demonstrated that salicylates had obvious effects on several parameters for patients with T2DM. （1） Any dose of salicylates could significantly reduce HbAIc level [mean difference （MD） -0.39%; 95% C1-0.47 to -0.32] in RCTs, but only high doses of salicylates （〉3000 mg/day） could effectively reduce fasting plasma glucose （FPG） level [standardized mean difference （SMD） -1.05; 95% CI -1.47 to -0.62] for patients with T2DM in both RCTs and self-control studies. Furthermore, high doses of salicylates could also increase plasma fasting insulin level （MD 12.20 mU/L; 95% CI 3.33 to 21.07）; （2） In both RCTs and self-control studies, high doses of salicylates could significantly reduce plasma triglycerides concentration. The results for RCTs were MD -0.44 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.71 to 4）.18, and those for self-control studies were 227±29 mg/dL （pre-treatment） and 117±8 mg/dL （post-treatment） （P=-0.009）; （3） All trials which reported cardiovascu- lar events were RCTs using low doses （〈1000 mg/day） of salicylates, and it was revealed that aspirin could significantly reduce the risk of myocardial infarction （OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.92）; （4） Two RCTs and two self-control studies with 〉3000 mg/day salicylates reported adverse effects, and the over- all effects were mild, and tinnitus occurred most frequently. No evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was found in all these studies. In conclusion, from our systematic review, the anti-diabetic effect of salicylates is in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of salicylates may have beneficial effects on re- ducing FPG, HbAlc level and increasing fasting insulin concentration, and may also have some positive effects on lipidemia and inflammation-associated parameters for patients with T2DM, without serious adverse effects.

Determination of Sodium Salicylate in Milk and Milk Power by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the application of high performance liquid chromatography to detect sodium salicylate in different milk powder and milk.[Methods]A high performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC)method was established for determining the sodium salicylate in milk and milk power,with Agilent ZORBAX Eclips XDB C18 column.The recovery and precision of the method were analyzed and discussed.[Results]The experimental conditions were determined as mobile phase:methanol+0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution,flow rate:0.8 ml/min,detection wavelength:300 nm,and column temperature:30℃.The peak area had a good linear relationship with the standard solution in the range of 0.2-10.0 mg/L,and the correlation coefficient(R 2)was greater than 0.999.The standard was added into different matrices at four levels.The average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk powder was 90.5%-101.0%,with RSD less than 5.0%,and the average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk was 90.5%-101.4%,with RSD less than 5.0%.The limit of quantification was 1.25 mg/kg in cow milk and 5.00 mg/kg in milk powder.[Conclusions]The accuracy and precision of sodium salicylate detection in milk powder and milk samples of the experimental method met the requirements.The method is simple,accurate,and reliable,and can meet the needs of actual detection.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Clearance Rate for Salicylate Toxicity in Multi-System Trauma

The management of patients with concomitant xenobiotic toxicity and multisystem trauma can be complex. While hemodialysis is generally the modality of choice for extracorporeal elimination of salicylates, the potential for large volume shifts and hypotension may pose a risk in patients with traumatic brain injury. An alternative therapy to hemodialysis is continuous renal replacement therapy, which has slower clearance rates than hemodialysis, but has decreased adverse effects in cases of traumatic brain injury. However, there are few published reports of clearance rates of salicylates using continuous renal replacement therapy. We report a case of multisystem trauma with concomitant intentional salicylate overdose in which continuous renal replacement therapy was employed. The salicylate clearance rate that was obtained in this case was 7.5 mL/minute using continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration, a form of continuous renal replacement therapy.

Synthesis and Structural Study of Triphenylbismuth Bis (Salicylate)

The crystal of triphenylbismuth bis (Salicylate) pentavalent was synthesized from the reaction of triphenylbismuth dichloride with salicylic acid dissolved in methylene chloride at room temperature. The molecular and crystal structures of triphenylbismuth bis (Salicylate) were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group with crystallographic parameters: a = 11.2937 (3) , b = 14.6516 (3) , c = 17.8253 (4) , α = 78.2958 (7)o, β = 76.232 (6)o, γ = 85.351 (6)o, u=6.332mm, V = 2803.59 (11) , Z=2, Dc=1.693g/cm, F(000)=1392, T=293(2)K. The final residual factor is 0.0602 for 5806 reflexions with . The bismuth atom of the compound has a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal configuration.

Catalytic Synthesis of Salicylate Esters over Cordierite Honeycomb Coated with Mo (VI)/ZrO₂

Solid acids such as ZrO2 & Mo (VI)/ZrO2 were coated on a honeycomb monolith by impregnation method. These catalytic materials were characterized by NH3-TPD, PXRD and SEM techniques. Salicylate esters were synthesized via transesterification of methyl salicylate with different alcohols over these catalytic materials. An excellent yield of Salicylate esters was obtained under specific reaction conditions. A correlation between the surface acidity, PXRD phase and catalytic activity of Mo (VI)/ZrO2 was observed. The thermally regenerated catalytic material was reused repeatedly with a consistent high yield of salicylate esters. The honeycomb coated with zirconia catalysts were found to be economical, efficient and ecofriendly (3E concept).

Advances in Molecular Mechanism of Microbiological Degradation of Salicylate

Salicylate is a type of pollutant widely and persistently existed in environ- ment. Microbiological degradation of salicylate as one kind of biological remediation methods has the advantages of low cost, good effect and no secondary pollution, and also attracts wide attention both at home and abroad. Currently, many salicy- late-degrading bacteria are isolated and screened, while the molecular mechanism of salicylate metabolism is also worth deep research. The research about molecular mechanism of microorganism degradation was overviewed, various degrading path- ways including catechol meta-cleavage pathway and gentisate pathway were intro- duced, and the latest progress in regulating genes of salicylate degradation was summarized.

Multiform Host Lattices in the Layer Type Inclusion Compound of Thiourea with Tetrabutylammonium Salicylate and Water

A new inclusion complex thiourea with tetrabutylammonium salicylate and water, 4(C4H9)4N+C7H5O3 ?4(NH2)2CS?2H2O, has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallo- graphy. Crystal data: MoKα radiation, triclinic, space group P1 with a = 13.505(5), b = 13.645(5), c = 30.720(10) ?, α = 92.872(7), β = 92.329(7), γ = 92.538(7)°, V = 5643.0(3) ?3, C96H184N12O14S4, Mr = 1858.79, Z = 2, Dc = 1.094 g/cm3, μ = 0.143 mm-1, F(000) = 2040, R = 0.0694 and wR = 0.1282 for 4303 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). There are three different layer type host-lattices in the crystal structure of the title compound. All of them are formed by [(NH2)2CS·(C7H5O3 )]4 tetramers, but water molecules are located between tetramers and link them by hydrogen bonds to generate ribbons at c = 0 and 1/2, and isolated tetramers are arranged side by side at c = 1/4. The tetrabutylammonium cations are sandwiched between puckered layers.