Classification, Tectonic Setting, and Mineralization Potential of Ayetoro and Sasaro Syenitic Plutons in Igarra Schist Belt, Southwestern Nigeria

Petrographic and geochemical studies of syenite-looking Ayetoro and Sasaro plutons within Igarra Schist Belt were carried out in order to classify them and determine their tectonic setting and mineralization potential. Petrographic study and geochemical classification revealed that while Ayetoro boss is microgranite constituting an aggregate of medium grained muscovite, quartz and biotite minerals, Sasaro stock is micromonzonite made up of medium grained albite, orthoclase, biotite, hornblende and pyroxene. Geotectonic setting showed the boss and stock are orogenic, probably derived from the same upper mantle magma as Igarra batholith that got contaminated by crustal materials responsible for their difference in lithology. Their mineralization potential showed that the massive Ayetoro microgranite with no appreciable trace-element contents cannot serve as host of any metallic deposit, and should be suitable for industrial applications. Whereas, the silicified, highly sheared Sasaro monzonite, with elevated level of some trace elements contents as Ag, Au and Cu, could harbor Ag-Au-Cu deposit.

Peraluminous A-type granites formed through synchronous fractionation,magma mixing,mingling,and undercooling:evidence from microgranular enclaves and host Mesoproterozoic Kanigiri granite pluton,Nellore Schist Belt,southeast India

The field and microstructural features coupled with mineral chemical data from microgranular enclave(ME)and host Mesoproterozoic Kanigiri granite(KG)pluton of Nellore Schist Belt(NSB),Southeastern India,have been documented in order to infer the likely processes responsible for the origin and evolution of ME and host KG magma.The ME and host KG bear the same mineral assemblages barring the KG which does not contain amphibole;however,they are modally disequilibrated.The ME in KG is originated due to multiple intrusions of ME magmas into the crystallizing host KG magma chamber.Field and textural features indicate the dynamic magma flow,mingling,and undercooling of the ME against a relatively cooler surface of host KG magma.The presence of NSB country rock xenoliths and its diffuse boundaries suggest the intrusive relation and marginal assimilation by the intruding KG magma.The occasional cumulate texture in the ME appears to have formed by the accumulation of early-formed minerals that crystallized rapidly in the ME magma globules.The ME shows the magmatically deform features developed due to the flowage and erosion by the subsequent intrusions of ME magma pulses into the crystallizing host KG magma chamber.The ME amphiboles show unusual composition as ferro-edenitic hornblende to potassian-hastingsitic hornblende,that crystallized in the subalkaline-alkaline transition,low fO_(2)(reducing to mildly oxidizing)magma.The unusual extremely low Mg/Mg+Fe^(t)=0.015(avg.)of ME amphiboles may be related to the changing physico-chemical(P,T,fO_(2),and H_(2)O)condition of the ME magma or they might have crystallized in equilibrium with more evolved KG magma.The KG(FeOt/MgO=37.04,avg.)and ME(FeO~t/MgO=77.72,avg.)biotites are siderophyllite,and buffered between QFM and NNO syn-crystallizing in the water undersaturated(H_(2O)≈3.58 wt.%in KG;≈3.53wt.%in ME),alkaline anorogenic(A-type)host magmas that were emplaced at mid-crustal(4–5 kbar;17 km)depth.Field,microtextural and mineral chemical evidences suggest that the alkaline KG magma originated from crustal source and evolved through synchronous fractionation,mixing,and mingling with coeval ME magmas in the KG magma chamber.

Geochemical Orientation Study of Stream Sediment Samples in the Southern Part of Nuggihalli Schist Belt: Ore Mineral Phases and Their Implications on the Bedrock Potential for Ores

Stream sediment sampling is a significant tool in geochemical exploration. The stream sediment composition reflects the bedrock geology, overburden cover, and metalliferous mineralization. This research article focuses on assessing selected trace element concentrations in stream sediments and interpreting their inter-element relationships using multivariate statistical methods. Tagadur Ranganathaswamy Gudda and its surroundings in the Nuggihalli schist belt of southern India have been investigated in the present work. The geology of the study area is complex, with a diverse range of litho units and evidence of strong structural deformation. The area is known for its mineralization potential for chromite, vanadiferous titanomagnetite, and sulfides. The topography of the region is characterized by an undulating terrain with a radial drainage pattern. Most part of the schist belt is soil covered except the Tagadur Ranganathaswamy Gudda area. For this study, a discrete stream sediment sampling method was adopted to collect the samples. Stream sediment samples were collected using a discrete sampling method and analyzed for trace elements using an ICP-AES spectrophotometer: Fe, Cr, Ti, V, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cd, and As have been analyzed. The analytical data were statistically treated using the SPSS software, including descriptive statistics, normalization of data using natural log transformation, and factor analysis with varimax rotation. The transformed data showed a log-normal distribution, indicating the presence of geochemical anomalies. The results of the study provide valuable insights into the geochemical processes and mineralization potential of the study area. The statistical analysis helps in understanding the inter-element relationships and identifying element groups and their implications on bedrock potential mineralization. Additionally, spatial analysis using inverse distance weighting interpolation provides information about the distribution of geochemical parameters across the study area. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of stream sediment geochemistry and its application in mineral exploration. The findings have implications for future exploration efforts and can aid in the identification of potential ore deposits in the Nuggihalli schist belt and similar geological settings.

Correlations between ultrasonic pulse wave velocities and rock properties of quartz-mica schist

Physico-mechanical properties are critically important parameters for rocks. This study aims to examine some of the rock properties of quartz-mica schist（QMS） rocks in a cost-effective manner by establishing correlations between non-destructive and destructive tests. Using simple regression analysis, good correlations were obtained between the pulse wave velocities and the properties of QMS rocks. The results were further improved by using multiple regression analysis as compared to those obtained by the simple linear regression analysis. The results were also compared to the ones obtained by other empirical equations available. The general equations encompassing all types of rocks did not give reliable results of rock properties and showed large relative errors, ranging from 23% to 1146%. It is suggested that empirical correlations must be investigated separately for different types of rocks. The general empirical equations should not be used for the design and planning purposes before they are verified at least on one rock sample from the project site, as they may contain large unacceptable errors.

New Data on the Mineralogy of Chromite from the Nuggihalli Schist Belt,Western Dharwar Craton,Karnataka,India:Petrogenetic Implications

The occurrence of rhythmic layering of chromite and host serpentinites in the deformed layered igneous complexes has been noticed in the Nuggihalli schist belt （NSB） in the western Dharwar craton, Karnataka, South India. For this study, the chromitite rock samples were collected from Jambur, Tagadur, Bhakatarhalli, Ranganbetta and Byrapur in the NSB. Petrography and ore microscopic studies on chromite show intense cataclasis and alteration to ferritchromite. The ferritchromite compositions are characterized by higher Cr number （Cr/[Cr＋AI]） （0.68-0.98） and lower Mg number （Mg/[Mg＋Fe]） （0.33-0.82） ratios in ferritchromite compared to that of parent chromite. The formation process for the ferritchromite is thought to be related to the exchange of Mg, AI, Cr, and Fe between the chromite, surrounding silicates （serpentines, chlorites）, and fluid during serpentinization.

Dynamic response characteristics of dry and watersaturated schist under impact loading

Many geological engineering hazards are closely related to the dynamic mechanical properties of rock materials.However,most existing studies on the dynamic mechanical properties of rock materials were conducted on the hard rocks such as sandstone,granite,limestone,and marble,whereas soft rocks,such as schist,are less studied.Therefore,in this study,a series of triaxial impact tests were conducted on dry and saturated schist by employing a modified triaxial split Hopkinson pressure bar system to reveal the coupling effects of water,strain rate,and triaxial confining pressure on the mechanical properties of schist.The results show that schist is a type of watersensitive rock and the stress-strain curve of saturated schist has apparent ductility.The effects of strain rate on dynamic strain,deformation modulus and peak stress were analyzed.The results also show that the dynamic peak stress is affected by the combined softening effect and viscous effect of water under impact loading.Finally,it was found that the failure mode of schist belongs to typical axial tensile failure under uniaxial impact tests,and shear failure is the main failure mode under triaxial impact tests.With the increase in confining pressure,the failure modes of schist change from tensile failure to shear failure.This research can provide useful parameters for geological engineering hazard prevention in mountain areas.

Tectonic Setting of the Kadiri Schist Belt, Andhra Pradesh, India

Plate tectonic activity has played a critical role in the development of petrotectonic associations in the Kadiri schist belt. The calc alkaline association of basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite （BADR） is the signature volcanic rock suite of the convergent margin. The N-S belt has gone below the unconformity plane of Cuddapah sediments. In the northern part geochemical and structural attributes of the Kadiri greenstone belt is studied along with microscopic observations of selected samples. Harker diagram plots of major elements generally indicate a liquid line of descent from a common source, such that BADR rocks are derived from a common parent magma of basaltic to andesitic composition. These calc-alkaline volcanic rocks are formed at convergent margins where more silicic rocks represent more highly fractionated melt. All the litho-units of this greenstone belt indicate crush and strain effects. The stretched pebbles in the deformed volcanic matrix with tectonite development along with associated greenschist facies metamorphism, alteration and hydration is remarkable. Flow foliation plane with N-S strike and very low angle （5~ to 10~） easterly dip and N-S axial planar schistosity formed due to later phase isoclinal folding can be clearly identified in the field. Basic intrusives are quite common in the surrounding area. All the observations including the field setting and geochemistry clearly demonstrate ocean-continent subduction as the tectonic environment of the study area.

Trace Elemental Expression in Soil Substratum and Floral Species in Selected Lateritic Profiles in the Northern Part of Kolar Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton, India

Extensive laterite cappings are observed in the northern part of Kolar schist belt and they are underlain by pillowed metabasalt and partially weathered auriferous cherty intercalations. To appraise the possible distribution of trace elements in both laterite cappings and in plants growing over there, a geobotanical study was conducted in the well exposed, almost flat to slightly undulating lateritic profiles in Jaderi-Holur-Nayakarahalli stretch in the northern part of Kolar schist belt. Due to humus-poor lateritic soil and scanty rainfall, the vegetation is sparse and scrubby. Shrub species are relatively more abundant than herbs and trees. The shrub species studied are Argyreia cuneata, Dodonaea viscosa, Carissa carandas, Ziziphus species, Barleria buxifolia and Atylosia scarbiocides. The herb species are mainly represented by Leucas ciliata, Pulicaria wightiana, Hyptis suaveolens, Tephrosia tinctoria, Trichodesma indicum, Stylosanthes fruticosa, Evolvulus alsinoides, Pavonia zeylanica, Orthosiphon diffusus, Waltheria indica and Stachytarpheta indica. Less frequent species included Acacia megaladena and Dolichandrone atrovirens. Geochemical analysis of different plant species and lateritic soil samples has been carried out. Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, As, Mn and Mg are in good concentration in soil but the same are impoverished in the plant species except Mn. A few analyses for Au show that its values are close to background concentration. However, plant uptake of Au appears to be better (25 - 86 ppb). The humic acid activity could have enabled gold to get absorbed by plants. While all other analyzed metals show higher range of concentration in soil compared to flora, gold shows a reverse relationship.

Shear-Controlled Gold Mineralization of G. R. Halli Area of Chitradurga Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton: Insights from Fluid Inclusion Study

Gold mineralization at G. R. Halli is located along the Central shear zone of Chitradurga schist belt, extending from west of Gonur, through east of G. R. Halli and C. K. Halli to east of Honnemardi, roughly parallel to stratigraphic units. The NNW-SSE trending shear zone has a width of 0.5 to 1.5 km shows extensive carbonatization of metabasalts and the associated lithologies confined to NNW-WNW trending arcuate brittle-ductile zone. The sheared and silicified contact zones between carbonaceous argillite and schistose metabasalt form the potential sites for localization of mineralization. The gold is associated with sulphides mainly pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, minor chalcopyrite. Textural relationship indicates two stage sulphide mineral assemblages co-relatable with two stage fluid ascents having temperature of homogenization between 125°C and 256°C. It is a typical epigenetic lode gold system, which got affected by later deformation.

Petrological Characteristics of the Peddavura Schist Belt and Adjacent Rocks in Eastern Dharwar Craton in Parts of Nalgonda District, Telangana State

The Peddavura greenstone Linear Belt, NW-SE trending, is formed in the Eastern part of the Dharwar Craton of south India, extended over 62.5 sq•km in Nalgonda and Guntur districts region. The entire belt is illustrated as Peninsular Gneiss. The Belt Study has attracted geologists for conducting further research to evaluate the crust forming process at the time of early volcanic eruption of Earth’s history. The South Indian Dharwar Craton depicts and exposes the crustal segments where geological activities took place consistently during the Precambrian. The PSB (Peddavura Schist Belt) mostly consists of meta volcanic (meta basalts), amphibolites, granites, dolerites, basaltic andesites, pegmatite and Banded Magnetite Quartzite’s (BMQ) rock types. The 20 represented rock samples made for thin section studies. Based on the Petrological studies minerals are showing uralitization, saussuritization in the granite with mylonite structures, perthite and dolerite are showing heavy metal such as rutile and other opaque minerals (Magnetite, hematite, and typical pyrite crystal) are present in different represented rock samples. The minerals are showing different alteration zones along with microstructures. Using the Petrological studies the minerals and rock types are identified in the study region.

Comparative Geochemical and Petrographic Studies of the Various Granitoids between Central and Western Arm, in the Central Part of Ramagiri Schist Belt and Their Petrogenetic Histories

Granitoids between the central and western arm of Ramagiri schist belt in its central part, are broadly classified into the migmatite gneiss, grey granodiorite and pink monzogranite, based on field characteristics and petrographic features. These granitoids belong to the Tonalite-Granodiorite-Monzogranite (TGM) suite of PGC-II. All the samples are fresh as per the CIA values, PC1-PC2 binary plot and MFW ternary plot. The granodiorites occupy the expected field in the normative IUGS, TAS, and R1-R2 classification diagrams, but the monzogranites occupy the monzogranite field in the normative IUGS classification diagram and granite to alkali granite field in the rest. The granodiorites exhibit both ferroan to magnesian, alkali-calcic nature with metaluminous I type features and falls in the calc-alkaline to high K calc-alkaline series. They have high ΣREE (an average 327.905 ppm) content, and show LREE enrichment ((La/Sm)N = 3.1 - 6.8) with enriched but relatively flat HREE ((Gd/Yb)N = 1.75 - 5.26) patterns and weak negative to positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.62 - 1.18). The monzogranites, on the other hand, are peraluminous, alkalic, ferroan, high K calc-alkaline, S-type granites, exhibiting relatively low ΣREE (an average 118.693 ppm) contents, strongly fractionated REE patterns with highly enriched LREE ((La/Sm)N =1.74 - 9.76), depleted HREE ((Gd/Yb)N = 0.43 - 2.21) patterns having concave upward shape, and strong negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.23 - 0.89). Geothermobarometry revealed the average emplacement temperature and pressure of the granodiorites and monzogranites as 812.5℃, 8.14 ± 0.6 kbar and 775℃, 3.14 kbar, respectively. Based, on the observations, it can be concluded that the granodiorites have formed in volcanic arc setting by partial melting of the lower crust and S-type monzogranites have been produced at a relatively shallower depth in the crust, by continental crust recycling due to hydrothermal influx.

Geochemistry of Late Archaean shaly BIF formed by oxic exogenic processes: an example from Ramagiri schist belt,Dharwar Craton, India

The central block of the auriferous Ramagiri schist belt, in the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India consists of bimodal volcanics(mafic-felsic), shaly BIF and metasedimentary rocks. Geochemical studies of the associated shaly BIF have indicated the enrichment of the major and trace elements such as Si O2, Al2O3, Ti O2, K2 O, Mg O, Fe2O3(T),Zr, Y, Cr, Ni, alkali and alkaline earth elements indicates that the clastic component of the shaly BIF had their contribution from the contemporaneous bimodal volcanics.The concave chondrite normalized REE patterns share ubiquitously anomalous positive cerium anomaly, absence of positive europium anomaly and the overall HREE enrichment. The REE patterns resemble those from the modern day sea water, except for positive Ce anomaly. The data suggests that arc related bimodal volcanism had been the plausible source of Fe, silica, REE and other trace elements. The coherent behaviour of Fe, Ti, Mn and P with the REEs indicates that they got incorporated from Fe–Ti–Mn bearing primary minerals and secondary products like clays. The variability of REE patterns in the BIF formation samples probably results from the differences in scavenging efficiency. The BIF bears signatures of mixing of the contemporaneous clastic and chemical processes, as well as the changes accompanying diagenesis and metamorphism.The precipitation of Fe did not stop during the sedimentation in an island arc related tectonic setting. The BIF strongly lacks the signatures from hydrothermal input. The presence of positive cerium anomalies and the absence of positive europium anomalies in the shaly banded ironformations imply that iron oxidation during BIF deposition took place in shallow waters rather than at depth, at oxicanoxic boundary.

柴北缘茶卡北山伟晶岩型锂铍矿变质围岩时代及原岩特征

茶卡北山锂铍矿床位于青海南山西部,区域构造上处于宗务隆山陆缘裂谷带东段。矿体赋存于花岗伟晶岩脉中,围岩为低角闪岩-高绿片岩相变质岩组合,该套变质岩作为锂铍矿体围岩,对于探讨柴北缘锂铍矿成矿规律及成矿预测具有重要意义。依据岩石组合,将其单独厘定为茶卡北山片岩岩组,通过对片岩开展锆石阴极发光图像特征研究和锆石U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)测年,限定形成时代为南华纪—奥陶纪,为宗务隆山陆缘裂谷带新发现的新元古代—早古生代地层。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示,εHf(t)值分布范围在-19.62~-3.07之间,表明源区岩石源自古元古代—新太古代上地壳物质的部分熔融。片岩SiO_(2)含量介于61.33%~70.57%之间,FeO含量为3.58%~5.13%,TFe2O_(3)含量为5.2%~7.95%,MgO含量为1.89%~4.95%。球粒陨石稀土元素配分曲线表现为右倾,重稀土元素曲线趋于平缓,具有弱Eu亏损和轻稀土元素富集特征。微量元素富集Th、U、Nd、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ti等高场强元素,亏损Ba、Sr等亲石元素。综合岩石年龄和地球化学特征,认为茶卡北山片岩形成于新元古代—早古生代弧后盆地环境,原岩遭受弱风化剥蚀作用,化学组分稳定,确定为泥质砂岩,物质主要来源于岛弧环境的长英质火成岩,构造环境为大陆岛弧,与矿区含锂铍矿伟晶岩脉源区一致。

循环加卸载下黑云母石英片岩的弹性模量与能量演化特征研究

黑云母石英片岩是一种典型的各向异性岩石,为研究其损伤演化规律及各向异性表现特征,针对含0°,45°,90°3种片理角度的试样,开展了等塑性应变循环加卸载试验。结果表明:不同片理面角度试样的破坏模式有所不同,0°片理面试样中的张拉破裂现象与45°片理面中的剪切破坏现象尤为明显。随着塑性应变增加,黑云母石英片岩的弹性模量表现出先强化、后弱化的现象,这一现象在高围压下更为明显。在弱化阶段中,弹性模量演化的转折点与裂纹起裂强度σci稳定时对应塑性应变一致。弹性模量作为岩石损伤劣化过程的评价指标较完整性系数受片理面角度的影响更小。在岩石内部能量演化过程中,耗散能大小与片理面角度的关系为0°>90°>45°,耗散能、弹性能下降的速率大小关系为45°>90°>0°,其降至稳定时与岩石损伤强度σcd稳定时对应塑性应变一致。该研究借助弹性模量和能量演化规律分析,探究了黑云母石英片岩的损伤演化力学行为。

干湿循环作用下片岩片理面抗剪性能劣化实验设计

为揭示片岩片理面在干湿循环作用下抗剪性能劣化规律,选取云母石英片岩设计相应的直剪实验方案进行研究,并将该方案应用于实验教学。实验结果表明:干湿循环作用下,片理面抗剪性能劣化明显,干湿循环20次后,粘聚力和内摩擦角分别下降49.05%、15.34%,粘聚力下降幅度约为内摩擦角的3.2倍;片理面不断渗出黄褐色物质浸染岩样,使片理面逐渐显化,且逐渐沿片理面产生裂隙并不断向岩石内部扩展发育;片理面是水进出片岩内部的良好通道,水可将片理面间的泥质胶结物和可溶性矿物溶解并带出,使得片理面间胶结物及胶结面积逐渐减少,抗剪性能逐渐劣化。该实验教学对培养学生科研创新思维及理论联系实际能力具有重要意义。

不同含水率下变片理倾角云母石英片岩波速变化规律

对不同含水率条件下变片理倾角云母石英片岩试样进行波速测试,结合偏光显微镜和电镜扫描观察,探究声波在云母石英片岩中传播的变化机制。试验结果显示:当声波通过云母石英片岩时,其内部孔隙、裂隙沿片理面方向定向分布的特征以及矿物组构导致波速随其入射方向与片理面的夹角增大而减小;吸水过程中,水逐渐取代空气介质填充在云母石英片岩的空隙中导致波速总体随含水率的上升而增大,在水饱和度从50%上升到70%的阶段,由于水对云母石英片岩的软化作用和水分子自由振动的影响,声波传播速度下降,孔隙、裂隙的分布特征导致饱和状态下云母石英片岩波速受片理倾角影响减小、各向异性指数降低;脱水过程中,云母石英片岩表面的水分和孔隙、裂隙中的自由水蒸发,声波经过的空气介质增多,波速呈快速下降的趋势,但随着水的软化作用减弱,波速出现回升,且片理倾角越小的试样波速变化幅度越大。

干湿循环作用下云母石英片岩抗剪强度损伤劣化模型

为探究干湿循环作用对片岩抗剪特性的影响,以鄂西北广泛分布的云母石英片岩为研究对象,通过直剪试验揭示其在干湿循环作用下抗剪性能的劣化规律,并建立损伤劣化模型。结果表明:云母石英片岩抗剪性能在干湿循环作用下劣化效应明显,且前期劣化速率较快、幅度较大,后期劣化速率减慢、幅度降低;干湿循环20次后,云母石英片岩不同法向应力下峰值剪应力劣化度为16.27%~29.59%,黏聚力、内摩擦角劣化度分别为26.58%、15.36%,黏聚力对干湿循环作用的影响更为敏感。基于Lemaitre损伤理论与统计损伤本构模型,建立起云母石英片岩抗剪强度损伤劣化模型,计算所得峰值剪应力预测值与试验值相对误差为1%~6%,可有效预测干湿循环作用下云母石英片岩的抗剪强度变化。

基于核磁共振技术云母石英片岩干湿循环损伤特性研究

为研究片岩在干湿循环作用下的微观损伤特性,对不同干湿循环作用下云母石英片岩试样进行核磁共振测试,并定量分析其损伤变量变化规律。结果表明:不同干湿循环作用下云母石英片岩孔隙之间连通性较好,孔径较小孔隙集中发育,随着干湿循环次数的增加,孔径逐渐扩展增大;云母石英片岩孔径发育具有关联性,干湿循环5次前小孔、中孔数量增加较快,5~10次循环后小孔数量趋于饱和,部分中孔发育扩展为大孔,导致中孔数量减少,大孔数量从5次干湿循环后开始显著增加;云母石英片岩受干湿循环影响损伤明显,损伤变量曲线在前5次干湿循环作用下近似呈直线上升,试样内部孔隙、裂隙发育扩展较快,5次干湿循环后,孔隙、裂隙的大小和数量发育减缓,云母石英片岩损伤变量增速逐渐变缓。

片石置换法在软土浅基坑工程中的应用

在公路工程中常采用抛石挤淤法来加固处理含水量高、孔隙比大、透水性弱及抗剪强度低的软弱地基。基于抛石挤淤法提出软土浅基坑工程的片石换填技术。采用有限元分析软件PLAXIS 3D对基坑开挖及基底加固过程进行数值模拟,分析了不同的片石换填厚度对基坑承载能力及变形的影响,并将计算结果与实测数据进行对比,验证了有限元计算结果。

黑云母石英片岩骨料在巴塘水电站工程中的应用研究

通过对巴塘水电站开挖弱风化黑云母石英片岩进行云母含量检测及混凝土力学性能试验,并结合类似工程研究成果进行分析,确定了采用工程开挖弱风化黑云母石英片岩作为混凝土骨料的料源方案。据此对工程的料源规划及总布置进行调整,大幅节省了工程投资,减轻了工程建设对环境的影响。