Enhanced identification and localization of metabolites in Scutellariae Radix using ion mobility enabled MALDI-Q-TOF/MS imaging

Unraveling the distribution of metabolites in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)provides direct indications for understanding their regulatory and functional basis,which is of paramount significance for better utilization and quality control of medicinal plants[1].Recently,imaging techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,and mass spectrometry(MS)were explored to reveal the spatial context of component accumulation and localization[2,3].

The Protective Effects of Flavonoids from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Stems and Leaves on Oligodendrocyte Damage Induced by Aβ1-42

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of flavonoids from the stem and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SSFs) against Aβ1-42-induced oligodendrocytes (OL) damage. Methods: Immunofluorescence was used for the detection of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a characteristic protein of rat oligodendrocytes (OLN-93 cells). To evaluate the potential protective effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells injured by Aβ1-42, an injury model was established by subjecting OLN-93 cells to Aβ1-42 exposed. Cell morphology was examined using an inverted microscope, while cell viability was assessed using the colorimetric method of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured using the pyruvic acid reduction assay. The Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) injection was used as a positive control. Results: A total of >95% of the MAG immunofluorescence-positive cells were identified as oligodendrocytes. Gradually increasing concentrations of SSFs impaired the cells, and the maximum nondetrimental dose for OLN-93 cells was 75 mg/L. This study assessed the effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells damaged by Aβ1-42. The results indicated that SSFs significantly improved OLN-93 cell morphological abnormal changes, increased the OLN-93 cell survival rate, and reduced LDH release. Conclusion: SSFs can alleviate Aβ1-42-induced damage of OL.

Analysis of Patent Application Status of Scutellaria Barbata Industrial Chain Based on Patent Data

Objective To analyze patent application status of Scutellaria Barbata industrial chain and provide some suggestions for its patent application and product development.Methods Patent data were collected through IncoPat patent analysis system.Meanwhile,the patent analysis method combined with text mining method was adopted to analyze the situation and development trend of patent application in China’s Scutellaria Barbata industrial chain by using pie chart,bubble chart,trend chart and other visual charts to display the results.Results and Conclusion The patent application of Scutellaria Barbata in China mainly experienced three stages:Slow development,rapid development,and recession period.The number of patents is large,but the authorization rate is low.Individuals and enterprises are the main applicants for patent applications.Product development is involved in the whole industrial chain,but it basically focuses on its efficacy in downstream drugs,health food and other aspects.Therefore,government should enhance the awareness of patent protection,encourage collaborative innovation in industry-university-research to promote the combination of basic research and market application.Besides,it should provide theoretical support to tackle the problem of short board products,which can promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and contribute to the upgrading of Scutellaria Barbata industrial chain.

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Ethanol Extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Magnolia officinalis against Phytophthora nicotianae

Phytophthora nicotianae causes substantial economic losses in most countries where tobacco is produced.At present,the control of P.nicotianae mainly depends on chemical methods,with considerable environmental and health issues.We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi(SBG)and Magnolia officinalis(MO).On mycelial growth,sporangium formation,and zoospore release of P.nicotianae.Both extracts inhibited the growth of P.nicotianae,with mycelial growth inhibition rates of 88.92%and 93.92%,respectively,at 40 mg/mL,and EC50 values of 5.39 and 5.74 mg/mL,respectively.The underlying mechanisms were the inhibition of sporangium formation,the reduction of zoospore number,and the destruction of the mycelium structure.At an SBG extract concentration of 16.17 mg/mL,the inhibition rates for sporangia and zoospores were 98.66%and 99.39%,respectively.At an MO extract concentration of 2.87 mg/mL,the production of sporangia and zoospores was completely inhibited.The hyphae treated with the two plant extracts showed different degrees of deformation and damage.Hyphae treated with SBG extract showed adhesion and local swelling,whereas treatment with MO extract resulted in broken hyphae.Mixture of the extracts resulted in a good synergistic effect.

Research Progress on Authenticity Formation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

By analyzing the key factors affecting the authenticity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,this paper focuses on summarizing the research progress of environmental factors(light,temperature,water content,soil),genetic factors and other factors,in order to ensure the quality of S.baicalensis Georgi,find potential suitable areas of S.baicalensis Georgi,and further promote the sustainable development of Chinese medicine resources.

Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids in Scutellariae Radix of Different Sources and Seasonal Variation by HPLC

The seasonal and source variations of flavonoid contents in Scutellariae Radix were investigated by using the materials collected at the same place in Liaoning Province, China, during three years, 1990～1992, and in seven other provinces in China. Four principal flavonoids in the plant roots, i.e., baicalin, baicalein, wogonin 7 O glucuronide and wogonin were analyzed by using a reversed phase chromatographic system with a chemically bonded ODS silica gel column and phosphate buffer methanol (68:32 and 1:1) as mobile phase. The contents of the four compounds combined in the herb collected at Chengde, Hebei Province are the highest. The results show that the best time for harvesting the roots in Liaoning Province is the end of August.

Studies on the Constituents of Aerial Parts of Scutellaria planipes

首次从木根黄芩地上部分分离出１３个化合物。经理化常数和光谱分析分别鉴定为异甘草甙元（ｉｓｏｌｉｑｕｉｒｉｔｉｇｅｎｉｎ），蓟黄素（ｃｉｒｓｉｍａｒｉｔｉｎ），汉黄芩素（ｗｏｇｏｎｉｎ），芹菜素（ａｐｉｇｅｎｉｎ），粘毛黄芩素Ⅲ（ｖｉｓｃｉｄｕｌｉｎⅢ），紫丁香甙（ｓｙｒｉｎｇｉｎ），白杨素６ＣβＤ葡萄糖８ＣαＬ阿拉伯糖甙（６ＣβＤｇｌｕｃｏｓｙｌ８ＣαＬａｒａｂｉｎｏｓｙｌｃｈｒｙｓｉｎ），白杨素６ＣαＬ阿拉伯糖８ＣβＤ葡萄糖甙（６ＣαＬａｒａｂｉｎｏｓｙｌ８ＣβＤｇｌｕｃｏｓｙｌｃｈｒｙｓｉｎ），黄芩甙（ｂａｉｃａｌｉｎ），汉黄芩甙（ｗｏｇｏｎｉｎ７ＯβＤｇｌｕｃｕｒｏｎｉｄｅ），白杨素７ＯβＤ葡萄糖醛酸甙（ｃｈｒｙｓｉｎ７ＯβＤｇｌｕｃｕｒｏｎｉｄｅ）和两个苯乙醇甙（ａｃｔｅｏｓｉｄｅ和ｍａｒｔｙｎｏｓｉｄｅ）。其中异甘草甙元，蓟黄素和紫丁香甙均为首次从黄芩属植物中分离得到。

Influence of Water Stress on the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi

Previous studies have shown that water stress can stimulate biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,and physiological and biochemical characteristics of plant can play a key role in its defense responses to water stress.So the physiological and biochemical characteristics of potted Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi plants were investigated under continuous water stress condition.The results showed that the water content in roots,stems and leaves,together with chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased as the water stress strengthened.Simultaneously,the specific leaf weight increased,and the content of proline and soluble sugar in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi leaves increased significantly.The changing trends of the baicalin content in the roots,stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were different.It increased continuously in roots,while ascended constantly in the stems and leaves during the early days under the water stress,but decreased sharply under the heavy stress.In conclusion,proline and soluble sugar had a close correlation with the drought resistance of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.Moderate drought is in favor of synthesizing the secondary metabolites.

A New Flavone C glycoside from Scutellaria baicalensis

A new flavone C glycoside, chrysin 8 C β D glucoside (1) and a known phenethyl alcohol glycoside, acteoside (2), were isolated for the first time from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis (Labiatae).

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid prevents cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid has protective effects against ischemia and attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, rats were given scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid intragastrically at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day for 7 days before focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury models were established using the suture method. We then determined the protective effects of scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavon- oid pretreatment on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Results showed that neurological deficit scores increased, infarct volumes enlarged, apoptosis increased and Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression were upregulated at 24 hours after reperfusion. Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at any dose lowered the neurological deficit scores, reduced the infarct volume, prevented apoptosis in hippocampal cells, attenuated neuronal and blood-brain barrier damage and upregulated Bcl-2 protein expression but inhibited Bax protein expression. Doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were the most efficacious. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with scutel- laria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at 100 and 200 mg/kg can improve the neurological func- tions and have preventive and protective roles after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Mechanisms underlying attenuation of apoptosis of cortical neurons in the hypoxic brain by flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, an antioxidant, markedly improve memory impairments and neuronal injuries. In the present study, primary cortical neurons of rats were exposed to potassium cyanide to establish a model of in vitro neural cell apoptosis. Inhibition of apoptosis by flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baical- ensis Georgi at concentrations of 18.98, 37.36, and 75.92 gg/mL was detected using this model. These flavonoids dramatically increased cell survival, inhibited cell apoptosis and excessive pro- duction of malondialdehyde, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and Na＋-K＊-ATPase in primary cortical neurons exposed to potassium cyanide. The flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were originally found to have a polyhydric structure and to protect against cerebral hypoxia in in vitro and in vivo models, including hypoxia induced by potassium cyanide or cerebral ischemia. The present study suggests that flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi exert neuroprotective effects via modulation of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and Na＋-K＋-ATPase disorders induced by potassium cyanide.

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in hippocampal neurons

Previous experimental studies have shown that cerebral infarction can be effectively reduced following treatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid （SSTF）. However, the mechanism of action of SSTF as a preventive drug to treat cerebral infarction remains unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 50, 100, 200 mg/kg SSTF via intragastric ad- ministration for 1 week prior to the establishment of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results showed that pretreatment with SSTF effectively improved neurological function, reduced brain water content and the permeability of blood vessels, ameliorated ischemia-induced morphology changes in hippocampal microvessels, down-regulated Fas and FasL protein expression, elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde content. In contrast to low-dose SSTF pretreatment, the above changes were most obvious after pretreatment with moderateand high-doses of SSTF. Experimental findings indicate that SSTF pretreatment can exert protective effects on the brain against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanisms may involve reducing brain water content, increasing microvascular recanalization, inhibiting the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, and attenuating free radical damage.

Ethanol extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice

Objective: To investigated the protective potential of ethanol extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis(S. baicalensis) against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced liver injury. Methods: Dried roots of S. baicalensis were extracted with ethanol and concentrated to yield a dry residue. Mice were administered 200 mg/kg of the ethanol extracts orally once daily for one week. Animals were subsequently administered a single dose of LPS(5 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneal injection). Both protein and m RNA levels of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in liver tissues were evaluated by ELISA assay and quantitative PCR. C yclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB protein levels in liver tissues were analyzed by western blotting. Results: Liver injury induced by LPS signifi cantly increased necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB in liver tissues. Treatment with ethanol extracts of S. baicalensis prevented all of these observed changes associated with LPS-induced injury in liver mice.Conclusions: Our study showed that S. baicalensis is potentially protective against LPS-induced liver injury in mice.

Scutellaria barbata attenuates diabetic retinopathy by preventing retinal inflammation and the decreased expression of tight junction protein

AIM： To observe the attenuation of ethanol extract of Herba Scutellaria barbata （SE） against diabetic retinopathy （DR） and its engaged mechanism. METHODS： C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin （STZ, 55 mg/kg） for 5 consecutive days to induce diabetes, The diabetic mice were orally given with SE （100, 200 mg/kg） for lmo at lmo after STZ injection. Blood-retinal barrier （BRB） breakdown was detected by using Evans blue permeation assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, Western blot and immunofiuorescence staining were used to detect mRNA and protein expression. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect serum contents of tumor necrosis factor-e （TNF-a） and interleukin （IL）-II. RESULTS： SE （100, 200 mg/kg） reversed the breakdown of BRB in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The decreased expression of retinal claudin-1 and claudin-19, which are both tight junction （T J） proteins, was reversed by SE. SE decreased the increased serum contents and retinal mRNA expression of TNF-a and IL-113. SE also decreased the increased retinal expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1）. SE reduced the increased phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B （NFKB） p65 and its subsequent nuclear translocation in retinas from STZ- induced diabetic mice. Results of Western blot and retinal immunofluorescence staining of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 （Ibal） demonstrated that SE abrogated the activation of microglia cells in STZ-induced diabetic mice. CONCLUSION： SE attenuates the development of DR by inhibiting retinal inflammation and restoring the decreased expression of TJ proteins including claudin-1 and claudin-19.

Effect of Scutellariae Radix extract on experimental dextran-sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats

AIM： To investigate the effect of Scutellariae Radix extract （SRE） on ulcerative colitis （UC） in rats induced by dextran-sulfate sodium （DSS）. METHODS： Colitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats （170-180 g） by 4% dextran sulfate sodium （DSS, wt/v, MW 54000） in drinking water for 8 d. The treated rats received 4% DSS and SRE orally （100 mg/kg per day）. Control rats received either tap water or SRE only. Macroscopic assessment which included body weight changes, fecal occult blood and stool consistency were determined daily. At the appointed time, the rats were sacrificed and the entire colons were removed. The colon length and the myeloperoxidase （MPO） activity were measured. The severity of colitis was graded by morphological and histological assessments. The ion transport activity of the colonic mucosa was assessed by electrophysiological technique. RESULTS： Rats treated with oral administration of 4% DSS regularly developed clinical and macroscopic signs of colitis. Treatment with SRE relieved the symptoms, including the reduction in body weight, shortening 2nd ulceration of the colon. Administration of SRE also significantly reduced the histological damage induced by DSS. Moreover, the Isc responses of the colonic mucosa to forskolin, were suppressed after the induction of colitis. The stimulated ion transport activity of DSS-rats treated with SRE displayed significant improvement in the secretory responsiveness. CONCLUSION： SRE was effective in treating acute DSS- induced ulcerative colitis, as gauged by reduced clinical disease, improved macroscopic and histological damage scores, and enhanced recovery of normal colonic secretory function.

A New Flavanone and a New Flavanone Glycoside from Scutellaria baicalensis

A new flavanone （2S）-5, 7, 2＇, 5＇-tetrahydroxy-flavanone 1 together with a new flavanone glycoside （2S）-5, 7, 2＇, 5＇-tetrahydroxy-flavanone 7-O-13-D-glucopyranoside 2, were isolated from the dry roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.

Effects of Scutellaria Baicalensis on Activity and Biofilm Formation of Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Objective To explore the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on activity and biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumonia(Kp).Methods The broth and agar dilution methods were carried out to determine minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Scutellaria baicalensis for TW518.VITEK-32 system was used to assay TW518 susceptibility to antibiotics.Kp biofilms were formed in vitro and stained with Bac Light Live/Dead stain.The class integron geneⅠ1 m RNA expression was analyzed with RT-PCR.Results The minimum inhibitory concentration of Scutellaria baicalensis on TW518 identified as a Kp colony was 32 mg/ml,and minimum bactericidal concentration was 64 mg/ml.Scutellaria baicalensis and broad-spectrum penicillin,cephalosporin,quinolones,or beta-lactamase had synergistic bactericidal effects.Biofilm formation activity of Kp treated with Scutellaria baicalensis was significantly lower than that of the control group.And class integron geneⅠ1 m RNA expression of TW518 was significantly inhibited by Scutellaria baicalensis.Conclusions Scutellaria baicalensis has sterilization effect on Kp,and Scutellaria baicalensis could effectively inhibit Kp biofilm formation with prolonged treatment.Scutellaria baicalensis might inhibit Kp biofilm formation through down-regulating integron geneⅠ1 expression.

黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理适应性反应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理黄芩幼苗,检测幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)保护酶活性,渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,不同程度的干旱胁迫黄芩幼苗体内MDA含量均不断升高,并且含量均高于对照组。3种不同程度干旱胁迫,SOD活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,SOD活性表现为:20%PEG胁迫>10%PEG胁迫>30%PEG胁迫。不同程度的干旱胁迫下POD活性表现出不同的动态变化趋势,20%和30%的PEG胁迫后,POD活性先升高后降低,峰值分别出现在处理后第5天和第7天,分别高于对照19.3%和13.3%。CAT活性表现出相似的变化趋势,即干旱胁迫3d后,CAT活性显著升高,均于处理后第5天达到峰值,分别高于对照33.4%、36.8%和29.4%,随后开始下降。10%和20%PEG胁迫第5天,APX活性均急剧升高,30%PEG胁迫第7天,APX活性显著降低,但是干旱胁迫7d后,3种不同干旱胁迫下的APX活性均高于对照组。3种不同程度PEG胁迫处理均于第7天脯氨酸含量达到峰值可溶性糖含量于胁迫3d后大幅升高,并随着胁迫时间的延长增长速率逐渐减小。30%的PEG处理后可溶性糖含量的峰值的出现早于10%和20%的PEG处理。说明在一定干旱胁迫下,黄芩幼苗通过可溶性糖和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质来增强植物保水能力,通过协调各种保护酶的活性来保持一个相对稳定的状态,达到抗旱的目的。

A Minor New Flavone from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

A new flavone, 6, 2-dihydroxy-5, 7, 8, 6-tetramethoxyflavone, was isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral evidences.

Separation of baicalin from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi with polyamide

Separation of baicalin from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi with polyamide was studied. The adsorption isotherm, kinetic equation and desorption law were investigated by static and dynamic adsorption methods. The results show that the kinetic behavior is mainly controlled by the liquid film diffusion process and obeys the Boyd film diffusion equation. Equilibrium data for the adsorption of baicalin are correlated with Freundlich isotherm equation, i.e. q=3.8ce2.057, suggesting that the relative capacity of polyamide to baicalin is somewhat small. The desorption results indicate that the baicalin with mass fraction of 33.86% and the least impurities can be obtained by chromatography using 60% ethanol as the eluant at room temperature.