Mechanical Properties of Sea Water Sea Sand Coral Concrete Modified with Different Cement and Fiber Types

The mechanical properties of modified sea water sea sand coral concrete(SWSSCC)under axial compression were experimentally studied.Two different parameters were considered in this test:types of cement and fiber.An experimental campaign was developed involving uniaxial compression tests and the use of digital image correlation(DIC)method to analyze the strain distribution and crack propagation of specimen.Test results indicated that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of SWSSCC were improved by adding stainless steel fibers(SSF),while polypropylene fibers(PF)enhanced the SWSSCC peak deformation.It was found that the elastic modulus and strength of SWSSCC using ordinary Portland cement(OPC)were higher compared to specimen with low alkalinity sulphoaluminate cement(LAS).Typical strain distribution changed with the variation of fiber types.The propagation and characteristics of cracks in SWSSCC containing PF were similar to those of cracks in SWSSCC.However,the propagation of cracks and the development of plastic deformation in SWSSCC were effectively hindered by adopting SSF.Finally,an analytical stress-strain expression of specimen considering the influences of fibers was established.The obtained results would provide a basis for the application of SWSSCC.

Effects of coarse and fine aggregates on long-term mechanical properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete

Typical effects of coarse and fine aggregates on the long-term properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete(SSRAC)are analyzed by a series of axial compression tests.Two different types of fine(coarse)aggregates are considered:sea sand and river sand(natural and recycled coarse aggregates).Variations in SSRAC properties at different ages are investigated.A novel test system is developed via axial compression experiments and the digital image correlation method to obtain the deformation field and crack development of concrete.Supportive results show that the compressive strength of SSRAC increase with decreasing recycled coarse aggregate replacement percentage and increasing sea sand chloride ion content.The elastic modulus of SSRAC increases with age.However,the Poisson’s ratio reduces after 2 years.Typical axial stress-strain curves of SSRAC vary with age.Generally,the effect of coarse aggregates on the axial deformation of SSRAC is clear;however,the deformation differences between coarse aggregate and cement mortar reduce by adopting sea sand.The aggregate type changes the crack characteristics and propagation of SSRAC.Finally,an analytical expression is suggested to construct the long-term stress-strain curve of SSRAC.

Mix design optimization of seawater sea sand coral aggregate concrete

With the resource shortage in coastal areas,the construction of concrete structures using freshwater and river sand has brought great economic and environmental costs.The use of seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregates in concrete mixes has become an alternative solution for coastal and marine structures,especially for offshore structures and artificial islands.In this study,378 seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregate concrete(Coral-SWSSC)specimens were prepared,and their mechanical properties were investigated comprehensively through compressive tests to explore the optimized mix design at different grades.Results showed that the mechanical properties of Coral-SWSSC were strongly correlated with the water-to-binder ratios,coastal particle gradings,and pretreatment method of coastal particles.Based on the experimental results,mix proportion designs of CoralSWSSC were proposed for concrete from C20 to C50 grades,and the failure mechanism of Coral-SWSSC at different grades was discussed according to their respective failure modes.The findings of the current study provide knowledge on the optimized design of Coral-SWSSC,which can be used to promote the application of Coral-SWSSC in offshore,marine,and ocean engineering.

Compressive behavior and microstructure of concrete mixed with natural seawater and sea sand

Noncorrosive reinforcement materials facilitate producing structural concrete with seawater and sea sand.This study investigated the properties of seawater and sea sand concrete(SSC),considering the curing age(3,7,14,21,28,60,and 150 d)and strength grade(C30,C40,and C60).The compressive behavior of SSC was obtained by compressive tests and digital image correction(DIC)technique.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)and X-ray powder diffraction(XRD)methods were applied to understand the microstructure and hydration products of cement in SSC.Results revealed a 30%decrease in compressive strength for C30 and C40 SSC from 60 to 150 d,and a less than 5%decrease for C60 from 28 to 150 d.DIC results revealed significant cracking and crushing from 80%to 100%of compressive strength.SEM images showed a more compact microstructure in higher strength SSC.XRD patterns identified Friedel’s salt phase due to the chlorides brought by seawater and sea sand.The findings in this study can provide more insights into the microstructure of SSC along with its short-and long-term compressive behavior.

Study on Key Technology of Using Shell Sand as Backfill for Sea Reclamation

The results of a study on the key technology of using shell sand, a kind of sea sand, as backfill for sea reclamation are described briefly. Iaboratory tests show that the physical and mechanical properties of shell sand are as good as normal quartz sand. Based on the chemical test and durability test of shell sand it could be concluded that the influence of corrosion of shell sand by acid rain and sea water might be ignored in the evaluation of the safety and durability of the engineering project. The results of field improvement tests show that the bearing capacity of shell sand backfill foundation is more than 200 kPa after vibmflotation improvement or dynamic compaction improvement. The shell sand is a good backfill material for sea reclamation.

Wave Characteristics at the South Part of the Radial Sand Ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea

Based on one-year wave field data measured at the south part of the radial sand ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea, the wave statistical characteristics, wave spectrum and wave group properties are analyzed. The results show that the significant wave height （H1/3） varies from 0.15 to 2.22 m with the average of 0.59 m and the mean wave period （Tmean） varies from 2.06 to 6.82 s with the average of 3.71 s. The percentage of single peak in the wave spectra is 88.6 during the measurement period, in which 36.3% of the waves are pure wind waves and the rest are young swells. The percentage with the significant wave height larger than 1 m is 12.4. The dominant wave directions in the study area are WNW, W, ESE, E and NW. The relationships among the characteristic wave heights, the characteristic wave periods, and the wave spectral parameters are identified. It is found that the tentative spectral model is suitable for the quantitative description of the wave spectrum in the study area, while the run lengths of the wave group estimated from the measured data are generally larger than those in other sea areas.

Using Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements to Indicate Sediment Provenance of Sand Ridges in Southwestern Yellow Sea

The Jianggang Harbour-centered radial sand ridge(RSR) is the largest sand body in the Yellow Sea. Its formation and evolution are of interest for scientists of various fields; however, the sediment provenance is uncertain. In this study, rare earth element(REE) geochemical compositions of the RSR sediments together with their potential sources are investigated to identify the provenance of the RSR sediments. The typical parameters((La/Yb)_N,(La/Sm)_N and(Gd/Yb)_N) as well as the upper continental crust-normalized patterns of REEs can only be associated with source rocks, and thus can be used as effective tracers for the origin and sources of sediments. However, the REE contents of sediments are affected by many factors, such as particle sorting and chemical weathering. Onshore RSR sediments are different in REE geochemical composition from offshore RSR sediments to some extent, suggesting that not all of the offshore RSR sediments have the same sources as the onshore RSR sediments. Meanwhile, the sediments adjacent to the northeast of Cheju Island and at Lian Island near the Lianyun Harbour were not the source of the RSR sediments due to their distinctive REE patterns, dEu,(La/Yb)_N,(Gd/Yb)_N and(La/Sm)_N. The Korean river sediments could be dispersed to the Jiangsu Coast slightly impacting the fine fractions of the RSR sediments, particularly the offshore RSR sediments. Additionally, geochemical comparisons show that the modern Yellow River was responsible for the onshore RSR sediments, whereas the sediment loads from the Yangtze River could serve as a major contributor to the RSR, particularly the offshore RSR. In addition, the offshore RSR could also be partly fed by an unknown source due to some high values of(La/Yb)_N,(La/Sm)_N and La contents differing from those of the Chinese and Korean river sediments.

Mathematical model of wave transformation over radial sand ridge field on continental shelf of South Yellow Sea

According to a deformed mild-slope equation derived by Guang-wen Hong and an enhanced numerical method, a wave refraction-diffraction nonlinear mathematical model that takes tidal level change and the high-order bathymetry factor into account has been developed. The deformed mild-slope equation is used to eliminate the restriction of wave length on calculation steps. Using the hard disk to record data during the calculation process, the enhanced numerical method can save computer memory space to a certain extent, so that a large-scale sea area can be calculated with high-resolution grids. This model was applied to wave field integral calculation over a radial sand ridge field in the South Yellow Sea. The results demonstrate some features of the wave field： （1） the wave-height contour lines are arc-shaped near the shore; （2） waves break many times when they propagate toward the shore; （3） wave field characteristics on the northern and southern sides of Huangshayang are different; and （4） the characteristics of wave distribution match the terrain features. The application of this model in the region of the radial sand ridge field suggests that it is a feasible way to analyze wave refraction-diffraction effects under natural sea conditions.

SRPE管约束GFRP海砂混凝土柱的轴压力学性能研究

采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了钢骨架增强聚乙烯(SRPE)管约束玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)海砂混凝土柱的力学性能和受力机理。通过24个轴压短柱试验,研究SRPE管钢丝体积配箍率、混凝土强度和GFRP箍筋间距等参数对组合柱力学性能的影响规律;在确定合理材料本构模型的基础上,运用ABAQUS有限元软件进行数值模拟和参数分析。结果表明:在试验参数范围内组合柱虽均发生剪切破坏,但仍具有较好的延性,说明SRPE管和GFRP箍筋对海砂混凝土形成了良好的约束效应;有限元数值参数分析结果表明,提高环向钢丝体积配箍率能显著提升峰值承载力、剩余承载力和延性,提高混凝土强度能显著提升峰值承载力、剩余承载力和弹性刚度,但延性明显降低,其他参数对组合柱力学性能的影响程度不显著;基于参数分析结果,提出了组合柱轴压承载力和峰值应变简化计算式,可为类似工程实践提供参考。

海砂超高性能混凝土试验

采用未淡化的海砂制备超高性能混凝土(UHPC)和普通混凝土,研究了不同氯离子含量的海砂对UHPC抗压强度、孔结构、快速氯离子渗透性以及内置钢筋耐久性的影响,并与普通混凝土进行分析比较。结果表明,海砂中的氯离子含量对UHPC抗压强度并不会产生较大的消极影响;海砂UHPC的临界孔半径约为2 nm,与海砂普通混凝土不同,孔隙率随海砂中氯含量的增加而增加;即使海砂氯离子含量高达0.636%,海砂UHPC的氯离子渗透性仍可忽略不计;海砂UHPC中钢筋在28 d后处于钝化状态并趋于稳定。

Test Study on Erosion and Siltation Patterns of Sandy Bottom Before Mound Breakwater Under the Effect of Waves

In this paper, the effect of waves on erosion of the sandy bottom before mound breakwaters is studied. The sandy bottom basically presents two erosion patterns, between which there is a transitional state, under the action of partially standing waves. The two erosion patterns can be determined by dimensionless parameter Us, defined in this paper. The erosion locations, depths and lengths can be estimated by a series of equations presented in the text. Irregular waves are employed in the test besides regular waves, and the effect of the irregular waves can be estimated by the element of equivalent waves, such as T1/3, H1/3.

超高性能海水海砂混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系

为研究超高性能海水海砂混凝土(Ultra-High Performance Seawater Sea-sand Concrete,UHPSSC)轴压应力-应变关系,探究钢纤维体积掺量对UHPSSC轴压力学性能和轴压应力-应变全曲线的影响,使用Instron 1346万能材料试验机测得UHPSSC应力-应变全曲线,借助Pycharm曲线拟合程序与已有混凝土应力-应变全曲线模型进行拟合与修正.结果表明:钢纤维掺量越高,轴压作用下UHPSSC的破坏程度越小,抗压强度和峰值应变也随之增加;已有模型拟合的UHPSSC应力-应变全曲线上升段与试验曲线比较相近,下降段后期差距较大;通过修正下降段形状参数,得到了更适用于描述UHPSSC应力-应变全曲线的修正模型,并验证该修正模型的适用范围.

混凝土漂浮结构的设计简介及其可持续性提升建议

气候变化与城镇化进程使得各国土地资源日渐紧缺,漂浮结构为向海图强和城镇绿色发展提供了新思路。整理了混凝土漂浮结构在城镇民用建筑、可再生能源设施与交通设施领域的应用现状,阐明漂浮结构具有拓展用地空间、缩短施工时间、减少建设成本并降低环境影响的综合效益。同时,总结了漂浮结构传统设计模式下的技术要点:运动与受力分析;安全性校验;模块化设计。在总体评估的基础上提出了从结构再利用、材料再循环和组合混凝土衍生漂浮结构设计三个层面提升漂浮结构的可持续性,建议推广再生混凝土、海水海砂混凝土与组合混凝土衍生结构在漂浮结构中的应用。

高温后珊瑚海水海砂混凝土力学性能试验研究

为研究高温后珊瑚海水海砂混凝土(CSSC)的力学性能,设计制作了30个CSSC试件,进行常温与高温后轴心受压和静力受压弹性模量试验。通过试验观察了试件高温后的表观变化和轴心受压破坏形态,获取了轴心受压全过程应力—应变曲线、弹性模量及烧失率等参数,深入高温后CSSC微观结构变化机制,得到了受火温度对CSSC力学性能的影响规律,揭示了高温作用后CSSC的力学性能退化机理。结果表明:随着受火温度的增加,CSSC力学性能不断劣化。T=200℃时CSSC轴心抗压强度和弹性模量分别比常温时下降了26.52%,6.19%,混凝土具有较好的力学性能;T=400℃时CSSC弹性模量下降迅速,弹性模量损失率为65.48%,但与T=200℃相比混凝土轴心抗压强度上升了6.4%;T=600℃时CSSC轴心抗压强度下降迅速,强度损失率为66.74%;T=800℃时CSSC破坏严重,已无法测得有效的弹性模量。

原状海砂对混凝土力学性能的影响

为探究高氯盐、高贝壳含量原状海砂混凝土的力学性能,以海砂的氯离子含量和贝壳含量为变量,设计并配制9组海砂混凝土,开展混凝土立方体抗压强度试验和单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验。结果表明:随着氯离子含量增加,混凝土的孔结构细化,早期强度提高,单轴受压应力-应变全曲线峰值应力增大,峰值应变降低,弹性模量提高;随着贝壳含量增加,混凝土坍落度显著下降,混凝土的孔结构较疏松,强度降低,单轴受压应力-应变全曲线峰值应力降低,峰值应变增大,弹性模量降低。在现有模型基础上,提出关于氯离子含量、贝壳含量的模型参数计算式。

B/CFRP筋海水海砂活性粉末混凝土梁抗弯性能研究

为研究B/CFRP-SSRPC结构的抗弯性能,以配筋率及梁截面高度为研究因素,对5根B/CFRP-SSRPC梁开展四点弯曲试验研究,探究研究因素对B/CFRP-SSRPC梁极限承载力、跨中挠度及破坏模式等的影响规律.试验结果表明:增大配筋率仅对试验梁开裂后抗弯性能有明显提升,增大梁截面高度对试验梁开裂前及开裂后抗弯性能均有提升,且对试验梁开裂前抗弯性能的提升更明显;所有试验梁均为脆性破坏,破坏模式与配筋率密切相关;现行中国、美国两国FRP筋普通混凝土结构设计规范均低估了B/CFRP-SSRPC梁的抗弯承载力及抗剪承载力,计算误差分别受试验梁的破坏模式及剪跨比影响.

双壳层结构氯离子结合陶砂对海砂砂浆性能的影响

为控制混凝土内源型氯离子的危害,对核壳结构氯离子结合陶砂进行了研究,采用掺纳米二氧化硅(NS)水泥浆对核壳结构陶砂进行包裹,形成双壳层结构氯离子结合陶砂,并对其控制陶砂中结合的氯离子向外迁移的作用进行了研究。首先制备了以Fe_(2)O_(3)、Ca(OH)_(2)和Al_(2)O_(3)为芯料,赤泥、粉煤灰、黏土、石英为壳料,通过1200℃、1 h烧制而成的陶砂(简称CAF陶砂),当Fe_(2)O_(3)等摩尔取代1%Al_(2)O_(3)的CAF陶砂(简称CAF1陶砂)在氯盐溶液中浸泡56 d时,氯离子结合量达到172.75 mg/g。将1%NS取代率的水泥浆包裹CAF1陶砂表面形成双壳层陶砂,按20%掺入到未洗海砂砂浆中,28 d时,抗渗强度为0.3 MPa。砂浆中氯离子含量随离陶砂颗粒距离增大而减少,证明海砂中的氯离子前期被陶砂结合,并较为稳定地固定于陶砂中。

基于电吸附技术的海砂淡化效果试验研究

海砂淡化是有效利用海砂资源的关键,电吸附技术可以有效的吸附溶液中的氯离子。提出了基于电吸附技术的海砂淡化方法,可实现氯离子在阳极表面富集从而实现溶液的淡化。试验分别选取了碳纤维布、泡沫铝和泡沫镍作为电极材料,分析了不同电极材料下电吸附技术的除氯效果。结果表明:利用电吸附技术淡化海砂5次之后,3种电极材料均能使海砂中的氯离子含量降低至标准规范以下;联合泡沫铝和碳纤维布的除氯效果最佳,单独使用泡沫镍作为电极材料时除氯效果优于单独使用碳纤维布电极材料;电吸附法淡化海砂比水洗法淡化海砂,能节约用水65%以上。

相对密实度和固结应力比对北部湾海砂动力特性影响的试验研究

北部湾地区拥有丰富的海洋资源,海洋工程在这一地区的发展日益重要,了解海砂在不同固结应力比和密实度条件下的动力特性,对于海岸线保护、港口建设、堤防工程等都至关重要。为探究北部湾海砂的动力特性,针对北部湾海砂开展了一系列的固结不排水循环动三轴试验,分析了相对密实度和固结应力比对北部湾海砂的轴向累积应变、动弹性模量、动孔压以及滞回曲线的影响。研究表明:在相同振次水平下,随着固结应力比和相对密实度的增大,海砂的轴向累积应变随之减小;动孔压随着固结应力比的增大线性减小,在低相对密实度(Dr≤50%)下,动孔压随振次的增大而增大,在高相对密实度(Dr=70%)下,动孔压随振次先增后减;动弹性模量随着振次的增加出现刚度软化现象,增大相对密实度与固结应力比,较明显地减缓了动弹性模量的衰减速率;随着固结应力比和相对密实度的增大,滞回曲线包围的面积减小,滞回曲线由不封闭曲线转为封闭曲线。这些研究成果可以为北部湾围填海工程提供一定的参考。

CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱轴压试验及承载力计算方法

为了提升薄壁不锈钢结构的承载性能和耐久性,在不锈钢管内外壁粘贴碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)复合约束海水海砂混凝土,制得一种CFRP-不锈钢夹层管海水海砂混凝土结构。以CFRP粘贴层数和方式为变化参数,对18个短柱试件进行了单调轴心受压试验,观察了试件的受力破坏过程及形态,获取了荷载-位移曲线和材料应变分布数据,分析了试件轴压力学性能的变化规律。结果表明:内外贴CFRP能有效地提高结构的承载能力和变形能力;无CFRP和内贴CFRP试件的破坏形态均为剪切破坏,但破坏形态会随着外贴CFRP层数的增加向腰鼓破坏转变;在相同粘贴方式下,试件的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力随着CFRP层数的增加呈非线性提高;在相同粘贴层数下,内贴CFRP的力学性能提升效果优于外贴CFRP,粘贴1层和2层CFRP时,内贴试件的极限承载力相较于外贴试件能再提高5.6%和6.7%,同时内贴1层CFRP的试件的耗能能力与外贴2层CFRP的相当;应变分析显示,在试件破坏前,CFRP与不锈钢协同工作良好。文中最后基于极限平衡法,考虑不锈钢的应变硬化效应,提出了CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱极限轴压承载力的计算公式,并收集了73个样本的数据进行验证,发现计算值与试验值较为吻合。