Three-Dimensional Multi-Phase Microscopic Simulation of Service Life of Recycled Large Aggregate Self-Compacting Concrete

Recycled large aggregate self-compacting concrete (RLA-SCC) within multiple weak areas. These weak areas have poor resistance to chloride ion erosion, which affects the service life of RLA-SCC in the marine environment. A three-dimensional multi-phase mesoscopic numerical model of RLA-SCC was established to simulate the chloride ions transportation in concrete. Experiments of RLA-SCC immersing in chloride solution were carried out to verify the simulation results. The effects of recycled large aggregate (RLA) content and RLA particle size on the service life of concrete were explored. The results indicate that the mesoscopic numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. At the same depth, the closer to the surface of the RLA, the greater the chloride ion concentration. The service life of RLA-SCC in marine environment decreases with the increase of RLA content. Compared with the service life of 20% content, the service life of 25% and 30% content decreased by 20% and 42% respectively. Increasing the particle size of RLA can effectively improve the service life of RLA-SCC in chloride environment. Compared with the service life of 50 mm particle size, the service life of 70 mm and 90 mm increased by 61% and 163%, respectively. .

A Study on the Effect of Low Calcium Ultra-fine Fly Ash as a Partial Sustainable Supplementary Material to Cement in Self-compacting Concrete

The aim and scope of the present study were to determine the efficacy of UFFA in evaluating the workability,static and dynamic stabilization properties,retention period,and slump loss of SCC systems in their fresh state,as well as their compressive strength at various ages.Microstructure(SEM and XRD)of blended SCC systems were studied.Also,the thermogravimetry behavior of blended SCC specimens were researched.According to the evaluated results,incorporating up to 20%UFFA into fresh concrete improved its performance due to its engineered fine particle size and spherical geometry,both of which contribute to the enhancement of characteristics.Blends of 25%and 30%of UFFA show effect on the water-binder ratio and chemical enhancer dosage,resulting in a loss of homogeneity in fresh SCC systems.The reduced particle size,increased amorphous content,and increased surface area all contribute to the pozzolanic reactivity of the early and later ages,resulting in denser packing and thus an increase in compressive strength.The experimental results indicate that UFFA enhances the properties of SCC in both its fresh and hardened states,which can be attributed to the particles’fineness and their relative effect on SCC.

Pumpability of Manufactured Sand Self-compacting Concrete

By the addition of superplasticizer and air entraining agent,manufactured sand selfcompacting concrete(MS SCC)with slump flow varying from 500 to 700 mm and air content varying from 2.0%to 9.0%were prepared and the pumpability of MS SCC was studied by a sliding pipe rheometer(Sliper).According to the Kaplan’s model,the initial pump pressure and the pump resistance of MS SCC were obtained.Meanwhile,rheological properties including the yield stress and the plastic viscosity of MS SCC were measured by a rheometer.The experimental results show that the increase of slump flow contributes to a higher pumpability and a proper air content,i e,6%is beneficial for the pumpability of MS SCC.Due to the existence of stone powder and stronger angularity of MS,the initial pump pressure of MS SCC is only about 60%-88%that of river sand(RS)SCC with the same slump flow and air content,indicating that MS SCC possesses a higher pumpability than RS SCC.

Workability and Strength of Ceramsite Self-Compacting Concrete with Steel Slag Sand

This study focuses on the workability and compressive strength of ceramsite self-compacting concrete with fine aggregate partially substituted by steel slag sand(CSLSCC)to prevent the pollution of steel slag in the environment.The SF,J-ring,visual stability index,and sieve analysis tests are primarily employed in this research to investigate the workability of freshly mixed self-compacting concrete containing steel slag at various steel slag sand replacement rates.The experiment results indicate that CSLSCC with the 20%volume percentage of steel slag(VPS)performs better workability,higher strength,and higher specific strength.The 7-day compressive strength of CSLSCC with the 0.4 of the water-binder ratio(W/B),decreases with the increase of steel slag content,while the 28-day compressive strength increases significantly.The ceramsite self-compacting concrete with good comprehensive performance can be obtained when the substitution rate of steel slag sand for fine aggregate is less than 20%(volume percentage).

Evaluation of the Relationship between Bacteria Concentration and the Strength and Durability of Self-compacting Concrete Incorporating Sporosarcina pasteurii

This research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the incorporation of calcite precipitation bacteria,sporosarcina pasteurii using calcium lactate as nutrient source and the properties of calcined clay and limestone powder blended self-compacting concrete.Ten mixes were designed and designated S0 to S9 with S0 the control(without bacteria and nutrient)and S1 to S9 at varying bacteria and calcium lactate concentrations and the effect of the bacteria cell density and calcium lactate concentration on the compressive strength,sorptivity and tensile strength with age were evaluated using experimental program and statistical packages(ANOVA and post hoc tests).The result of both the experimental program and statistical evaluation shows that the incorporation of sporosarcina pasteurii and calcium lactate as nutrients had a positive impact on the properties of the ternary blended self-compacting concrete.

Experimental Study of Waste Tire Rubber,Wood-Plastic Particles and Shale Ceramsite on the Performance of Self-Compacting Concrete

In recent decades,the utilization of waste tires,plastic and artificial shale ceramsite as alternative fine aggregate to make self-compacting concrete(SCC)has been recognized as an eco-friendly and sustainable method to manufacture renewable construction materials.In this study,three kinds of recycled aggregates:recycled tire rubber particles,wood-plastic particles,artificial shale ceramsite were used to replace the sand by different volume(5%,10%,20%and 30%),and their effects on the fresh and hardened properties of SCC were investigated.The slump flow and V-funnel tests were conducted to evaluate the fresh properties of modified-SCC mixtures.The hardened properties include 3,7 and 28-day compressive strengths,axial compressive strength,static elastic modulus,and compressive stress-strain behavior at 28 days.The test results showed that the incorporation of these three kinds of alternative aggregates had a negative impact on the fresh properties of SCC.Besides,the 28-day compressive strength and axial compressive strength decreased with the increase of rubber and wood-plastic particles content.In this experiment,all the three kinds of recycled aggregates can improve the ductility and deformability of SCC,and the most excellent performance comes from SCC with recycled rubber particles.

Rheological Properties of Self-compacting Concrete Paste Containing Chemical Admixtures

Self-compacting concrete （SCC） was used for the filling layer of CRTSⅢ plate ballastless track, which needs excellent workability. The rheological properties of SCC cement paste containing chemical admixtures （CA） such as polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer （PCE）, air-entraining agent （AE） and defoamer （DF） were investigated using a Brookfield R/S SST2000 soft solid tester with a vane geometry spindle. The cementitious materials were designed as one, two and, three components systems by addition of ordinary portland cement （OPC） with these chemical admixtures. The rheological properties of one-component system （PCE paste） were improved with increasing the content of PCE. For two components systems of PCE-AE and PCE-DF, yield stress and plastic viscosity reduced firstly and increased afterward with the increasing of AE content. And the plastic viscosity reached the optimum when the content of AE is 0.004wt%. In general, the trend of yield stress and plastic viscosity decreased with the increasing of the DF content. For three components systems, PCE-AE-DF systems, the rheological properties were improved compared with the sample with AE or DF, which attributed to mixes of the active components mentioned above （CA） which could have a synergetic effect.

Effect of SiO_(2) Aerogel-cement Mortar Coating on Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete after Simulated Tunnel Fire

In order to facilitate self-compacting concrete to be better used in tunnel linings that can resist fires,a SiO_(2) aerogel-cement mortar coating was prepared.Based on the HC curve,a self compacting concrete cube specimens coated and uncoated with SiO_(2) aerogel-cement mortar(SiO_(2)-ACM)were heated to simulate tunnel fire for 0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3 and 4 h,respectively.The residual compressive strength was tested after the specimens were cooled to room temperature by natural cooling and water cooling.The results show that,the damages of specimens become more serious as fire time goes on,but the residual strength of specimens coated with SiO_(2)-ACM is always higher than that of uncoated with SiO_(2)-ACM.In addition,the residual strength of specimens cooled by water cooling is lower than that of natural cooling.However,for the specimens coated with SiO_(2)-ACM,the adverse effects of water cooling are lessened.With the increase of fire time,the protective effect of SiO_(2)-ACM is still gradually improved.Finally,a formula was established to predict the residual 150 mm cube compressive strength of specimens protected by SiO_(2)-ACM after a simulated tunnel fire.

Design and Preparation of High Elastic Modulus Self-compacting Concrete for Pre-stressed Mass Concrete Structures

Requirements of self-compacting concrete （SCC） applied in pre-stressed mass concrete structures include high fluidity, high elastic modulus, low adiabatic temperature rise and low drying shrinkage, which cannot be satisfied by ordinary SCC. In this study, in order to solve the problem, a few principles of SCC design were proposed and the effects of binder amount, fly ash （FA） substitution, aggregate content and gradation on the workability, temperature rise, drying shrinkage and elastic modulus of SCC were investigated. The results and analysis indicate that the primary factor influencing the fluidity was paste content, and the main methods improving the elastic modulusof SCC were a lower sand ratio and an optimized coarse aggregate gradation. Lower adiabatic temperature rise and drying shrinkage were beneficial for decreasing the cement content. Further, based on the optimization of mixture, a C50 grade SCC （with binder amount of only 480 kg/ m3, fly ash substitution of 40%, sand ratio of 51% and proper coarse aggregate gradation （Vs.~0 mm： V10-16 ram： V16.20 mm= 30%： 30%：40%）） with superior workability was successfully prepared. The temperature rise and drying shrinkage of the prepared SCC were significantly reduced, and the elastic modulus reached 37.6 GPa at 28 d.

Self-compacting Concrete-filled Steel Tubes Prepared from Manufactured Sand with a High Content of Limestone Fines

To meet the requirements of construction of concretes filled in the steel tube arches,a C60 grade micro-expansive self-compacting concrete （SCC） was prepared from manufactured sand （MS）.The utilization of MS with a high content of quarry limestone fines was dealed for SCC applications.The workability,compressive and splitting strength,modulus of elasticity,restrained expansion and chloride ion permeability as well as freeze-thaw resistance of three MS-SCC mixes with fines content of 3%,7% and 10% were tested and compared with those of the natural sand （NS）-SCC mix.The experimental results indicate that the performances of the C60 MS-SCC with fines content of 7% are excellent and compared favorably with those of C60 NS-SCC.

Mechanical Properties and Microcosmic Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Modified by Compound Admixtures

It has become a research hotspot to explore raw material substitutes of concrete.It is important to research the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete(SCC)with slag powder(SP)and rubber particle(RP)replacing cement and coarse aggregate,respectively.12 kinds of composite modified self-compacting concrete(CMSCC)specimens were prepared by using 10%,20%and 30%SP and 30%,40%,50%and 60%RP.The rheological properties,mechanical properties and microstructure of the CMSCC were investigated.Results indicate that the workability,compressive strength,splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of CMSCC prepared by 20%SP and less than 40%RP are improved.In order to maximize the utilization of waste materials,20%SP and 40%RP can be used as the optimal ratio of the combined modifier.The microstructure shows that the addition of proper amount of SP is conducive to the formation of increasingly more uniform C-S-H gel.C-SH gel can fill the internal pores of the sample and enhance the adhesion between the aggregate,thus improving the mechanical properties of CMSCC.RP has a rougher surface and lower density and stiffness,which inhibits the workability and mechanical properties of CMSCC.The above research results have important theoretical and practical significance for the selection of raw materials of self-compacting concrete and the rational use of industrial wastes.

Replacing Stirrups of Self-Compacting Concrete Beams with Steel Fibers

Based on the investigation of fiber influence on workability of self-compacting concrete (SCC), tests were carried out on two series of SCC rectangular simply supported beams, which were made of hooked steel fibers reinforced concrete with or without stirrups, subjected to four-point symmetrically placed vertical loads. The major test variables are steel fiber contents and stirrup ratios. The results indicate that the ultimate load significantly increases with the increase of fiber content; the addition of ...

Expansive Performance of Self-stressing and Self-compacting Concrete Confined with Steel Tube

Combining with the technology of self-compacting concrete, self-stressing concrete and concrete-filled steel tube, we can get self-compacting and self-stressing concrete-filled steel tube. In order to study the expansive mechanism of self-stressing concrete, the continuous observation of 47 days on six specimens was carried on. The specimens have different steel area to concrete area ratio. The expansive process in hoop and axial direction were studied, and the expansive mechanism was discussed too. The experimental results identify that the creep and elastic deformation take a large proportion in effective free expansion. The calculating formulas of self-stress in hoop and axial directions were presented here.

Investigation on the Free and Restrained Shrinkage of Self-compacting Concrete

A novel ellipsis-ring cracking apparatus with an automatic monitoring system was used to measure the restrained shrinkage and initial cracking time of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The free shrinkage, restrained shrinkage and strength were integrated to evaluate the effect of the mineral admixtures and content of cementitious materials on shrinkage of SCC. The experimental results show that the initial cracking time of SCC incorporating fly ash was delayed, the shrinkage value and rate was reduced. The hydration achievement of silica fume increased free shrinkage and reduced initial cracking time of FA-SCC comparing to control sample, but silica fume improved the mechanical properties of FA-SCC in early age. As same strength, with the reducing the content of cementitious materials, the initial cracking time of SCC delayed and cracking sensitivity decreased markedly, especially when the content of cementitious materials achieve 450 kg/m3.

Study on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Test

To study the relationship between acoustic emission characteristic parameters of self-compacting concrete(SCC)and its destruction evolution,under uniaxial compression,acoustic emission(AE)tests are performed on C30 selfcompacting concrete test blocks that are preserved for 7 days and 28 days,the corresponding relationship among energy,amplitude,ring count and different failure stages of the specimens are analyzed by AE experiment,and the spatial distribution of AE in each stage is described by introducing location map.The test shows that there are two rules for the failure of SCC specimens cured for 7 days and 28 days:(1)The first failure law is divided into four stages according to the percentage of the stress value reaching the limit stress:Initial stage:above 10%,the compaction time of test block cured for 28 days is relatively low;Elastic failure stage:30%–35%,the cumulative value of each parameter increases linearly,and the cumulative value of the amplitude is the largest;Crack stable propagation stage:35%–90%,there is a moment that causes local stress concentration in both test blocks;Active stage:above 90%,the cumulative value of the parameter rises sharply,then continues to load the test block instability and damage.(2)The second failure law is divided into five stages according to the percentage of the stress value reaching the limit stress:Initial stage:15%–20%,the cumulative value of each parameter increases with time;Elastic failure stage:20%–40%,the cumulative value of the parameter continues to grow,but the growth curve is approximately parallel;Crack stable propagation stage:40%–60%,all parameters increased sharply and the increase reached the peak of the whole process;A stable state:60–80%,the emission characteristic parameter will become zero,and the stable state of the 28 days curing test block is lagging;Active stage:above 90%,the number of signals increased sharply,but the energy and amplitude are low,and the later test block is completely fractured.(3)In the process of failure,the test block of SCC will form an inverted triangle or landslide failure surface,and the part above the failure surface is prone to failure,and there is a tendency to leave the test block.(4)Under uniaxial compression,the penetration of SCC cracks is mostly shear penetration.

New photo-thermal-synthesized polymer for self-compacting concrete to increase productivity, minimize pollution, and eliminate steam curing in precast concrete

The objective in this study is to apply the sustainable chemistry and photo-thermal synthesis technology to produce the sustainable eco-superplasticiser for the sustainable high performance SCC concrete especially in hot tropical countries. A photo-thermal synthesized eco-superplasticiser （PSES） was produced by using photo-thermal catalyst in a solar chemical reactor. In this preliminary study, an unique high early strength of SCC concrete has been successfully produced by imposing an unique proportion of the photo-thermal-synthesized eco- Superplasticiser （PSES）, local fly ash, sand and aggregate. The SCC concrete is preliminary tried in the precast concrete product to produce the complicated geometries as Tunnel segment, U-shape beam, and Box girder which have the critical reinforcement and thin section concrete. Surprisingly, this SCC provide the benefits as eliminating steaming energy, increased productivity, and minimize pollution. These unique properties of sustainable SCC concrete can not be achieved by the convention concrete by using ligno, naphthalene and melamine base superplasficiser. The synthesized sustainable eco-superplasticiser is a perfect choice to fully utilized the renewable energy and improve the concrete working environment.

Effect of molecular structure and slump loss resistance of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on self-compacting concrete

A new kind of polycarboxylate superplasticizer with high slump loss resistance was obtained by designing scheduled molecular structure.The number average molecular mass of the polymer was characterized by the gel permeation chromatography measurements.And chemical structure of the polymer was observed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The results show that the good workable maintaining of self-compacting concrete could be achieved through direct adjustment of number average molecular mass and different unsaturated monomer in synthetic process.The FT-IR analysis illustrated that the high slump loss resistance of polycarboxylate superplasticizers with ester and carboxyl group and expectations of molecular structure were designed.

Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self-compacting Concrete Produced by Using Locally Available Materials

Self-compacting concrete （SCC） is defined so that no vibration is necessary for the compaction. The main criteria of producing SCC have to satisfy the following characteristics [1, 2, 3]： （1） Ability to flow into and completely fill complex forms under its own weight; （2） Ability to pass through and bond to congested reinforcements; （3） High resistance to aggregate segregation. Self-compacting concrete presents a significant sign in improving the product quality and efficiency of the building industry. It also enhances the working conditions and the quality and appearance of concrete. Japan has been used self-compacting concrete in bridge, building and tunnel construction since the early 1990s. In the last decade, SCC has been produced a high potential for greater acceptance and wider applications in highway bridge construction in the Europe and U.S.. However, till now, there is no application of SCC in the construction industry in Egypt. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to produce SCC by using the locally available materials in our region such as basalt, gravel, sand, limestone powder and silica fume. Experimental programme was designed to characterize the properties of fresh and hardened SCC. It comprises different concrete mixes thbricated with different types and percentages of constituent materials. Three full-scale reinforced concrete beams were fabricated from the SCC mixes and tested under flexure. For the purpose of comparison, an extra RC beam was made of conventional normal concrete to serve as a reference beam. This study, in general, demonstrated that the applications of SCC in construction industry oiler products with enhanced characteristics as well as could be economical.

Comparative Study of Self-Compacting Concrete with Manufactured and Dune Sand

Sand is an inert element essential in the composition of concrete; its use ensures granular continuity between the cement and gravel for better cohesion of concrete. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the influence of sand quality on the properties of fresh and hardened SCC （self-compacting concrete）. The dune sands are very fine materials characterized by a high intergranular porosity, high surface area and low fineness modulus; on the other hand crushed （manufactured） sand has a high rate into thin and irregular shapes which influence the workability of concrete. The amount of dune sand varies from （0%, 50% to 100%） by weight of fine aggregates. The results show that the rheological properties favour the use of dune sands; however the mechanical properties support the use of crushed sand.

Analysis of the Influence of Type, Amount and Way of Introduction of Anti-foaming Admixture （AFA） on the Properties of Self-compacting Concrete （SCC） Mix

The properties of the self-compacting concrete mix depend on an automatic introduction of air bubbles caught during the process of mixing. What is interesting, the criterion for self-compactibility is not taken into consideration in commonly used self-compacting tests. On the basis of different tests concerning self-compacting concrete mixes, it has been found out that too high air content in their volume was the result of superplasticizer, in spite of meeting the self-compactibility criteria （i.e., self-venting）. For the decrease of too high air volume in SCC, the use of anti-foaming admixture （AFA） is proposed. As a result, the effect of AFA mix flow diameter is increased and the flow time is decreased. Moreover, the workability loss is lower. In case of mix incorporating AFA, their high flowability does not cause segregation of the mix, what is possible in case of SCC incorporating only superplasticizer. However, the time of the introduction of AFA and its type is essential to get higher flowability degree, but it is not important to achieve low air volume in SCC.