Preferences for oral-vs blood-based human immunodeficiency virus self-testing:A scoping review of the literature

BACKGROUND The evidence on preferences for oral-vs blood-based human immunodeficiency virus self-testing(HIVST)has been heterogenous and inconclusive.In addition,most evaluations have relied on hypothetical or stated use cases using discreet choice experiments rather than actual preferences among experienced users,which are more objective and critical for the understanding of product uptake.Direct head-to-head comparison of consumer preferences for oral-versus bloodbased HIVST is lacking.AIM To examine the existing literature on preferences for oral-vs blood-based HIVST,determine the factors that impact these preferences,and assess the potential implications for HIVST programs.METHODS Databases such as PubMed,Medline,Google Scholar,and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2011 to October 2022.Articles must address preferences for oral-vs blood-based HIVST.The study used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist to ensure the quality of the study.RESULTS The initial search revealed 2424 records,of which 8 studies were finally included in the scoping review.Pooled preference for blood-based HIVST was 48.8%(9%-78.6%),whereas pooled preference for oral HIVST was 59.8%(34.2%-91%)across all studies.However,for male-specific studies,the preference for blood-based HIVST(58%-65.6%)was higher than that for oral(34.2%-41%).The four studies that reported a higher preference for blood-based HIVST were in men.Participants considered blood-based HIVST to be more accurate and rapid,while those with a higher preference for oral HIVST did so because these were considered non-invasive and easy to use.CONCLUSION Consistently in the literature,men preferred blood-based HIVST over oral HIVST due to higher risk perception and desire for a test that provides higher accuracy coupled with rapidity,autonomy,privacy,and confidentiality,whereas those with a higher preference for oral HIVST did so because these were considered non-invasive and easy to use.Misinformation and distrust need to be addressed through promotional messaging to maximize the diversity of this new biomedical technology.

Uptake of HIV Self-testing among Men Who have Sex with Men in Beijing, China： a Cross-sectional Study

Objective To examine HIV self-testing uptake and its determinates among men who have sex with men （MSM） in Beijing, China. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Beijing, China in 2016. Participants were users of a popular Chinese gay networking application and had an unknown or negative HIV status. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with HIV self-testing based on adjusted odds ratio （AOR） and 95% confidence interval （CI）. Results Among the 5,996 MSM included in the study, 2,383 （39.7%） reported to have used HIV self-testing kits. Willingness to use an HIV self-test kit in the future was expressed by 92% of the participants. High monthly income （AOR = 1.49; CI = 1.10-2.02; P = 0.010）, large number of male sex partners （≥2： AOR = 1.24; CI = 2.09-1.43; P = 0.002）, sexual activity with commercial male sex partners （〉 2： AOR = 1.94; CI = 1.34 -2.82; P = 0.001）, long-term drug use （AOR = 1.42; CI = 1.23-1.62; P 〈 0.001）, and long-term HIV voluntary counseling and testing （VCT） attendance （AOR = 3.62; CI = 3.11-4.22; P 〈 0.001） were all associated with increased odds of HIV self-testing uptake. Conclusion The nearly 40% rate of HIV self-testing uptake among MSM in our sample was high. In addition, an over 90% willingness to use kits in the future was encouraging. HIV self-testing could be an important solution to help China achieve the global target of having 90% of all people living with HIV diagnosed by 2020.

An Adaptive Ramp Generator for ADC Built-in Self-Test

An adaptive ramp generator based on linear histogram was proposed for the built-in selftest (BIST) of analog to digital convertor (ADC) in CMOS image sensor. By comparing the generated ramp signal to a reference voltage and feeding back a calibration signal, the slope adjustment was implemented, and high linearity and precision of ramp slope were realized. By modulating the pulse width and reference voltage, sweep length varied from microsecond to second and signal swing could reach 3 V with 5.6 mW power consumption. The ramp was used as input to an ideal 10-bit single-slope ADC, and the corresponding DNL and INL were 0.032 LSB and 0.078 LSB, re-spectively.

Robustness self-testing of states and measurements in the prepare-and-measure scenario with 3 → 1 random access code

Recently, Tavakoli et al.proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys.Rev.A 98 062307(2018)].They realized the self-testing of preparations and measurements in an N → 1(N ≥ 2) random access code(RAC), and provided robustness bounds in a 2 → 1 RAC.Since all N → 1 RACs with shared randomness are combinations of 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 RACs, the3 → 1 RAC is just as important as the 2 → 1 RAC.In this paper, we find a set of preparations and measurements in the3 → 1 RAC, and use them to complete the robustness self-testing analysis in the prepare-and-measure scenario.The method is robust to small but inevitable experimental errors.

Efficient self-testing system for quantum computations based on permutations

Verification in quantum computations is crucial since quantum systems are extremely vulnerable to the environment.However,verifying directly the output of a quantum computation is difficult since we know that efficiently simulating a large-scale quantum computation on a classical computer is usually thought to be impossible.To overcome this difficulty,we propose a self-testing system for quantum computations,which can be used to verify if a quantum computation is performed correctly by itself.Our basic idea is using some extra ancilla qubits to test the output of the computation.We design two kinds of permutation circuits into the original quantum circuit:one is applied on the ancilla qubits whose output indicates the testing information,the other is applied on all qubits(including ancilla qubits) which is aiming to uniformly permute the positions of all qubits.We show that both permutation circuits are easy to achieve.By this way,we prove that any quantum computation has an efficient self-testing system.In the end,we also discuss the relation between our self-testing system and interactive proof systems,and show that the two systems are equivalent if the verifier is allowed to have some quantum capacity.

Feasibility of a finger prick-based self-testing kit in first- and second-degree relatives of children with coeliac disease

AIM:To assess feasibility of a finger prick-based kit as method for self-testing of first and second-degree relatives of coeliac disease (CD) patients. METHODS:A total number of 379 subjects were invited to participate in this study,consisting of 197 first- degree and 182 second-degree relatives of CD patients. The self-testing kit (BiocardTM) was sent out with included instructions for use. Completed tests were sent back to the study coordinator for assessment. RESULTS:One hundred and ninety-six invited relatives carried out the BiocardTM test at home. Amongst these,70% were children. In 97% of the cases the test was performed correctly. Three tests revealed a positive result,all of which were later confirmed by serology and histology as coeliac disease.CONCLUSION:Our study indicates that BiocardTM test is a reliable,easy to use and well-accepted tool for home testing of first- and second-degree relatives of CD patients.

Assessing the Acceptability and Willingness to Use HIV Self-Testing among Student Nurses in a Private Nursing College, Gauteng Province, South Africa

Globally, there is increasing evidence that HIV self-testing (HIVST) is commonly practiced among health care workers (HCWs). Although HIVST kits are available in South Africa, their distribution and use remain unregulated and its acceptability, undocumented. The aim of the study was to explore the acceptability of HIV self-testing among student nurses, examine their willingness to use self-testing, and evaluate their views on the implementation of a regulated HIV self-testing programme. This was a qualitative explorative study, and six focus group discussions were conducted with 67 student nurses recruited from a private nursing college, in Pretoria, South Africa. Thematic analysis and NVivo10 qualitative software were used for data analysis. The nurses perceived HIVST as an acceptable option for HIV testing and most were willing to self-test. Self-testing will provide confidential and accessible HIV testing services, reduce the stigma associated with the condition, and increase partner testing and disclosure. HIVST is more likely to be practised if self-testing kits are easily accessible and affordable, and there are strategies to educate people before the adoption of HIVST. The lack of pre- and post-test counselling, the risk of inaccurate test results, and lack of strategies for the confirmation of self-testing results were the main arguments against HIVST. The high acceptance of HIVST among nurses suggests that HIVST is a feasible option to increase the uptake of HIV-testing among HCWs. However, pre- and post-test counselling should be considered important components in the implementation of self-testing services. Educational and awareness campaigns should precede the roll-out of the self-testing programs.

Phase-Coding Self-Testing Quantum Random Number Generator

How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 （2014）140407] proposed a prepare-and-measure quantum random number generation scenario with device-independent assumption, which indicates a method to test the randomness of bit strings according to the generation process rather than the results. Based on this protocol, we implement a quantum random number generator with an intrinsic stable phase-encoded quantum key distribution system. The system has been continuously running for more than 200 h, a stable witness W with the average value of 0.9752 and a standard deviation of 0.0024 are obtained. More than 1 G random bits are generated and the results pass all items of NIST test suite.

HIV Self-Testing Kits Uptake in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe, 2019-2020: A Secondary Data Analysis

Background: Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Self-Testing (HIVST) is a process where an individual who wants to know their HIV status collects a specimen, performs a test and interprets the result by themselves. HIVST data from the Zimbabwe AIDS and TB Program (ATP) directorate showed that between 2019-2020, only 31% of the target HIVST kits were distributed in the country. Mashonaland West Province was one of the least performing provinces in meeting targets for HIVST kits distribution. Gaps in the implementation of the HIVST in the province ultimately affect the nationwide scaleup of targeted testing, a key enabler in achieving HIV epidemic control. We analyzed HIVST trends in Mashonaland West Province to inform HIV testing services programming. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using HIVST secondary data obtained from the District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) electronic database. We conducted regression analysis for trends using Epi Info 7.2 and tables, bar graphs, pie charts and linear graphs were used for data presentation. Results: A total of 31,070 clients accessed HIVST kits in Mashonaland West Province from 2019-2020. A slightly higher proportion (50.4% and 51.7%) of females as compared to males accessed HIVST kits in 2019 and 2020 respectively. Overall, an increase in the trend of HIVST kits uptake was recorded (males R2 = 0.3945, p-value = 0.003 and females R2 = 0.4739, p-value = 0.001). There was generally a decline in the trend of community-based distribution of HIVST kits from the third quarter of 2019 throughout 2020 (R2 = 0.2441, p-value = 0.006). Primary distribution of HIVST kits remained the dominant method of distribution, constituting more than half of the kits distributed in both 2019 (67%) and 2020 (86%). Conclusion: Mashonaland West Province was mainly utilising facility-based distribution model for HIVST over the community-based distribution model. We recommended training more community-based distribution agents to increase community distribution of HIVST kits.

Acceptability and strategies for enhancing uptake of human immunodeficiency virus self-testing in Nigeria

BACKGROUND In 2019,the Nigerian Ministry of Health published the first operational guidelines for human immunodeficiency virus self-testing(HIVST)to improve access to human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)testing services among undertested populations in the country.Also,as part of the campaign to increase HIV testing services in Nigeria,the Nigerian Ministry of Health developed standard operating procedures for using HIVST kits.AIM To systematically review the acceptability and strategies for enhancing the uptake of HIVST in Nigeria.METHODS The systematic review was conducted and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Different databases were searched to get the necessary materials needed for this review.Standardized forms developed by the authors were used for data extraction to minimize the risk of bias and ensure that the articles used for the study were properly screened.Identified articles were first screened using the titles and their abstracts.The full papers were screened,and the similarities of the documents were determined.Qualitative,quantitative,and mixed-method studies were evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and Critical Appraisal Framework criteria.RESULTS All the publications reviewed were published between 2015 and 2022,with 33.3%published in 2021.Most(77.8%)of the studies were cross-sectional,43.3%were conducted in Lagos State,and 26.3%were conducted among young people.The study revealed a high level of acceptability of HIVST.Certain factors,such as gender,sexual activity,and previous testing experience,influence the acceptability of HIV self-testing,with some individuals more likely to opt-out.The cost of the kit was reported as the strongest factor for choosing HIVST services,and this ranged from 200 to 4000 Naira(approximately United States Dollar 0.55-11.07),with the majority willing to pay 500 Naira(approximately United States Dollar 1.38).Privately-owned,registered pharmacies,youthfriendly centres,supermarkets,and online stores were the most cited access locations for HIVST.The least influential attribute was the type of specimen needed for HIVST.Strategies addressing cost and preferred access points and diverse needs for social media promotion,local translation of product use instructions,and HIVST distribution led by key opinion leaders for key populations were found to significantly enhance HIVST uptake and linkage to care.CONCLUSION HIVST acceptability is generally high from an intention-to-use perspective.Targeted strategies are required to improve the acceptability of HIV self-testing,especially among males,sexually active individuals,and first-time testers.Identified and proposed uptake-enhancing strategies need to be investigated in controlled settings and among different populations and distribution models in Nigeria.

Evolving market-shaping strategies to boost access to essential medical products in developing countries with HIV self-testing as a case study

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated health inequities among countries in the Global South with limited access to essential medical products,leading to a higher infection and mortality rate,especially among vulnerable populations.Despite tremendous progress in global health financing,the estimated annual financing gap in developing countries is projected to reach US$371 billion per year by 2030.Therefore,developing market-shaping strategies is of great importance in ensuring adequate supply,affordable prices,and equitable access to essential medical products in low-and middle-income countries.We propose a strategic and appropriate market-shaping intervention framework for governments,international organizations,and NGOs to maximize access to essential medical products in developing countries.In the health field,we believe that market shaping strategy could be defined as a set of purposeful activities that market forces may intervene with to advance the development,production,supply,and distribution of global goods for health,making essential medical products more affordable,accessible,innovative,sustainable and quality assured.We argue that when designing a market-shaping strategy,policy or decisionmakers must take full advantage of the key drivers to keep the market dynamic,interactive,and constantly evolving to meet the unmet medical needs.In addition,different forms of market-shaping interventions are determined by objectives and specific issues to be addressed.More comprehensive market shaping strategies,including the strategic use of market expansion,market disruption,market maintenance,and market contraction alone or together,deserve to be explored and key stakeholders are also expected to join forces to make the intervention more efficient and productive.

温度对高聚物浆液在裂隙中扩散特性影响研究

具有自膨胀特性的高聚物注浆材料已广泛应用于岩体加固工程,但关于其注浆机理尚缺乏深入认识。近期试验研究表明,温度对自膨胀高聚物浆液的流动扩散过程具有显著影响,原因在于温度变化会改变高聚物浆液化学反应进程,进而影响其扩散行为。为深入揭示温度对高聚物浆液在裂隙中扩散行为的影响机制,以一种工程中应用的自膨胀聚氨酯高聚物浆液为对象,基于浆液聚合反应机理和计算流体动力学理论,用准三维有限体积法离散浆液流动控制方程,用三维有限体积法离散裂隙壁热传导方程,建立模拟分析高聚物浆液在裂隙中膨胀扩散过程的热-流耦合仿真模型,实现对浆液化学反应进程、流场和“浆液-裂隙”体系温度场的耦合求解。开展不同注浆量、预热温度条件下无水平板裂隙高聚物注浆模型试验,通过浆液扩散范围、密度、温度等实测数据与计算结果的对比,验证所建立数值模型的适用性。在此基础上,分析预热温度、环境温度对浆液在平板裂隙中扩散行为的影响,结果表明,相同环境温度条件下,随着浆液预热温度升高,浆液扩散速率及升温速度加快,峰值温度增大,达到峰值点时刻越早;相同预热温度条件下,环境温度越高,浆液扩散速率越快,扩散半径越大;当浆液预热温度或环境温度升高至一定值时,浆液最终扩散范围不再发生明显改变;随着环境温度降低,所需的浆液最低预热温度逐渐增大。该文工作对高聚物裂隙注浆浆液预热温度设定具有一定指导作用。

六层自复位钢筋混凝土框架结构振动台试验研究

为研究多层自复位框架结构整体抗震性能,进行一个1/4缩尺比六层自复位框架结构模型的模拟地震振动台试验,研究该结构的动力特性及其在7度多遇至7度极罕遇4个水准地震作用下的动力反应和破坏情况。试验结果表明:在多遇以及设计基本地震作用下,结构构件无可见裂缝和损伤;随着输入地震动峰值的增加,结构损伤增加,但损伤主要集中在梁、柱端的表面混凝土,构件自身几乎没有损伤,表明自复位混凝土框架结构的抗震性能良好;在7度罕遇地震作用下,主体结构最大层间位移角为1/62,自复位框架的节点开始张开;在7度极罕遇地震作用下,模型节点张开更加明显,角钢进入屈服阶段,而主体结构的最大残余位移角仅为1/2533,证明结构具有很强的自复位能力。

A Loop-Based Apparatus for At-Speed Self-Testing

At-speed testing using external tester requires an expensive equipment, thus built-in self-test (BIST) is an alternative technique due to its ability to perform on-chip at-speed self-testing. The main issue in BIST for at-speed testing is to obtain high delay fault coverage with a low hardware overhead. This paper presents an improved loop-based BIST scheme, in which a configurable MISR (multiple-input signature register) is used to generate test-pair sequences. The structure and operation modes of the BIST scheme are described. The topological properties of the state-transit ion- graph of t he proposed B IS T scheme are analyzed. B ased on it, an approach to design and efficiently implement the proposed BIST scheme is developed. Experimental results on academic benchmark circuits are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BIST scheme as well as the design approach.

Multicenter evaluation of a simple and sensitive nucleic acid self-testing for SARS-CoV-2

A rapid and accurate COVID-19 diagnosis is a prerequisite for blocking the source of infection as soon as possible and taking the appropriate medical action.Herein,we developed GeneClick,a device for nucleic acid self-testing of SARS-CoV-2,consisting of three modules:a sampling kit,a microfluidic chip-based disposable cartridge,and an amplification reader.In addition,we evaluated the clinical performance of GeneClick using 2162 nasal swabs collected at three medical institutions,using three commercial RT-qPCR kits and an antigen self-test as references.Compared to RT-qPCR,the sensitivity and specificity of the GeneClick assay were 97.93%and 99.72%,respectively,with a kappa value of 0.979(P<0.01).Of the 2162 samples,2076 were also tested for SARS-CoV-2 antigens.Among the 314 positive samples identified by GeneClick assay,63 samples were undetected by antigen tests.Overall,the GeneClick nucleic acid self-test demonstrated higher accuracy than the antigen-based detection.Based on the additional features,including simple operation,affordable price,portable device,and reliability of smartphone APP-driven sampling and result reporting,GeneClick offers a powerful tool for field-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in primary healthcare institutions or at-home use.

Correlates of HIV self-testing among female sex workers in China: implications for expanding HIV screening

Background:Human immunodefciency virus(HIV)self-testing may help improve test uptake among female sex workers.China has implemented many HIV self-testing programs among men who have sex with men,creating an opportunity for promotion among female sex workers.However,there is a limited literature on examining HIV selftesting among female sex workers.This study aimed to examine HIV self-testing experiences and its determinants among female sex workers in China.Methods:A venue-based,cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese female sex workers in 2019.Participants completed a survey including social-demographic characteristics,sexual behaviors,and HIV self-testing history,the distribution of which were analyzed using descriptive analysis.Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify associations with HIV self-testing.Results:Among 1287 Chinese female sex workers,1072(83.3%,95%confdence interval[CI]81.2-85.3%)had ever tested for HIV,and 103(8.0%,95%CI 6.6-9.6%)had ever used HIV self-testing.More than half reported that the selftest was their frst HIV test(59.2%,61/103),around one-ffth reported HIV self-testing results infuenced the price of sex(21.4%,22/103).A minority of individuals reported ever experiencing pressure to undertake HIV self-testing(6.8%,7/103).After adjusting for covariates,HIV self-testing was positively associated with receiving anal sex in the past month(adjusted odds ratio[aOR]=2.2,95%CI 1.4-3.5),using drugs before or during sex(aOR=2.8,95%CI 1.8-4.5),injecting drugs in the past 6 months(aOR=2.6,95%CI 1.2-6.0),being diagnosed with other sexually transmitted infections(aOR=1.6,95%CI 1.0-2.5),tested for other sexually transmitted infections in the past six months(aOR=3.4,95%CI 2.1-5.5),ever tested in the hospital(aOR=3.4,95%CI 2.0-5.6),and ever tested in the community(aOR=1.5,95%CI 1.2-1.9).Conclusions:Our fndings suggest that HIV self-testing could expand overall HIV testing uptake,increase HIV testing frequency,reach sub-groups of high-risk female sex workers and has limited potential harms among female sex workers.HIV self-testing should be incorporated among Chinese female sex workers as a complement to facility-based HIV testing services.

Parallel Software-Based Self-Testing with Bounded Model Checking for Kilo-Core Networks-on-Chip

Online testing is critical to ensuring reliable operations of the next generation of supercomputers based on a kilo-core network-on-chip(NoC)interconnection fabric.We present a parallel software-based self-testing(SBST)solution that makes use of the bounded model checking(BMC)technique to generate test sequences and parallel packets.In this method,the parallel SBST with BMC derives the leading sequence for each router’s internal function and detects all functionally-testable faults related to the function.A Monte-Carlo simulation algorithm is then used to search for the approximately optimum configuration of the parallel packets,which guarantees the test quality and minimizes the test cost.Finally,a multi-threading technology is used to ensure that the Monte-Carlo simulation can reach the approximately optimum configuration in a large random space and reduce the generating time of the parallel test.Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a high fault coverage with a reduced test overhead.Moreover,by performing online testing in the functional mode with SBST,it effectively avoids the over-testing problem caused by functionally untestable turns in kilo-core NoCs.

Self-Testing Medical Kits Not Far-Fetched-Doctor

站在新世纪的起跑线上,遥望新科技的前景,我们感到绵延了数千年的大同小异的人类生活将发生根本性的巨变。许多传统的、想来无法更改的生活方式,或许将面目一新。 本文的主题句不同凡响,它不是“急吼吼”地去囊括文章的中心思想,而是使用轻松活泼的语言,轻点主题: Do you dread going to the doctor? In the 2Ist century.you may not have to-self-diagnosis(自我诊断)couldbe as easy as swallowing(吞下)a little pill. 得了病,吞服一粒药丸,诊断随即获得。诊断的结果再被传送到医生那里,而对症下药的处方随即又从医生那儿传送过来。问题就是这么简单！ 本文称这种化验体检的方法为 near-patient tests/on-the-spot checks,其后的同位语对它解释道:testing and diagnosing patients on the spot without theneed to send samples to a laboratory。据此,我们是否可以将它译成:就地检验。 关于此项创造的原动力,文章有所提及: Catering for(迎合)astronauts’medical needs on space missions and themilitary’s need to detect agents(试剂)of biological warfare had provided themain impetus(动力)for the development of the kits, he said. 其中的the military’s need让人感觉不是滋味。人类,

青少年抑郁患者自伤或自杀的心理特征和疼痛耐受

目的探讨青少年抑郁障碍患者出现自伤或自杀的影响因素以及疼痛耐受度。方法选取2023年1月至2024年5月在云南省精神病医院和昆明市精神病院被确诊为抑郁障碍的96名青少年进行研究,30 d内有自伤或自杀行为的为案例组(n=61),30 d以上或无自伤或自杀行为的为对照组(n=35)。采用健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、米式边缘性人格障碍检测表(MSI-BPD)、房树人绘画测验(HTP)和哥伦比亚自杀严重程度评定量表(C-SSRS)评估调查。其中有72例用艾德堡HP-50测痛仪器完成了对皮肤压痛阈值的测试2 d内有自伤或自杀行为组n=12,2 d以上有自伤或自杀行为组n=60。结果(1)两组性别、年龄分析显示差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),30 d以内组女性比例更高,年龄更小;(2)30 d以内组的PHQ-9得分为(19.59±5.99)分、PHQ-9第9题(“有不如死掉或用某种方式伤害自己的念头”)得分为(2.41±0.97)分、MSI-BPD得分为(7.43±1.61)分;30 d以上组的PHQ-9得分为(10.89±7.99)分、PHQ-9第9题得分为(1.00±1.11)分、MSI-BPD得分为(5.40±3.13)分,两组经独立样本t检验分析,结果显示其差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);(3)在30 d以内组的房树人47项绘画特征中的5项绘画特征(重心偏移、头发不凌乱或无头发、无山、无太阳和无花草)出现的比例更高,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);(4)96例患者两组绘画特征在以30 d内有无自伤自杀行为为因变量的二元逻辑回归分析中,无花草、PHQ-9第9题得分是青少年抑郁症患者30 d内出现自伤或自杀行为的危险因素(OR_(无花草)=7.934、OR_(PHQ-9第9题得分)=3.554);(5)对72例疼痛测试组中,2 d内出现自伤或自杀行为的青少年抑郁患者皮肤压痛阈值(8.83±4.27)N明显高于时间超过2 d的患者(6.48±3.00)N,差异具有统计学意义(t=−2.201,P<0.05),且PHQ-9第9题得分更高[(2.50±0.67)分VS(1.87±0.95)分],差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.201,P<0.05)。结论HTP绘画中无花草绘画特征、有更强的自杀意念或自杀企图是青少年抑郁症患者出现自伤或自杀行为的危险因素,2 d内自伤自杀患者比2 d外自伤自杀患者的疼痛阈值更高。

医疗器械检验报告审核和质量管理探讨

目的:医疗器械具有复杂性、特殊性、专业性、涉及门类广等特点,面对医疗器械开放自检及检验市场竞争日益加剧的形势,如何提升检验能力,适应产业的迅速发展,确保检验结果的科学性、公正性、权威性,是各医疗器械检验机构面临的共同挑战。方法:从医疗器械检验面临的挑战、法律法规要求、质量管理体系关注要点等方面进行阐述。结果:通过对报告审核中发现的问题,提出质量改进措施及建议。结论:医疗器械检验机构应持续提升检验能力,发展特色优势领域,积极应对医疗器械快速发展的需要及检验新形势,提质增效,应在医疗器械的质量检验工作中,引入风险管理理念并加强过程控制,从人、机、料、法、环等方面构建起全方位的保障体系,提高检验质量和效率,助力医疗器械高质量发展。