Annotation and Retrieval System of CAD Models Based on Functional Semantics

CAD model retrieval based on functional semantics is more significant than content-based 3D model retrieval during the mechanical conceptual design phase. However, relevant research is still not fully discussed. Therefore, a functional semantic-based CAD model annotation and retrieval method is proposed to support mechanical conceptual design and design reuse, inspire designer creativity through existing CAD models, shorten design cycle, and reduce costs. Firstly, the CAD model functional semantic ontology is constructed to formally represent the functional semantics of CAD models and describe the mechanical conceptual design space comprehensively and consistently. Secondly, an approach to represent CAD models as attributed adjacency graphs（AAG） is proposed. In this method, the geometry and topology data are extracted from STEP models. On the basis of AAG, the functional semantics of CAD models are annotated semi-automatically by matching CAD models that contain the partial features of which functional semantics have been annotated manually, thereby constructing CAD Model Repository that supports model retrieval based on functional semantics. Thirdly, a CAD model retrieval algorithm that supports multi-function extended retrieval is proposed to explore more potential creative design knowledge in the semantic level. Finally, a prototype system, called Functional Semantic-based CAD Model Annotation and Retrieval System（FSMARS）, is implemented. A case demonstrates that FSMARS can successfully botain multiple potential CAD models that conform to the desired function. The proposed research addresses actual needs and presents a new way to acquire CAD models in the mechanical conceptual design phase.

Consistency of Semantic Meaning with Structure andFunction in English Writing

Writing is one of the skills most difficult to train and develop.Although writing can be circumvented in many cases bysome people, modern civilization is imposing increasing demands on our ability to write, and write well. In English writing,consistency of semantic meaning with structure and function in English writing is a very important part to evaluate the quality ofwriting.In student＇s English academic writing, there are different writing types. The consistency of semanticmeaning with structureand function in different academic writings is various. In this thesis, the consistency of the semantic meaning with structure andfunction in the essay and academic and report writing is analyzed.

Functionality Semantics of Predicate Data Flow Diagram

SOZL (structured methodology + object-oriented methodology + Z language) is a language that attempts to integrate structured method, object-oriented method and formal method. The core of this language is predicate data flow diagram (PDFD). In order to eliminate the ambiguity of predicate data flow diagrams and their associated textual specifications, a formalization of the syntax and semantics of predicate data flow diagrams is necessary. In this paper we use Z notation to define an abstract syntax and the related structural constraints for the PDFD notation, and provide it with an axiomatic semantics based on the concept of data availability and functionality of predicate operation. Finally, an example is given to establish functionality consistent decomposition on hierarchical PDFD (HPDFD).

Semantic Change in Grammaticalization

Generally speaking,grammaticalization is the abstraction of lexical items or constructions which have developed into the minimal grammatical units in a certain context.As a universal linguistic phenomenon,grammaticalization has attracted the attention of eastern and western scholars for a long time.However,it hadn't become a hot topic in the study of language until the beginning of the 1970s.It is widely agreed that a typical grammaticalization involves change at various levels,such as,phonemic,semantic/ pragmatic and morphosyntactic levels.In this paper we tend to study grammaticalization from the functional perspective and take semantic/functional change involved in it as our focus in order to deepen our understanding of grammaticalization phenomena.

Improve Data Quality by Processing Null Values and Semantic Dependencies

Today, the quantity of data continues to increase, furthermore, the data are heterogeneous, from multiple sources (structured, semi-structured and unstructured) and with different levels of quality. Therefore, it is very likely to manipulate data without knowledge about their structures and their semantics. In fact, the meta-data may be insufficient or totally absent. Data Anomalies may be due to the poverty of their semantic descriptions, or even the absence of their description. In this paper, we propose an approach to better understand the semantics and the structure of the data. Our approach helps to correct automatically the intra-column anomalies and the inter-col- umns ones. We aim to improve the quality of data by processing the null values and the semantic dependencies between columns.

A Fault Tolerance Algorithm for Resource Discovery in Semantic Grid Computing Using Task Agents

One of the interesting topics in grid computing systems is resources discovery. After the failure of a resource in a chain of resources made for a specific task in grid environment, discovering and finding a new resource that reconstructs the chain is an important topic. In this study, with defining new agent that is called task agent, and by proposing an algorithm, we will increase the fault tolerance against probable failure of a resource in the resource chain.

Semantic Features and Applications in Translation of English Words in Pairs

English words in pairs are a special form of English idioms, which have different kinds and are used widely. For English learners, words in pairs are one of the difficult points. This paper discusses their form patterns, semantic relations, grammatical functions, rhetoric features and their application in translation. Its purpose is to help learners understand and use them accurately and correctly so as to improve language expressing ability.

A Study on the Application of Functional Equivalence in English Idiom Translation

Both Chinese and English are rich in idioms, which contain abundant cultural information.There are many similarities between English and Chinese language, which make English idiom translation possible. However,due to their totally different linguistic and cultural systems, idioms used in Chinese and English differ considerably, which make English idiom translation difficult.This paper focuses on the study ofEnglish idiomtranslation under the guidance offunctional equivalence theory. The purpose of this study is to point out what should be considered in the process of English idiom translationby summarizingthe translation principles and skills.

Processing Chinese hand-radicals activates the medial frontal gyrus A functional MRI investigation

Embodied semantics theory asserts that the meaning of action-related words is neurally represented through networks that overlap with or are identical to networks involved in sensory-motor processing. While some studies supporting this theory have focused on Chinese characters, less attention has been paid to their semantic radicals. Indeed, there is still disagreement about whether these radicals are processed independently. The present study investigated whether radicals are processed separately and, if so, whether this processing occurs in sensory-motor regions. Materials consisted of 72 high-frequency Chinese characters, with 18 in each of four categories： hand-action verbs with and without hand-radicals, and verbs not related to hand actions, with and without hand-radicals. Twenty-eight participants underwent functional MRI scans while reading the characters. Compared to characters without hand-radicals, reading characters with hand-radicals activated the right medial frontal gyrus. Verbs involving hand-action activated the left inferior parietal lobule, possibly reflecting integration of information in the radical with the semantic meaning of the verb. The findings may be consistent with embodied semantics theory and suggest that neural representation of radicals is indispensable in processing Chinese characters.

Byte-Level Function-Associated Method for Malware Detection

The byte stream is widely used in malware detection due to its independence of reverse engineering.However,existing methods based on the byte stream implement an indiscriminate feature extraction strategy,which ignores the byte function difference in different segments and fails to achieve targeted feature extraction for various byte semantic representation modes,resulting in byte semantic confusion.To address this issue,an enhanced adversarial byte function associated method for malware backdoor attack is proposed in this paper by categorizing various function bytes into three functions involving structure,code,and data.The Minhash algorithm,grayscale mapping,and state transition probability statistics are then used to capture byte semantics from the perspectives of text signature,spatial structure,and statistical aspects,respectively,to increase the accuracy of byte semantic representation.Finally,the three-channel malware feature image is constructed based on different function byte semantics,and a convolutional neural network is applied for detection.Experiments on multiple data sets from 2018 to 2021 show that the method can effectively combine byte functions to achieve targeted feature extraction,avoid byte semantic confusion,and improve the accuracy of malware detection.

语义通信的数学理论

自从1948年经典信息论诞生以来,在其指导下,现代通信技术已经逼近了理论性能极限,例如信息熵H(U)、信道容量C=max_(p(x))I(X;Y)以及率失真函数R(D)=min_(p(x|x):Ed(x,x)≤D)I(X;X)。长期以来,由于经典信息论只研究语法信息,限制了通信科学的进一步发展。近年来,研究语义信息处理与传输的通信技术获得了学术界的普遍关注,语义通信开辟了未来通信技术发展的新方向,但还缺乏一般性的数学指导理论。为了解决这一难题,构建了语义信息论的理论框架,对语义信息的度量体系与语义通信的理论极限进行了系统性阐述。首先,通过深入分析各类信源的数据特征,以及各种下游任务的需求,总结归纳出语义信息的普遍属性——同义性。由此指出语义信息是语法信息的上级概念,是许多等效或相似语法信息的抽象特征,表征隐藏在数据或消息背后的含义或内容。将语义信息与语法信息之间的关系命名为同义映射,这是一种“一对多”映射,即一个语义符号可以由许多不同的语法符号表示。基于同义映射f这一核心概念,引入语义熵H_(s)(U)作为语义信息的基本度量指标,表示为信源概率分布与同义映射的泛函。在此基础上,引入上/下语义互信息I^(s)(X;Y)(I_(s)(X;Y)),语义信道容量C_(s)=max_(f_(xy))max_(p_((x)))I^(s)(X;Y)以及语义率失真函数R_(s)(D)=min_({f_(x),f_(x)})min_(p(x|x):Ed_(s)(x,x)≤D)I_(s)(X;X),从而构建了完整的语义信息度量体系。这些语义信息度量是经典信息度量的自然延伸,都由同义映射约束,如果采用“一对一”映射,则可以退化为传统的信息度量。由此可见,语义信息度量体系包含语法信息度量,前者与后者具有兼容性。其次,证明了3个重要的语义编码定理,以揭示语义通信的性能优势。基于同义映射,引入新的数学工具——语义渐近均分(AEP),详细探讨了同义典型序列的数学性质,并应用随机编码和同义典型序列译码/编码,证明了语义无失真信源编码定理、语义信道编码定理和语义限失真信源编码定理。类似于经典信息论,这些基本编码定理也都是存在性定理,但它们指出了语义通信系统的性能极限,在语义信息论中起着关键作用。由同义映射和这些基本编码定理可以推断,语义通信系统的性能优于经典通信系统,即语义熵小于信息熵H_(s)(U)≤H(U),语义信道容量大于经典信道容量C_(s)≥C,以及语义率失真函数小于经典率失真函数R_(s)(D)≤R(D)。最后,讨论了连续条件下的语义信息度量。此时,同义映射转换为连续随机变量分布区间的划分方式。相应地,划分后的子区间被命名为同义区间,其平均长度定义为同义长度S。特别是对于限带高斯信道,得到了一个新的信道容量公式C_(s)=B log[S^(4)(1+P/N_(0)B)],其中,平均同义长度S表征了信息的辨识能力。这一容量公式是经典信道容量的重要扩展,当S=1时,该公式退化为著名的香农信道容量公式。综上所述,语义信息论依据同义映射这一语义信息的本质特征,构建了语义信息的度量体系,引入新的数学工具,证明了语义编码的基本定理,论证了语义通信系统的性能极限,揭示了未来语义通信的巨大性能潜力。

汉语高功能自闭症儿童词汇语义加工中的空间象似效应——兼与图片知觉加工的比较

研究考察了5~7岁汉语高功能自闭症儿童词汇语义加工中空间经验的激活情况。实验选取了隐含典型方位特征的物体,要求儿童将写有物体名称的词卡和画有物体图形的图卡放置在垂直空间的上方或下方。结果显示,在摆放词卡时,正常发展儿童表现出空间象似效应,倾向于将词卡放在与隐含方位信息一致的位置,而高功能自闭症儿童则随机放置词卡;在摆放图卡时,虽然两组儿童的表现均好于摆放词卡,但是高功能自闭症儿童表现出的空间象似效应仍差于正常发展儿童。研究结果表明高功能自闭症儿童在符号加工和知觉加工中利用空间经验的能力均存在缺陷。

专利数据辅助的新产品概念设计方案生成方法

在生成新产品概念设计方案的过程中,企业常缺乏辅助新产品功能描述、分解及创新的设计知识,且存在功能实现技术检索结果可用性不高、难以有效转化为概念设计方案技术特征的问题。为此,提出一种专利数据辅助的新产品概念设计方案生成方法。首先,使用文本相似度算法,检索国际专利分类表中与设计任务相关的分类号文本,辅助描述新产品的主功能。其次,引入C-K理论将下级分类号释义视为K空间中的元素,新产品子功能视为C空间中的元素,通过元素间转化辅助完成主功能分解。再次,结合专利技术成熟度分析和功能创新策略,确定新产品的功能创新方向,并依据共现分类号释义预测新产品的集成功能,辅助实现新产品的功能创新。接着,应用专利文献跨域特征分析模型,引入技术领域融合度的概念,量化专利技术的知识广度和流动性,辅助优选功能实现技术,并利用语义解析技术自动提取专利独立权利要求中的技术特征,辅助生成新产品概念设计方案。最后,将该方法应用于重型汽车底盘预装设备领域的新产品开发,证明了方法的有效性。

句末助词“的”的功能分类及语义演变

本文主张普通话的句末助词“的”应分为“过去焦点化”和“确认语气”两个功能。该词的功能分类标准不宜是句子焦点域的宽窄,而应是“的”自身的语法作用:可否隐去,可否用于疑问句,对所述事件及焦点成分的语法限制,对整句语篇功能的影响等。本文证明,窄焦点句“他是昨天到北京的”和宽焦点句“(这事儿)是警察把他抓起来的”中的“的”都是结构助词,而宽焦点句“主任明天会来单位的”中的“的”是语气助词。我们将“的”的语义演变路径构拟为“名词化标记→过去焦点化→确认语气”,并探讨了普通话句末“的”与“了_(2)”的异同点,还比较了方言里“的”类词和“有”类词的用法。

面向类别不平衡语义分割的损失函数的研究

在图像语义分割的任务中,数据集的类别不平衡分布是一种普遍存在的现象;通过构造更加有效的损失函数来减轻其带来的不利影响是具有较大研究价值的。以损失函数为研究对象,利用训练样本像素的空间分布特性和相关性,改进了Focal损失函数的尺度度量方法,提出了一个基于迭代批次的权重自适应调整的Adapt-Focal损失函数。以类别不平衡的SAR图像数据集GDUT-Nansha为实验对象,采用三个经典的卷积神经网络DeepLabV3+、U-Net和RWL-ENet完成了定量实验。实验结果表明,所提出的Adapt-Focal损失函数相比于CE、FL、dfl、acw、lovász和softiou损失函数,有效提高了少样本地物类别裸地和道路的分割精度IoU和PA值;同时,整体分割精度指标mPA和mIoU均得到较大幅度的提高。验证了Adapt-Focal损失函数在类别不平衡图像语义分割中的有效性。

精神分裂症在语义言语流畅性任务下近红外光谱成像特征探究

目的通过近红外光成像技术,探索在语义言语流畅性任务下,精神分裂症患者和健康人群额叶脑区激活的差异,寻找识别精神分裂症的客观指标。方法共纳入60例精神分裂症患者(研究组)、39名性别、年龄与之匹配的健康对照者(对照组)进行测试,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)对患者症状严重程度进行评估,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)进行认知评估,利用52通道ETG-4100近红外光谱仪采集两组人群前额叶的氧合血红蛋白(Oxy-Hb)的相对浓度值。结果研究组组词正确总数及每一个类别的组词正确数均低于对照组(P<0.001)。研究组执行语义流畅性任务时,脑区激活通道数小于对照组(通道激活数:28 vs.51),差异主要位于背侧额极皮层区,其次是双侧颞上回(FDR矫正P<0.05)。受教育年限、发病次数和言语流畅性任务的正确组词个数对认知功能有一定影响。结论精神分裂症患者有明显的语义言语流畅性缺陷,可能与背侧额极皮层区及双侧颞上回激活功能下降有关。发病次数越多,认知下降越明显。

融合残差连接的图像语义分割方法

由于传统SegNet模型在采样过程中产生了大量信息损失,导致图像语义分割精度较低,为此提出了一种融合残差连接的新型编-解码器网络结构:文中引入了多残差连接策略,更为全面地保留了多尺度图像中包含的大量细节信息,降低还原降采样所带来的信息损失;为进一步加速网络训练的收敛效率,改善样本的不平衡问题,设计了一种带平衡因子的交叉熵损失函数,对正负样本不平衡现象予以针对性的优化,使得模型的训练更加高效;实验表明该方法较好地解决了语义分割中信息损失以及分割不准确的问题,与SegNet相比,本网络在Cityscapes数据集上进行精细标注的mIoU值提高了约13%。

基于改进U-Net的车间场景分割

为了更好地对车间环境进行把控,同时针对车间目标像素级分割任务样本少、类别多、尺度变化大导致的语义分割精度低的问题,设计了一种改进的U-Net车间场景分割模型。改进的模型采用Rep-VGG轻量级主干网络,并在U-Net上采样阶段引入金字塔拆分注意力机制,以增加模型的特征表达能力及推理速度。模型训练则采用Dice-Cross Entropy组合损失函数以解决样本不均衡导致的难以训练的问题。实验数据表明该模型在自建的小样本车间数据集上可达到快速、轻量化及高精度的分割效果。

融合自监督对比学习的雾天街景语义分割算法

针对雾天环境能见度低导致街道物体识别困难、分割速度慢等问题,提出了一种融合自监督对比学习的雾天街景语义分割算法。该算法选用轻量级网络MobileNetV2作为主干网络,设计深度聚合空洞空间金字塔池化模块,并使用带有扩张系数的深度可分离卷积替换普通卷积丰富特征多样性。然后通过融合对比学习框架,增加语义相似像素的相似度,保持不同语义像素之间的距离,从而提高模型对小目标物体细节边缘的表达能力和辨别能力。最后提出一种新的融合损失函数,采用监督学习和自监督学习共同指导网络训练,学习深度特征表示。实验结果表明,该模型在Foggy Cityscapes数据集上的平均交并比可达到74.35%,类别平均像素准确率为83.59%,像素准确率可达到95.85%,相比语义分割网络DeepLabV3+模型分别提高了3.82%、3.99%和1.02%,同时模型参数量为2.88M,比DeepLabV3+模型的参数量缩减近55%,优化了网络计算消耗。该算法在雾天语义分割中拥有良好的性能,在降低模型参数量的同时保持了高分割精度,具有良好的鲁棒性。

回声构式“X是X”的构件特点、语义特征及互动功能

“X是X”构式借助于一定的语言手段重复前一说话人话语的部分内容“X”,以此表达说话人让步肯定的话语立场,同时,其整体意义的解读不能从组成成分的意义简单相加获得,可命名为回声构式。从构式的组成来看,“X是X”构式的前“X”是后一说话人从前一说话人话语中引入的回声成分,“是”是表示肯定的动词,起“复说”或“拷贝”作用且与后“X”一起表达后一说话人对前一说话人话语“X”的主观评价,不仅具备让步肯定的语义特征,同时还具备回声肯定的语义特征。“X是X”构式以绝对优势的比例使用于对话语体,且处于应答话轮的开端位置,这显示出构式具有极强的互动功能。如果把该类结构的考察范围从对话扩展到独白领域,会发现其评价立场的表达表现为显性互动和隐性互动两种类型。