Mechanism of Mining-induced Slope Movement for Gullies Overlaying Shallow Coal Seams

This paper provides an improved understanding of the movement mechanisms of both bed-rock gully and sandy soil gully when underground mining occurs underneath,followed by systematic analysis of the contributing factors such as mining advance direction,gully slope angle,gully erosion coefficient and mining height.This paper presents the results from monitoring,theoretical analyses and up to date modeling based on the geological features in the gully affected area,and the implications of these results to the success of roof support trial.It was observed that when mining occurred towards the gully,sliding of slope block along the fracture surface occurred,which resulted in unstable roof condition;when mining progressed away from the gully,polygon blocks developed in the gully slope and rotated in reversed direction forming hinged structure;within the bed-rock slope,the hinged structure was unstable due to shear failure of the polygon block;however,within the sandy soil slope,the structure was relatively stable due to the gradual rotating and subsiding of the polygon block.The increase of the value of slope angle and mining height lead to a faster and more intensive fracture development within the gully slope,which had a pronounced effect on gully slope stability and underground pressure.Various remediation approaches are hence proposed in this paper including introducing more powerful support and reasonable mining height,setting up working face along or away from gullies,using room and pillar,strip mining and backfill instead of longwall mining.

Simulation research on the influence of eroded primary key strata on dynamic strata pressure of shallow coal seams in gully terrain

In Huojitu Coal Mine of Shendong mining area, the dynamic strata pressure (DSP) accidents occurred when the working faces passed the gully terrain. Focusing on this problem, we used physical simulation experimental method to thoroughly study the influence of eroded overlying primary key strata (PKS) in the gully terrain on DSP of shallow coal seams in this paper. The result show that when mining activities took place in the uphill section of shallow coal seams in gully terrain and the PKS were eroded, the blocks could not form stable bond-beam structures since the horizontal force of PKS blocks in adjacent sloping surfaces were relatively small. The sliding instability of blocks caused rapid increase of the load on the sub-key strata (SKS) blocks, which resulted into coal slide and roof fall as well as sharp drop of active columns. This led to DSP phenomenon. When the PKS blocks were intact, there was no DSP phenomenon to enable blocks provide certain horizontal force to maintain stable bond-beam structure. The simulation results were verified by the mining practices of working face 21306 crossing the gully terrain in the Huojitu Coal Mine.

Fracture mechanics model of fully mechanized top coal caving of shallow coal seams and its application

Based on break characteristics of roofs in fully mechanized top-coal mining of thick shallow coal seams, a fracture mechanics model was built, and the criterion of crack propagation in the main roof was derived using the fracture mechanics theory. The relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were discovered, and the correlations between the load on the overlying strata and the ratio of the crack's length to the thickness of the roof were obtained. Using a working face of Jindi Coal Mine, Xing county Shanxi province as an example, the relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were analysed in detail. The results give a design basis in hydraulic top coal caving supports, which could provide useful references in the practical application. On-site experiment proves that the periodic weighting step interval of the caving face is 15–16 m, which is basically consistent with the theoretical analysis results, and indicates that the mechanized caving hydraulic support is capable of meeting the support requirements in the mining of a super-thick but shallowly buried coal seam.

Characteristics and stability of slope movement response to underground mining of shallow coal seams away from gullies

Underground pressure is abnormal during mining of shallow coal seams under gullies. We studied gully slope movements, subject to underground mining, with physical simulation and theoretical analysis. The rules disclose that the slope rock slides horizontally in response to mining in the direction of gullies and rotates reversely with the appearance of a polygon block in mining away from gullies. We focused our attention on the case of mining away from a gully. We built a mechanical model in terms of a polygon block hinged structure and investigated the variation of horizontal thrust and shear force at the hinged point in relation to the rotation angle under different fragmentations. The Sliding-Rotation instability conditions of the polygon block hinged structure are presented based on the analyses of sliding instability and rotation instability. These results can serve as a theoretical guide for roof control during mining away from gullies in a coalfield defined by gullies.

Underground pressure characteristics analysis in back-gully mining of shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope

We studied underground pressure and its mechanism during back-gully mining in a shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope,by means of physical simulation,numerical modeling and field monitoring.The results show that the intensity of underground pressure is related to its relative position at the coalface.The underground pressure is intensive and the support resistance reaches a maximum when the coalface is at the bottom of the gully,whereas the underground pressure is moderate and decreases gradually when the coalface passes the gully.The mechanism of these changes is analyzed when the slope rotated in a reversed direction to the slope dip during back-gully mining and form an unstable,multilateral block hinged structure,due to slipping.The subsidence of multilateral blocks is considerable when the block fragmentation is small,resulting in enormous changes in the underground pressure.With an increase in the mass of the block body,the block displacement will be reduced in conjunction with an increased clamp effect by both the unbroken rocks and broken rocks in the goaf,resulting in a decrease of the underground pressure.

Research on downward crack closing of clay aquiclude in shallow coal seam safety mining

The water resisting property of aquiclude is the key factor of water conservation and safety mining, and the mining induced cracks in aquiclude is major factor of water resisting property. The aquiclude is composed by loess layer and red clay layer in Yushuwan Coal Mine, and the water reaction property of clay and loess of aquiclude was tested by soil mechanics method. The permeability coefficient of the loess is 0.856 m/d and the clay is 0.434 m/d. The dilatability coefficient of the loess is 16.1% and the clay is 14.6%. Through physical solid-liquid simulation with whole stress-stain similarity, the distribution of ＂downward crack zone＂ and ＂upward crack zone＂ was found to be the major factor of aquiclude stability. The downward crack closing length is about 30% of the downward crack length. The expanding of clay and loess with water are principal factors of downward crack closing. At last, the mechanical model of downward crack closing was constructed, and the criterion of crack closing was put forward at all. This work will provides the theoretical base for aquiclude stability research and safety mining in shallow seam.

Ground fissure development regularity and formation mechanism of shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform in Jiaozi coal mine: a case study

A comprehensive study was undertaken at Jiaozi coal mine to investigate the development regularity of ground fissures in shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform,shedding light on the development type,geographical distribution,dynamic development process,and failure mechanism of these ground fissures by employing field monitoring,numerical simulation,and theoretical analysis.The findings demonstrate that ground fissure development has an obvious feature of subregion,and its geographical distribution is significantly affected by topography.Tensile type,open type,and stepped type are three different categories of ground fissure.Ground fissures emerge dynamically as the panel advances,and they typically develop with a distance of less than periodic weighting step distance in advance of panel advancing position.Ground fissures present the dynamic development feature,temporary fissure has the ability of self-healing.The dynamic development process of ground fissure with closed-distance coal seam repeated mining is expounded,and the development scale is a dynamic development stage of“closure→expansion→stabilized”on the basis of the original development scale.From the perspective of topsoil deformation,the computation model considering two points movement vectors towards two directions of the gob and the ground surface is established,the development criterion considering the critical deformation value of topsoil is obtained.The mechanical model of hinged structure of inclined body is proposed to clarify the ground fissure development,and the interaction between slope activity and ground fissure development is expounded.These research results fulfill the gap of ground fissures about development regularity and formation mechanism,and can contribute to ground fissure prevention and treatment with Karst landform.

Plastic zone analysis and support optimization of shallow roadway with weakly cemented soft strata

Based on a shallow roadway with weakly cemented soft strata in western China, this paper studies the range and degree of plastic zones in soft strata roadways with weak cementation. Geological radars were used to monitor the loose range and level of surrounding rocks. A mechanical model of weakly cemented roadway was established, including granular material based on the measured results. The model was then used to determine the plastic zone radium. The predicted results agree well with measured results which provide valuable theoretical references for the analysis of surrounding rock stability and support reinforcing design of weakly cemented roadways. Finally, a combined supporting scheme of whole section bolting and grouting was proposed based on the original supporting scheme. It is proved that this support plan can effectively control the deformation and plastic zone expansion of the roadway surrounding rock and thus ensure the long-term stable and safe mining.

浅埋厚煤层开采地表采动裂缝发育演化规律研究

基于串草圪旦煤矿典型生产工作面覆岩赋存情况及地表采动裂缝发育特征,采用现场实测、理论分析和数值计算相结合,研究了覆岩关键层失稳运动形式及其对地表采动裂缝发育形态的影响,以及基采比对地表采动裂缝演化规律的影响。结果表明:浅埋厚煤层开采过程中,关键层失稳运动对地表采动裂缝发育类型具有控制作用,关键层滑落失稳引起地表产生台阶型裂缝,关键层回转失稳引起地表产生张开型裂缝;覆岩关键层失稳运动过程导致地表采动裂缝尺度参数发生动态变化,随着基采比的增大,地表采动裂缝的垂直错动量呈减小趋势,水平张开量呈增大趋势,裂缝水平张开量与关键层回转角线性相关。

基于减压区开采理论的浅埋煤层群同采工作面合理错距研究

为提高煤层开采效率,采用理论分析和数值计算相结合的方法确定了赵家梁煤矿浅埋煤层群同采时上下工作面的合理错距。采用减压区开采理论分析得出了赵家梁煤矿4^(-2上)和5^(-2)煤层同采时工作面合理错距范围在22.6~32.6 m;通过数值计算得出,同采煤层错距较小时,4^(-2上)煤层与5^(-2)煤层超前支压应力场叠加效应会对同采煤层产生较大影响,下部煤层工作面前方出现“应力增高区”“应力降低区”和“应力增高区”;同采错距在30~35 m范围时采场的应力集中程度较小。

厚煤层大断面回采巷道支护参数优化研究

长壁工作面回采巷道保持“掘-采”全生命周期内的围岩稳定,对于保障工作面高效生产、井下作业人员安全至关重要。杭来湾煤矿302盘区回采巷道为典型的浅埋深、厚煤层、大断面煤巷,为掌握其矿压显现规律,在302盘区选取“三条、两类”回采巷道为研究对象,通过矿压实测、煤岩力学测试、数值模拟及工程实践等方法开展了浅埋厚煤层大断面回采巷道矿压规律研究,对杭来湾煤矿工作面回采巷道支护参数进行了优化设计,在有效保障巷道围岩稳定的同时,实现了高强度、低密度支护,同时提高了掘巷速度,改善了采掘接续关系,促进了矿井实现安全高效生产。

富水沟谷区浅埋煤层导水裂隙演化特征

富水沟谷区域下浅埋煤层赋存条件特殊,采场上覆岩层导水裂隙发育演化特征复杂。为了揭示沟谷区浅埋煤层在回采扰动作用下覆岩裂隙演化规律,以朱家峁煤矿1305-2工作面过沟谷区回采阶段为工程背景,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟与现场效果验证的方法,建立了覆岩裂隙−渗流场概念模型,开展了覆岩结构发育与微震能量演化研究,分析了覆岩变形与塑性破坏分布特征,提出了针对沟谷区下浅埋煤层导水裂隙防治措施,并应用于现场工程实践。结果表明:开采扰动下裂隙−渗流场模型呈“梯台”结构,并依次划分为初渗区域、稳渗区域、紊渗区域3个区域;将所研究矿井的工况数据代入模型结构,计算出各个渗透区域范围,并根据计算结果对矿井的稳渗区域采取注浆措施。工作面回采至沟谷区段,覆岩裂隙域形态呈现“拱形-梯形-复合梯形”的扩展演化特征,裂隙纵向发育高度达到163 m,并与沟谷区地表贯通。随工作面推进,地表裂隙依次经历“滑移-挤压-撕裂”过程;沟谷区域位移云图呈现出滞后开采“高位梯形”破断形态,在沟底处下沉位移最大,达3.47 m。针对开采导致的裂隙大范围扩展贯通,提出在地面进行采动裂缝注浆处理,在工作面上覆岩层进行注浆封堵,实现过沟谷区开采“井上−井下”联合防治,保证安全开采。该研究结果可为浅埋煤层的过沟谷区开采、采动裂隙防治及富水区“保水采煤”提供新的科学依据。

浅埋近距离煤层过平行煤柱开采强矿压机理研究

为了揭示浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采动载传递特征及强矿压机理,以榆家梁煤矿43207工作面为工程背景,采用现场实测、物理模拟、理论分析相结合的方法,研究了煤柱覆岩“倒梯形”结构随下部间隔岩层的运动及其载荷传递特征,分析了超前支承压力和支架载荷的转化规律,建立了“煤柱-间隔岩层台阶岩梁”耦合结构力学模型,得出了强矿压瞬间和顶板切落稳定后的支架载荷计算公式。研究结果表明:煤柱覆岩“倒梯形”结构的集中应力和载荷主要集中于煤柱后段,后段集中载荷是导致工作面过煤柱强矿压的根源;工作面进煤柱初期,煤柱应力表现为双峰;临近出煤柱时,应力集中为单峰,位于煤柱后段。工作面出煤柱4 m后,煤柱后区的超前支承应力系数达到峰值6.00,间隔层开始产生超前裂隙;出煤柱5 m时发生强矿压,煤柱应力下降43%。强矿压期间,煤柱应力传递至煤柱下7 m层位(间隔岩层关键层中部)下降了39%,表明顶板结构承担了相当大的载荷。基于间隔岩层台阶岩梁结构的理论计算,得出强矿压瞬间的支架载荷计算公式,按照煤柱平均应力计算得出支架载荷为22.9 MN/架,按照强矿压时刻煤柱后段应力计算得出支架载荷为24.1 MN/架;煤柱传递至支架的载荷仅为煤柱总载荷的12%~18%,仍超过现场支架额定工作阻力9.2 MN/架。因此,为防止压架,支架额定工作阻力需达到15 MN/架,或者对煤柱及间隔岩层结构进行处理,以保证安全开采。研究结果可为类似条件工作面过平行煤柱开采提供参考。

近浅埋多层厚硬顶板大采高综放工作面矿压显现规律研究

针对榆神矿区近浅埋多层厚硬顶板条件下,“大周期”来压支架立柱下缩量大、煤柱应力集中系数高、稳定性差等强矿压问题,采用了数值计算、微震和煤体应力监测等技术手段,对覆岩破断运动及工作面来压规律进行了分析研究,结果表明:覆岩破断运动上,多层厚硬顶板较大的“垂向离层空间”和“自下而上”的顺次交替垮落孕育了顶板“高+低层位组合破断”的时空基础;“高低层位顶板组合破断”是“大周期”来压增强的关键诱因;同时,煤柱应力的时空演化受控于多层厚硬顶板的破断垮落。矿压显现上,工作面“大周期”立柱下缩量平均可达945 mm,持续距离12.10 m,并可由2~5次连续强来压组成;巷道煤柱应力集中系数达到1.80~2.30,影响范围为工作面前方126 m至后方471.3 m,具有明显的“高强度、大范围、长上升期”特点。针对该条件下的强矿压防治,分别提出了“弱化低位顶板、优化破断结构”和“弱化高位顶板、改变破断次序”的技术思路,并取得的了较好的应用效果。

浅埋煤层开采覆岩“梯形”破断参数与裂隙演化分析

目的为了探究浅埋煤层开采覆岩“梯形”破断参数与裂隙演化规律间的关联机制,并量化表征覆岩垮落、裂隙分布特征,方法以崖窑峁煤矿为研究对象,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟、现场实测相结合的方法,分析覆岩垮落空间分布形态,并量化表征上覆岩层垮落“梯形”的分布参数。结果结果表明:上覆岩层受煤层开采扰动影响,沿两侧破断线整体呈“梯形”形态,由于破断角φ,γ不同,故覆岩采动裂隙在空间上呈非对称“斜四边形”裂隙发育体的展布形态,结论基于理论计算得出崖窑峁矿业30204工作面覆岩垮落分布形态,覆岩垮落两侧破断角开切巷处破断角φ∈[58.7°,68.7°],采煤机机头处破断角γ∈[60.8°,67.8°],并根据破断角公式进一步计算,得出开切巷处覆岩垮落长度Lφj=11.5 m;采煤机机头处覆岩垮落长度Lγj=10.4 m。依据现场30204工作面3-1煤层顶板垮落实际监测数据,得出上覆岩层垮落的最佳高度为11~30 m,裂隙发育最佳宽度在距离工作面开切巷5 m和采煤机机头5 m范围内。

神东矿区浅埋煤层开采地表裂隙分布及动态演化特征研究

神东矿区浅埋煤层群开采导致地表裂隙发育良好,立体漏风复杂。为研究神东矿区地表裂隙分布特征及动态演化规律,以大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井和补连塔煤矿浅埋藏开采为工程背景,采用现场无人机定点观测、红外、地质雷达等技术相结合的方法,研究地表宏观裂隙、隐蔽裂隙分布特征,并对裂隙动态演化规律进行分析。结果表明:神东矿区浅埋煤层开采工作面采空区对地表走向裂隙的影响相比于倾向裂隙较大,其中活鸡兔井12下206工作面101条裂隙有效影响范围35 m,补连塔煤矿22310工作面122条裂隙为62 m,走向裂隙最大裂隙宽度达到80 cm,倾向裂隙普遍在10 cm以下;随工作面的推进,裂隙宽度逐渐变大,直至发育完全,裂缝位置不连续断面间距变大,落差增大;宽度较大的裂隙(裂隙宽度大于10 cm),如果距离工作面较近,随着工作面的推进,裂隙宽度会逐渐缩小,甚至可能闭合。

隆德煤矿202盘区地表植被变化遥感监测

为分析浅埋煤层开采浅层地下水资源保护情况,以隆德煤矿202盘区2013—2022年间的地表植被遥感监测数据为基础,通过图像识别获取了地面归一化植被指数(I_(NDV)),分析了地表植被变化趋势。研究结果表明,2013年I_(NDV)均值为0.25,2022年I_(NDV)均值为0.285,自2015年开始I_(NDV)均值均呈持续增长趋势;202盘区内I_(NDV)均值持续增加区域占到53%,而在202盘区外部区域持续增加区域占比为50%。说明隆德煤矿202盘区的浅层地下水资源未受到明显的开采扰动破坏。

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采强矿压显现规律

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采容易发生强矿压压架事故,严重影响工作面安全高效开采。以榆家梁煤矿43207工作面和石圪台煤矿2^(-2上)102及2^(-2上)103工作面为背景,采用理论分析、物理模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,根据间隔岩层厚度和煤柱应力传递影响角,提出了过煤柱阶段划分判据,重点分析了不同间采比G、水力压裂程度条件下,过平行煤柱不同阶段的矿压显现特征。结果表明:由于上覆遗留煤柱及倒梯形覆岩结构的作用,导致煤柱影响阶段来压时支架平均载荷最大,进煤柱阶段次之,出煤柱阶段最小,强矿压位置主要集中在出煤柱影响阶段范围;间采比越小,工作面过煤柱采动期间来压时支架平均载荷越大,间采比G=5.5较G=10在进煤柱阶段、煤柱影响阶段和出煤柱阶段分别增大14.6%、14.2%和23.5%,动载效应越明显;间采比对周期来压步距影响不大,总体上煤柱影响阶段的周期来压步距是进出煤柱阶段的1.6~2倍,周期来压步距越大造成顶板悬伸长度增大,导致工作面来压时支架载荷明显。根据过煤柱阶段不同水力压裂范围的矿压规律分析,压裂后的支架平均载荷较未压裂减小11.2%~15%,来压步距减小7.8%~20.3%,水力压裂效果较明显,可有效地降低工作面过煤柱采动的强矿压风险,为类似开采条件的强矿压控制提供借鉴意义。

风蚀地貌区浅埋煤层矿井水文地质结构及保水采煤方法

新疆地区气候干旱、水资源稀缺,如何保护矿区水资源成为新疆地区煤炭开采面临的重大课题。以位于风蚀地貌区的新疆榆树泉煤矿作为研究区,探讨风蚀地貌区水文地质结构与水循环规律,提出榆树泉矿区保水采煤方法。首先,通过计算煤层开采导水裂隙带高度,确定煤层开采直接充水含水层,并进行富水性分区;然后,根据研究区内水文观测孔水位数据,分析矿区水体间水力联系及开采造成的影响,确定煤层顶板含水层、烧变岩含水层为应保护的目标含水层;最后,根据煤层开采扰动程度将研究区划分为3个区域,分别采取留设煤柱、限高开采等保水采煤措施,给出矿区污水净化后再利用方案。研究结果可为新疆地区后续的开采水害防控与水资源保护提供思路与参考。

孤岛工作面覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性

为探究浅埋煤层孤岛工作面开采时覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性,以泰华煤矿50104工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场实测相结合的研究手段,分析其两侧区段煤柱承载能力及区段煤柱覆岩结构演化特征;并利用FLAC 3D数值软件,模拟塑性区分布情况以及采动应力演化特征。结果表明:50104工作面推进过程中,东西两侧区段煤柱塑性破坏滞后于工作面推进过程,位于工作面后方采空区处的区段煤柱处于塑性破坏状态,而位于工作面煤壁前方的煤柱存在稳定的弹性区,整体保持稳定,且两侧区段煤柱应力分布呈现相同特征,2条11 m煤柱高应力集中区域保持对称,均位于工作面后方;工作面区段煤柱高应力破坏区域发展速度滞后于工作面推进速度,工作面前方区段煤柱中心区域平均应力值从3.35 MPa增加至3.54 MPa,但始终未超过理论计算得到的煤柱承载强度值;通过分析50104工作面的矿压监测数据,得出实测初撑力均值为3932.4 kN,占液压支架额定初撑力的55%;平均最大工作阻力5812.3kN,占额定工作阻力的61.2%;加权平均阻力均值为4836.6kN/架,占额定工作阻力的50.9%;最大来压6013 kN,支架应力约2.35 MPa,证明11 m煤柱稳定,位于工作面煤壁前方区段煤柱的整体稳定性较好。