Reliability Design for Longitudinal Slope Length of Expressway

The significance and the strategies of applying the reliability design method of longitudinal slope length in expressway engineering were explored in this study.The objective is to offer insights that can be beneficial for designing longitudinal slope lengths in contemporary expressway projects,with a focus on enhancing their reliability and safety.

Uncertainty of Slope Length Derived from Digital Elevation Models of the Loess Plateau, China

Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models(DEMs), the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availability and accuracy of soil erosion as well as hydrological modeling. This study investigates the formation and distribution of existing errors and uncertainties in slope length derivation based on 5-m resolution DEMs of the Loess Plateau in the middle of China. The slope length accuracy in three different landform areas is examined to analyse algorithm effects. The experiments indicate that the accuracy of the flat test area is lower than that of the rougher areas. The value from the specific contributing area(SCA) method is greater than the cumulative slope length(CSL), and the differences between these two methods arise from the shape of the upslope area. The variation of mean slope length derived from various DEM resolutions and landforms. The slope length accuracy decreases with increasing grid size and terrain complexity at the six test sites. A regression model is built to express the relationship of mean slope length with DEM resolution less than 85 m and terrain complexity represented by gully density. The results support the understanding of the slope length accuracy, thereby aiding in the effective evaluation of the modeling effect of surface process.

Comparison of Slope Length Factor Extraction in Hillslope Soil Erosion Model with Different DEM Resolutions

In this study, non-cumulative slope length(NCSL) calculation method and spatial analytical calculation(SAC) method were respectively applied to extract slope length and slope length factor from 10 sample areas, which are located in Ansai County, north Shaanxi Province. The comparison of computation precision between variable DEM resolutions showed that NCSL was superior to SAC entirely. And the results were best when the DEM resolutions were 5 and 10 m. Besides, the results of slope length factor were nearly the same under the two conditions. So DEM of 10 m resolution can be used to extract slope length.

Comparison of the Effects of the Different Methods for Computing the Slope Length Factor at a Watershed Scale

The slope length factor is one of the parameters of the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE)and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and is sometimes calculated based on a digital elevation model(DEM).The methods for calculating the slope length factor are important because the values obtained may depend on the methods used for calculation.The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in spatial distribution of the slope length factor between the different methods at a watershed scale.One method used the uniform slope length factor equation(USLFE)where the effects of slope irregularities(such as slope gradient,etc.)on soil erosion by water were not considered.The other method used segmented slope length factor equation(SSLFE)which considered the effects of slope irregularities on soil erosion by water.The Arc Macro Language(AML)Version 4 program for the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE).which uses the USLFE,was chosen to calculate the slope length factor.In a parallel analysis,the AML code of RUSLE Version 4 was modified according to the SSLFE to calculate the slope length factor.Two watersheds with different slope and gully densities were chosen.The results show that the slope length factor and soil loss using the USLFE method were lower than those using the SSLFE method,especially on downslopes watershed with more frequent steep slopes and higher gully densities.In addition,the slope length factor and soil loss calculated by the USLFE showed less spatial variation.

Rangeland hillslope lengths:A case study at the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed,southeastern Arizona

Rangeland hillslopes provide much of the sediment supplied to channel systems and their lengths exert a fundamental constraint on hillslope diffusive processes.However,information regarding lengths of rangeland hillslopes,and how best to estimate them,is limited.In this study,three groups of watersheds(10 in total)were selected from the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed according to their geology,soil and vegetation characteristics.Group 1 watersheds were at lower elevations dominated by shrubs,Group 3 were at high elevations dominated by grass,and Group 2 were mixed shrub and grass.Their hillslope lengths were calculated from 1 m-resolution DEMs using three methods:a flow routing algorithm,slope-area relationships,and inverted relationship with drainage density.Parameters that characterize the current watersheds,including Hack's exponent and coefficient,watershed shape coefficient,channel concavity and steepness,and surface roughness,were quantified and related to hillslope lengths.Results shows:(1)estimated hillslope lengths were different for the three methods and between the three groups of watersheds;(2)hillslope lengths that measured from the flow routing algorithm for the ten selected watersheds primarily ranged from 30 to 100 m,with a median value of 63.0 m,which was 20%e50%greater than those derived from slope-area plots or drainage densities;(3)hillslope lengths estimated from the flow routing method were greater in Group 3 watersheds than in Group 2 and then in Group 1 watersheds.We attributed these differences in hillslope lengths to the historic epeirogenic pulses,watershed and drainage network morphology,and differences in vegetation characteristics;(4)measured hillslope lengths from the flow routing algorithm were best correlated with hillslope relief,then surface roughness,channel steepness and concavity.These results would benefit the applications of hydrological and erosion models in rangelands.

Study on embedded length of piles for slope reinforced with one row of piles

The embedded length of anti-slide piles for slope is analyzed by three-dimensional elastoplastic shear strength reduction method. The effect of embedded pile length on the factor of safety and pile behavior is analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of pile spacing, pile head conditions, pile bending stiffness and soil properties on length and behavior of pile are also analyzed. The results show that the pile spacing and the pile head conditions have significant influences on the critical embedded length of pile. It is found that the critical embedded length of pile, beyond which the factor of safety does not increase, increases with the decrease in pile spacing. The smaller the pile spacing is, the larger the integrity of the reinforced slope will be. A theoretical analysis of the slip surface is also conducted, and the slip surface determined by the pressure on piles, considering the influences of both soil and piles for slope, is in agreement with the ones in previous studies.

Assessment of soil erosion in the Irga watershed on the eastern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau,India

Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of vegetated land into agricultural land and built-up area,stand out as primary contributors to soil erosion.The present study investigated the risk of soil erosion in the Irga watershed located on the eastern fringe of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand,India,which is dominated by sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil with low soil organic carbon(SOC)content.The study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and Geographical Information System(GIS)technique to determine the rate of soil erosion.The five parameters(rainfall-runoff erosivity(R)factor,soil erodibility(K)factor,slope length and steepness(LS)factor,cover-management(C)factor,and support practice(P)factor)of the RUSLE were applied to present a more accurate distribution characteristic of soil erosion in the Irga watershed.The result shows that the R factor is positively correlated with rainfall and follows the same distribution pattern as the rainfall.The K factor values in the northern part of the study area are relatively low,while they are relatively high in the southern part.The mean value of the LS factor is 2.74,which is low due to the flat terrain of the Irga watershed.There is a negative linear correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the C factor,and the high values of the C factor are observed in places with low NDVI.The mean value of the P factor is 0.210,with a range from 0.000 to 1.000.After calculating all parameters,we obtained the average soil erosion rate of 1.43 t/(hm^(2)•a),with the highest rate reaching as high as 32.71 t/(hm^(2)•a).Therefore,the study area faces a low risk of soil erosion.However,preventative measures are essential to avoid future damage to productive and constructive activities caused by soil erosion.This study also identifies the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate,which will help policy-makers to implement targeted soil erosion control measures.

考虑冻拨影响的寒区渠道衬砌冻胀破坏力学模型分析

地下水浅埋或窄深式衬砌渠道,渠顶竖向冻胀对渠道低温稳定性影响较大,容易产生衬砌断裂、整体上抬冻害,而现有渠道冻胀工程力学模型仅分析渠坡法向冻胀。该研究考虑了渠顶竖向冻胀引起的冻拔与渠坡法向冻胀共同作用,建立了考虑冻拔的渠道冻胀工程力学模型。以冻胀敏感土质为例,应用渠道水–热–力三场耦合数值模拟,研究不同渠坡倾角、不同宽深比、不同地下水位条件下冻胀情况,以探明渠道衬砌冻拔机理,明确冻拔产生时竖向与法向冻胀分布规律。提出了冻拔破坏发生的临界坡长、临界地下水位、冻拔危险位置计算方法,同时给出了冻拔状态下渠道衬砌板内力、渠坡抗冻拔强度等计算方法。结果表明:衬砌冻拔最大拉应力与冻深和渠坡倾角正相关,与地下水位负相关。经数值模型验证,最大拉应力误差为1.5%,冻拔位置误差在16.01%以内。宁夏灌区土质条件下,冻结线半径函数斜率范围为1.047~4.040。模型解释了小型渠道易整体冻拔上抬及宽浅式渠道抗冻拔优越的原因,可以对渠道衬砌抗冻胀结构进行定量分析,为工程设计、规范修订提供参考。

沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙对坡长和覆沙厚度的响应

【目的】沙盖黄土坡面是黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区多动力综合作用下形成的特殊地貌单元,存在特殊侵蚀方式。研究该类坡面产流产沙过程对坡长和覆沙厚度的响应,可为该区内水土流失预防预报提供理论依据。【方法】基于室内模拟降雨试验,以未覆沙黄土坡面为对照,定量分析坡长(1和3 m)和覆沙厚度(2、5和10 cm)对坡面产流产沙变化的影响。【结果】(1)覆沙较未覆沙黄土坡面初始产流时间延长3~30.72倍,平均产流速率降低25%~84%,平均产沙速率增大3.03~15.91倍,含沙量增加3.38~18.07倍,且都随覆沙厚度增加而加强。(2)1 m坡长10 cm覆沙对产流速率减少作用强烈,3 m坡长平均产流速率在不同覆沙厚度下变化较小;不管是否覆沙,3 m坡长平均产沙速率和含沙量明显高于1 m坡长。(3)降雨过程中,坡长和覆沙厚度的增加能够协同增强产流产沙过程的变异性,1 m坡长未覆沙坡面瞬时产流速率高于覆沙,3 m坡长较厚覆沙坡面产流产沙陡增陡降,有明显峰值,瞬时径流系数出现大于1的现象。(4)结构方程模型分析表明,坡长对产流速率影响最大(路径系数为0.65),覆沙厚度对产沙速率影响最大(路径系数为0.71),坡长通过产流以间接正效应(路径系数为0.40)影响产沙。【结论】坡长增加了坡面产流产沙率,覆沙厚度减少了产流率,增加了产沙率。坡长和覆沙厚度协同增强了产流产沙过程的变异性,使得降雨过程中产流产沙模式发生了明显变化。

椰丝纤维长度对土体抗剪强度和抗压强度的影响

【目的】探究在客土喷播基材中添加不同长度纤维材料对土体抗剪强度和抗压强度的影响。【方法】采用控制变量的试验方法,以不同长度(1、2、3、4、5 cm)的椰丝纤维和砂土为试验材料,按0.4%(w/w)的质量比混合后进行了室内三轴试验和无侧限抗压试验。【结果】(1)各长度纤维加筋土在各围压下的主应力差峰值强度和抗压强度峰值都大于无纤维加筋的素土;(2)随着纤维长度的增加,主应力差峰值强度、内聚力、内摩擦角和加筋效果系数都呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,且在长度为3~4 cm时,强度达到峰值;(3)随着纤维长度的增加,抗压强度峰值,主应力差强度峰值及破坏后的残余强度都得到明显提升,应力-应变曲线逐渐由应变软化型过渡为应变硬化型。【结论】掺量为0.4%、长度为3~4 cm的椰丝纤维可以有效提升土体的抗剪强度和抗压强度。

山区公路顺层边坡首次失稳长度影响因素及确定方法

西部山区公路建设中常遭遇顺层边坡,其首次失稳长度L_(c)是失稳机制及加固设计的关键参数,现有L_(c)确定方法存在一定局限性。依托31个四川盆周山区公路顺层边坡失稳案例,系统调查坡体结构特征(岩层倾角α、边坡走向与岩层走向的夹角θ和坡长L)及外在灾变诱因(切层厚度D和降雨量Q)对首次失稳长度的特征,并结合数值分析,探讨顺层边坡首次失稳长度的主要影响因子及确定方法,建立更加完善的多因素首次失稳长度的拟合关系式。结果表明:顺层边坡破坏主要发生在θ≤30°范围,坡体双面临空甚至三面临空时,θ>30°的顺层边坡也发生失稳;L_(c)随L的增大而增大,且L_(c)/L等于0.3~1.0;L_(c)/D介于3~24之间,不含软弱夹层时L_(c)/D等于3~10;α在12°~35°时,顺层边坡稳定性最差,且L_(c)/D随α的增大而减小;降雨对顺层边坡的失稳诱发源于软弱夹层的饱水软化,汛期开挖是含软弱夹层顺层边坡失稳的灾变诱因。边坡首次失稳长度影响因子敏感度从大到小排序为:①含软弱夹层边坡:岩层倾角、坡长、切层厚度、内摩擦角、黏聚力、弹性模量、开挖高度;②无软弱夹层边坡:岩层倾角、内摩擦角、切层厚度、黏聚力、坡长。提出的走向夹角折减系数和多因素首次失稳长度计算公式对边坡破坏范围的确定有指导意义。

公路长大下坡试验路段安全坡长设计分析

以某公路长大下坡试验路段为例,在提出此类路段关键控制指标以及交通事故的发生原因后,构建小客车运行速度预测模型和货车制动毂温度预测模型,采用SPSS软件分析刹车轮毂温度的影响因素以及彼此间存在的影响机制,并预测长大下坡路段安全坡长的取值。经过本次研究,为该类特殊路段的设计工作提供参考,严格控制坡长及相关关键参数,提高长大下坡路段的设计水平,保障车辆行驶安全。

小净距隧道洞口抗震设防研究

为明确净距与岩体等级对隧道洞口段抗震设防长度的影响规律,以云南玉溪宝山高陡边坡段小净距隧道为工程依托,利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立小净距隧道数值模型,根据室内力学试验确定模型参数,以校正后的汶川地震波作为震动荷载输入,针对震动荷载作用下隧道洞口段围岩稳定性进行分析,探明隧道围岩与支护结构在不同工况下的动力响应特征,进一步确定合理的隧道抗震设防长度。研究结果表明:同一净距条件下,围岩等级越高,衬砌结构位移及轴力、应力的响应值越小,反之亦然;宝山隧道最不利工况条件为Ⅴ级围岩、0.5B净距,在震动荷载作用条件下,隧道峰值位移最大值为62.5 cm,衬砌轴力最大值产生于左、右拱脚处,洞口段峰值达1320 kN,位移曲线下降率升高临界点最大值为78 m(6.0B),最终确定宝山隧道洞口合理设防长度为78 m。

互通立交入口匝道大型车加速车道长度研究

加速车道长度设计是否合理对车辆运行安全至关重要。为提高互通立交入口匝道加速车道长度设计的合理性及车辆运行的安全性,通过分析合流影响区车辆交通特性,基于修正的二阶爱尔朗车头时距分布模型,建立大型车在不同坡度(-2%≤i≤2%)、不同比功率(8~12 kW/t)下的加速车道长度计算模型,重点研究大型车在不同坡度、不同比功率下的加速车道长度。研究发现:坡度、比功率与加速车道长度均成正比。该研究可以为针对大型车的高速公路互通立交加速车道长度相关规范的修订提供参考。

双排桩护岸在高边坡航道“三改二”工程中的应用

双排桩具有施工方便、受力条件好、变形小等优点,广泛应用在各类临时工程和永久工程中。本文以某高边坡航道“三改二”工程为例,基于施工过程对双排桩护岸进行有限元分析,探求合理的桩长和桩距,并以此分析航道开挖过程中双排桩位移和弯矩的变化情况。计算结果表明:1)桩长的增加会明显降低双排桩的最大水平位移,但对双排桩最大正、负弯矩影响较小。2)桩距的增加将略微增大双排桩的最大水平位移,但显著增大双排桩最大正、负弯矩。3)综合考虑结构位移、结构内力和工程造价等因素,该工程前、后排桩的桩长均为22.0 m,前、后排桩的桩距分别为1.0和3.0 m。4)随着开挖深度的增大,前、后排桩的最大水平位移和最大正、负弯矩均显著增加。

露天煤矿非工作帮顺倾软岩边坡稳定性研究

为达到提高露天煤矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的目的,结合白音华二号露天煤矿非工作帮为典型顺倾软岩边坡的工程实际情况,采用岩土工程数值模拟软件FLAC^(3D),揭示边坡稳定性的形态效应与尺寸效应;建立了临界坡角与弱层暴露临界长度之间的关系曲线,最终设计了有利于稳定的白音华二号露天煤矿非工作帮边坡空间几何形态。研究结果表明:通过合理控制弱层的暴露长度以及开挖坡角等关键指标,可有效提高露天矿边坡的稳定性,最终确定的白音华二号露天煤矿非工作帮开挖坡角为45°,此时坑底弱层的临界暴露长度约为176 m,边坡即可满足安全要求。

水流冲刷作用下单体土工袋稳定特性试验研究

【目的】为探究水流冲刷作用下单体土工袋在河流护岸结构中护底处的稳定规律,【方法】基于塔里木河土工袋护岸工程,搭建水槽模型试验平台,制作了不同规格土工袋模型。讨论Robin体积公式在实际工程应用中的不足。基于土工袋试验结果,分析了土工袋充填率、长宽比、下垫面糙率、摆放形式等实际工程中重点关注因素与稳定性的响应规律。【结果】试验结果显示:土工袋所受推力FD随充填率的增加而逐渐增大,升力FL随充填率的增大先增大后减小;长宽比大于2.33时,土工袋顺水流放置时稳定性逐渐降低,而垂直水流放置时,土工袋稳定性随长宽比的增加一直降低;通过改变土工袋与下垫面的糙率可有效提高土工袋的稳定性。【结论】结果表明:充填率通过直接影响装填后土工袋有效受力面积,进而影响使土工袋失稳的FD和FL的大小;土工袋的稳定不仅与充填率有关,还受土工袋长宽比设计的影响,较大的长宽比不利于土工袋的稳定,且顺水流、垂直水流放置时稳定能力差别很大;实际工程中可在护底处土工袋下方铺设土工布,一方面可提高土工袋的摩擦稳定能力,另一方面也可起到一定的反滤作用。

Effects of rainfall intensity and topography on rill development and rill characteristics on loessial hillslopes in China

Rill development is a major soil erosion process that causes severe soil degradation.This study examined the effects of representative rainfall intensities(50 and 75 mm h-1),slope gradients(10°and 150),and slope lengths(7.5 and 10.0 m)on rill development and rill characteristics on loessial hillslopes in China.Loessial soil was collected from the cropland of Ansai Town,Yan’an City,Shaanxi Province.The soil with 28.3%sand,58.1%silt,and13.6%clay was packed into a soil pan to conduct rainfall simulations in 2012.The results showed that the time of the knickpoint occurrence(5-16 min),the rill headcut extension(9-33 min),and the mean headward erosion rate(1.7-5.o cm min-1)were better representative indicators for reflecting the changes in the rill development than other indicators used in this study.For a quick evaluation of the rill erosion severity,the rill coverage ratio(1%-12%,generallyincreasing with an increase in the rainfall intensity)was better than the other indicators for treatments with different rainfall intensities,and the rill width-depth ratio(1.56-2.27,generally decreasing with an increase in the slope gradient)was better than the other indicators for treatments with different slope gradients.Furthermore,the rill inclination angle(8.2°-19.1°,significantly increasing with an increase in the slope length)and rill density(0.19-1.34 m·m-2,generally increasing with an increase in the slope length)were more suitable for evaluating the rill erosion severity on hillslopes with different slope lengths.Therefore,the representative indicators could reflect the differences in the rill development and rill characteristics under different rainfall and topographic situations.The study greatly improved the evaluation of rill erosion severity and the prediction of the development of rills for loessial hillslopes.

基于力法的格构梁节点荷载分配方法及悬臂段长度优化设计

格构梁节点荷载简化分配方法的不足在于无法考虑2个方向的梁上其他节点荷载的影响且对文克尔(Winkler)地基上梁的类型进行了主观假定。为克服格构梁节点荷载简化分配方法的上述缺点,提出了一种基于力法的格构梁节点荷载分配方法。根据节点静力平衡条件及变形协调条件,新的格构梁节点荷载分配方法通过构建并求解线性方程组,能够合理地将作用在节点的集中力分别分配给2个方向的纵梁和横梁。进一步地,引入一个格构梁边坡锚固案例并等比例地增加纵梁和横梁的悬臂长度。不同基床系数条件下,基于新的节点荷载分配方法将格构梁节点荷载分配给纵梁和横梁,然后对各梁单独进行弯矩计算。以悬臂最大正弯矩与跨中最大负弯矩比值的绝对值接近1为评价指标,对格构梁最优悬臂长度进行了评价。节点荷载分配结果表明,随着悬臂长度的增加,分配给纵梁和横梁的荷载逐渐趋于稳定。弯矩计算结果表明,随着基床系数的增大,悬臂长度对格构梁弯矩的影响逐渐减弱。不同边坡基床系数条件下,当悬跨比在0.2~0.4之间时,悬臂各梁最大正弯矩与跨中最大负弯矩趋于均衡。因此,基于力法理论的节点荷载分配方法的提出为格构梁内力的精确分析及悬臂长度优化设计提供了可靠的理论依据。

坡度条件下不同长宽比矩形火源燃烧火焰贴地长度实验研究

利用可变角度实验台,改变斜坡角度(10°~50°)、热释放速率(12.3~24.6 kW)以及燃烧器长宽比(1~6),开展了一系列燃烧实验,研究了火焰贴地长度随这3个因素的演变规律.结果表明,随着斜坡角度、火源热释放速率及燃烧器长宽比的增加,火焰贴地长度增加.对于相同的坡度和火源热释放速率,随长宽比增大,贴地长度增幅范围在65%~105%之间.基于斜坡诱导压差与火羽流浮力共同作用的物理机制分析,并考虑到燃烧器长宽比对火焰卷吸行为的影响,提出了无量纲火焰贴地长度预测模型.