A novel multi-pin rectangular waveguide slow-wave structure based backward wave amplifier at 340 GHz

A backward wave amplifier（BWA） in a terahertz regime with a novel slow-wave structure（SWS） composed of multi parallel grating pins inside a rectangular waveguide is analyzed. The multi-pin rectangular waveguide SWS possesses good performance and is compatible with micro-fabrication technologies. The dispersion and interaction impedance of the multipin SWS are presented. The stopbands of the modes cling together in a Brillouim zone. The SWS has a high interaction impedance that is suitable for the interaction of multi cylindrical beams. The design, which is based on three parallel pins supporting the wave–beam interaction with four cylindrical beams, is verified by three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. A BWA with the central frequency at 340 GHz is demonstrated, and the output power is more than 100 mW.A tuning frequency range of 15 GHz（333–348 GHz） is obtained with a gain of more than 20 dB.

A novel slotted helix slow-wave structure for high power Ka-band traveling-wave tubes

A novel slotted helix slow-wave structure （SWS） is proposed to develop a high power, wide-bandwidth, and high reliability millimeter-wave traveling-wave tube （TWT）. This novel structure, which has higher heat capacity than a conven- tional helix SWS, evolves from conventional helix SWS with three parallel rows of rectangular slots made in the outside of the helix tape. In this paper, the electromagnetic characteristics and the beam-wave interaction of this novel structure operating in the Ka-band are investigated. From our calculations, when the designed beam voltage and beam current are set to be 18.45 kV and 0.2 A, respectively, this novel circuit can produce over 700-W average output power in a frequency range from 27.5 GHz to 32.5 GHz, and the corresponding conversion efficiency values vary from 19% to 21.3%, and the maximum output power is 787 W at 30 GHz.

Investigation of a wideband folded double-ridged waveguide slow-wave system

The folded double-ridged waveguide structure is presented and its properties used for wide-band traveling-wave tube are investigated. Expressions of dispersion characteristics, normalized phase velocity and interaction impedance of this structure are derived and numerically calculated. The calculated results using our theory agree well with those obtained by using the 3D electromagnetic simulation software HFSS. Influences of the ridge-loaded area and broad-wall dimensions on the high frequency characteristics of the novel slow-wave structure are discussed. It is shown that the folded double-ridged waveguide structure has a much wider relative passband than the folded waveguide slow-wave structure and a relative passband of 67% could be obtained, indicating that this structure can operate in broad-band frequency ranges of beam-wave interaction. The small signal gain property is investigated for ensuring the improvement of bandwidth. Meanwhile, with comparable dispersion characteristics, the transverse section dimension of this novel structure is much smaller than that of conventional one, which indicates an available way to reduce the weight of traveling-wave tube.

Research of sine waveguide slow-wave structure for a 220-GHz backward wave oscillator

A watt-class backward wave oscillator is proposed, using the concise sine waveguide slow-wave structure combined with a pencil electron beam to operate at 220 GHz. Firstly, the dispersion curve of the sine waveguide is calculated, then, the oscillation frequency and operating voltage of the device are predicted and the circuit transmission loss is calculated. Finally, the particle-in-cell simulation method is used to forecast its radiation performance. The results show that this novel backward wave oscillator can produce over 1-W continuous wave power output in a frequency range from 210 GHz to 230 GHz. Therefore, it will be considered as a very promising high-power millimeter-wave to terahertz-wave radiation source.

A method of designing photonic crystal grating slow-wave circuit for Ribbon-Beam microwave travelling wave amplifiers

A method of designing a photonic crystal grating slow-wave circuit in which the cylinders of the 2D photonic crystals dot on a cross-sectional plane is established by calculating the band structures of the 2D photonic crystals, and the eigenfrequency of the equivalent waveguide grating. For calculating the band structures, the eigenvalue equations of the photonic crystals in the system of photonie crystal grating slow-wave circuit are derived in a special polarization mode. Two examples are taken to show the method. The design result is validated by the scattering parameters of the same circuit. The result indicates that there exists no photonic band gap if the metal gratings do not extend into the photonic crystals; the design of the circuit without the metal gratings extending into the photonie crystals is less flexible than that with the metal gratings extending into the photonic crystals.

Variational analysis of the disc-loaded waveguide slow-wave structures

The variational method is applied to calculate the dispersion characteristics of disc-loaded waveguide slow-wave structures. The parameters describing the waveguide discontinuities in disc-loaded waveguide are calculated by the variational method. Then the dispersion characteristics of slow-wave structures are obtained using lossless microwave quadrupole theory. Good agreement was observed between results of the Variational method and those of field matching method and high frequency structure simulator. In the case of broad band, results of the variational method are better than those of field matching method.

Automated Synthesis of Wideband Bandpass Filters Based on Slow-Wave EBG Structures

This paper is focused on the automated synthesis of wideband bandpass filters operating at microwave frequencies and based on electromagnetic bandgap(EBG)structures.The classical counterpart of such filter consists of a combination of transmission line sections and shunt-connected grounded stubs placed at equidistant positions.By replacing the transmission line sections with capacitively-loaded lines(a kind of EBG-based lines)exhibiting the same phase shift at the lower cutoff frequency and the same characteristic(actually Bloch)impedance,filter size is reduced and the spurious pass bands can be efficiently suppressed.In practice,the loading capacitances are implemented by means of patches,in order to achieve a fully planar filter implementation.The presence of the patches reduces the effective phase velocity of the capacitively-loaded lines,thus providing a slow-wave effect useful for filter miniaturization.Moreover,due to periodicity,such EBG-based lines exhibit wide stop bands,which are used for spurious suppression.Even though such EBGbased filters were previously reported by some of the authors,a systematic synthesis method was not applied for filter design.In this paper,the main aim is to demonstrate the potential of aggressive space mapping(ASM)for that purpose,and it will be shown that such filters can be automatically synthesized.

A Metamaterial Design Based on Electromagnetic Induction Transparency-Like Effect and Its Slow-Wave Performance

This paper proposes a new metamaterial design that can achieve electromagnetic induction transparency-like (EIT-like) effects in the microwave band. The unit structure of metamaterials consists of square rings and metal wires. The square ring acts as the “bright state” and the metal wire acts as the “dark state”. The destructive interference between the bright state and the dark state produces an EIT-like effect. In the simulation results, a transparent window centered at 4.00 GHz can be observed in the transmission spectrum. By studying the phase change of the transparent window, it is found that the group delay of the metamaterial structure can reach 0.39 ns at 4.00 GHz. This paper also studies the influence of the refractive index of the medium on the EIT-like effect. Numerical simulations show that such metamaterial is very sensitive to the refractive index of the medium, and the sensitivity is 15 mm/RIU. Our design can be extended to other frequency bands and may have potential applications in filtering, sensing, slow-light devices, and nonlinear optics.

THE COUPLING IMPEDANCE OF VANE-LOADED TAPE HELIX SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE

Based on the actual vane-loaded tape helix slow wave structure, a new theoretical analytic model for calculating coupling impedance is proposed by Chen Qingyou, et al.(1999)with calculated values of dispersion in good agreement with measured ones. In this paper, it is continued to use this model to calculate the coupling impedance of such a structure, and analyze the effects of the propagation power within vane gaps and the helix gap on the coupling impedance.As a result, the theoretical values are found to be in good agreement with the measured ones,with the maximum difference less than ±18%.

Frequency Tunability and Slow-Wave Characteristics of a High-Efficiency Ridged MILO

A high-efficiency ridged magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (RMILO) is proposed and investigated theoretically and numerically in this paper. In the RMILO, ridge-disk vanes are introduced to enhance the power efficiency. Theoretical investigation shows that the ridge-disk can enhance the coupling impedance of the slow-wave structure (SWS), and so enhance the power efficiency. Moreover, the ridge has a weak influence on frequency, so, it influences little on the tunability of the MILO. In simulation, when the applied voltage is increased to 807 kV, the RMILO can get the 3 dB tunable frequency range with 7.6 - 13.9 GHz and the 3 dB tuning bandwidth with 58.6% which has an increase of 27.6% compared with the conventional MILO. So, the tuning performance of the RMILO is more superior. Besides, the RMILO gets the maximum output power of 7.1 GW, the corresponding power efficiency is 22.6% and the frequency is 1.400 GHz. Furthermore, when the applied voltage is increased to 807 kV, high-power microwave with a power of 13.5 GW, frequency of 1.400 GHz, and ef?ciency of 24.5% is generated, which has an increase of 20.2% compared with the conventional MILO. The simulation results con?rm the ones predicted by theoretical analysis.

A Critical Time-Window for the Selective Induction of Hippocampal Memory Consolidation by a Brief Episode of Slow-Wave Sleep

Although extensively studied, the exact role of sleep in learning and memory is still not very clear. Sleep deprivation has been most frequently used to explore the effects of sleep on learning and memory, but the results from such studies are inevitably complicated by concurrent stress and distress. Furthermore, it is not clear whether there is a strict time-window between sleep and memory consolidation. In the present study we were able to induce time-locked slow-wave sleep(SWS) in mice by optogenetically stimulating GABAergic neurons in the parafacial zone(PZ), providing a direct approach to analyze the influences of SWS on learning and memory with precise time-windows. We found that SWS induced by light for 30 min immediately or 15 min after the training phase of the object-in-place task significantly prolonged the memory from 30 min to 6 h. However, induction of SWS 30 min after the training phase did not improve memory, suggesting a critical time-window between the induction of a brief episode of SWS and learning for memory consolidation.Application of a gentle touch to the mice during light stimulation to prevent SWS induction also failed to improve memory, indicating the specific role of SWS,but not the activation of PZ GABAergic neurons itself, in memory consolidation. Similar influences of light-induced SWS on memory consolidation also occurred for Y-maze spatial memory and contextual fear memory, but not for cued fear memory. SWS induction immediately before the test phase had no effect on memory performance, indicating that SWS does not affect memory retrieval. Thus, by induction of a brief-episode SWS we have revealed a critical time window for the consolidation of hippocampusdependent memory.

Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic slow-waves by a uniformly moving dielectric slab

The reflection and transmission problem of an electromagnetic slow-wave by a uniformly moving dielectric slab was investigated theoretically.The relationships among the field vectors of the incident,reflected and transmitted waves,and the reflection and transmission coefficients were derived based on the electromagnetic theory and the principle of special relativity.The numerical analysis shows that at a small mechanical velocity the reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic slow-wave can be close to unit by choosing an appropriate period and mode-order;this is obviously different from that of a fast wave.The results are significant for research on electromagnetics and electrodynamics,and may have applicability to other fields.

痕迹性眨眼条件反射习得和巩固阶段海马中间神经元的放电活动变化

目的研究小鼠背侧海马中间神经元在联合型记忆习得和巩固2个阶段的放电活动变化及其特征。方法以痕迹性眨眼条件反射(trace eyeblink conditioning,tEBC)作为联合型记忆行为模型,将18只野生型C57BL/6小鼠(雄性,10~12周龄,体质量22~25 g)通过简单随机抽样分为配对组(n=9)和假配对组(n=9)。配对组每天接受配对给予的条件刺激(conditioned stimulus,CS)和非条件刺激(unconditioned stimulus,US),二者的配对关系为CS结束后250 ms给予US。假配对组每天接受同样数量的CS和US,但二者不存在时间上的配对关系。连续训练4 d,配对组小鼠建立tEBC,表现出条件眨眼反应(conditioned eyeblink response,CR)。在每天的训练过程中和训练后1.5 h,利用微电极阵列在体记录小鼠背侧海马神经元的放电活动。根据神经元的峰电位发放频率和峰电位谷-峰波宽鉴定出中间神经元(n=105),并分析其在训练期间和训练后慢波睡眠期间的放电活动变化。结果①在CR习得训练早期(第1、2天),CS能够诱发背侧海马中间神经元出现显著增强的发放活动(P<0.05);训练后慢波睡眠期间尖波涟漪波(sharp wave ripple,SWR)振荡发生时,配对组小鼠背侧海马中间神经元发放频率显著低于假配对组(P<0.05)。②在CR习得训练后期(第3、4天),与假配对组比较,配对组CS诱发的背侧海马中间神经元放电活动增强不明显;2组小鼠背侧海马中间神经元在训练后慢波睡眠期SWR振荡发生时的发放频率差异无统计学意义。结论背侧海马中间神经元在联合型记忆的习得和巩固阶段会展现出不同的放电变化。

加载环形等离子体束的圆柱波导中慢等离子体波高频特性的数值研究

等离子体相对论微波发生器(PRMG)可以产生宽带高功率微波输出,同时又具有良好的频率可调谐性,因此在雷达、通信、电子对抗和物体探测等诸多领域均具有良好的应用前景。PRMG通常采用加载环形等离子体束的圆柱波导作为其波束互作用区,工作模式为慢等离子体波TM_(01)模(下称P-TM_(01)模)。P-TM_(01)模的色散特性及其变化规律对PRMG输出性能有着重要影响。利用全电磁粒子模拟程序对加载环形等离子体束的圆柱波导中P-TM_(01)模的色散特性和场分布进行了粒子模拟和分析,获得等离子体束密度n_(p)、径向厚度Δr_(p)和径向位置r_(p)以及外加引导磁场强度B_(z)和波导半径r_(w)等参数对P-TM_(01)模的色散特性和场分布的影响规律。主要研究结果包括:(1)一定范围内,n_(p)和Δr_(p)的变化对色散特性影响较大,r_(p),B_(z)和r_(w)的变化对色散特性影响较小。值得关注的是,由于波导中环形等离子体束的存在,随着波导半径r_(w)的增加,相同纵向波数k_(z)对应的P-TM_(01)模的频率没有降低而是略有提高。因此,在实际应用时,可以适当加大波导径向尺寸以提高器件功率容量;适当降低磁场,则有利于提高器件的紧凑性。(2)P-TM_(01)模的纵向电场的方向不随径向位置变化,径向电场的方向在等离子体束内外两侧相反,外侧的场分布与同轴波导中TEM模相似。(3)主要物理参数变化时,场分布基本特点不会改变。但随着纵向模式数N和k_(z)相应增加,电场能量向等离子体束收拢,不利于波束相互作用和电磁场的耦合输出。因此为了PRMG的高效运行,束波互作用的共振点最好落在k_(z)相对较小的区域。上述研究结果对PRMG的设计和优化具有一定的理论参考价值。

基于慢波基片集成波导的小型化移相功分器

针对移相器和功分器的功能融合设计,提出了一种基于慢波基片集成波导(Slow-Wave Substrate Integrated Waveguide,SW-SIW)的小型化移相功分器,两个输出分支等长带宽,可实现30°相移量.其中一个输出分支通过基片集成波导(Substrate Integrated Waveguide,SIW)实现,而另一个输出分支将互补开口谐振环(Complementary SplitRing Resonator,CSRR)加载在上层金属表面,代替传统SIW连续的金属表面,该CSRR由经典CSRR结构演变而来,同时为了降低由CSRR加载所造成的相位上的不稳定,在CSRR内部添加金属化通孔,实现SW-SIW,使得截止频率和相速度降低.测试结果表明,移相功分器在9.0~11.8 GHz频带范围内反射系数|S11|小于-10 d B,相对工作带宽为26.9%,插入损耗小于1.3 d B.两个输出端口的相位差稳定在30°±3°,幅度差小于1.4 d B,实现了等功率分配.所设计的移相功分器具有较小的尺寸和低制造成本,适合应用在相控阵天线中.

失眠障碍患者慢波睡眠与执行功能的相关性研究

目的 评估失眠障碍患者与正常睡眠者睡眠结构及执行功能差异,并探索失眠障碍患者执行功能障碍潜在机制。方法 纳入2022年3月—2023年12月就诊于重庆西区医院睡眠医学中心门诊的失眠障碍患者,并同期招募正常睡眠者为对照组。对所有受试者进行汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、多导睡眠监测、Stroop色词测验等评估,统计分析2组焦虑、抑郁、睡眠参数(入睡潜伏期、总睡眠时间、睡眠效率、NREM1期及其百分比、NREM 2期及其百分比、NREM 3期及其百分比、REM期及其百分比)、执行功能(Stroop A、Stroop B、Stroop C耗时间及正确数、干扰耗时数和干扰正确数)差异及其相关性。结果 失眠障碍组51例,对照组25例;失眠障碍组HAMA评分、HAMD评分、入睡潜伏期、NREM 1期百分比、NREM 2期百分比高于对照组,组间差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);失眠障碍组总睡眠时间、睡眠效率、NREM 3期时间、REM期时间、NREM 3期百分比低于对照组,组间差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);失眠障碍组Stroop色词测验C耗时数、干扰耗时数高于对照组,组间差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);失眠障碍组Stroop C耗时数及干扰耗时数与NREM 3期时间、NREM 3期百分比呈负相关,且与NREM 2期时间、NREM 2期百分比呈正相关,Stroop C耗时数与NREM 1期百分比呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论 失眠障碍患者存在入睡潜伏期长、总睡眠时间短、睡眠效率低、深睡眠减少和执行功能下降;执行功能下降与慢波睡眠减少相关。

基于DRIE的太赫兹行波管硅基低损耗慢波结构工艺技术研究

行波管慢波结构的制造通常采用计算机数字化控制精密机械加工技术。随着工作频率的提升,对慢波结构特征尺寸精度的要求达到微纳米级,导致加工难度大、周期长,成本高昂,一定程度上限制了技术的快速发展。硅基MEMS加工工艺具备优秀的三维形貌可控性,尺寸控制精度高,批次一致性较好。本文针对太赫兹行波管功率源对双槽深折叠波导慢波结构的设计要求,开发了基于硅基底材料的三维集成工艺制造技术。采用光刻胶掩蔽结合介质掩蔽工艺方法,聚焦优化深反应离子刻蚀(Deep reactive ion etching,DRIE)中刻蚀钝化平衡参数,完成了电镀金和金金键合的完整工艺流程开发,实现了工作频率达0.65 THz、单位长度插入损耗低至1.6 dB/mm的高性能硅基太赫兹慢波结构150 mm晶圆级工艺制备,为太赫兹行波管的技术突破和应用发展建立了技术基础。

太赫兹真空器件中超深金属慢波结构的微加工技术

太赫兹真空电子器件物理结构尺寸变化随着波长的减小而减小,对微小结构的尺寸精度与表面粗糙度要求也大大增加。随着器件频率进入到太赫兹频段,慢波结构的深度达到几十微米或者百微米量级,加工的难点主要有:材料为金属,结构超深,表面粗糙度要求达到几十纳米量级,微电铸后金属含氧量极小,结构密度大不漏气,经得起后续近千摄氏度的高温处理工艺等。文章介绍了太赫兹频段下器件慢波结构的加工方式,着重讨论利用深反应离子刻蚀(DRIE)技术和紫外−光刻、电铸(UV-LIGA)技术加工超深金属慢波结构的技术和和特点,并介绍了本实验室利用UV-LIGA加工折叠波导的研究进展。

火星弓激波上游离子回旋波的观测研究

离子回旋波广泛分布于火星弓激波上游,在卫星坐标系下其频率接近当地质子回旋频率,准平行于背景磁场方向传播,与在火星外逸层太阳风拾起新生H离子有关。该文基于磁流体理论,对MAVEN探测器观测到的离子回旋波进行事例分析,通过对等离子体密度扰动、速度扰动以及磁场扰动的参数拟合,发现该离子回旋波事件可用斜传播的快磁声波与平行传播的阿尔文波的叠加来解释。该文有助于进一步理解火星上游所观测到的离子回旋波相关扰动的物理本质,对其中等离子体物理过程的重新建模和数值模拟具有指导意义。