Soft ground tunnel lithology classification using clustering-guided light gradient boosting machine

During tunnel boring machine(TBM)excavation,lithology identification is an important issue to understand tunnelling performance and avoid time-consuming excavation.However,site investigation generally lacks ground samples and the information is subjective,heterogeneous,and imbalanced due to mixed ground conditions.In this study,an unsupervised(K-means)and synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)-guided light-gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)classifier is proposed to identify the soft ground tunnel classification and determine the imbalanced issue of tunnelling data.During the tunnel excavation,an earth pressure balance(EPB)TBM recorded 18 different operational parameters along with the three main tunnel lithologies.The proposed model is applied using Python low-code PyCaret library.Next,four decision tree-based classifiers were obtained in a short time period with automatic hyperparameter tuning to determine the best model for clustering-guided SMOTE application.In addition,the Shapley additive explanation(SHAP)was implemented to avoid the model black box problem.The proposed model was evaluated using different metrics such as accuracy,F1 score,precision,recall,and receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curve to obtain a reasonable outcome for the minority class.It shows that the proposed model can provide significant tunnel lithology identification based on the operational parameters of EPB-TBM.The proposed method can be applied to heterogeneous tunnel formations with several TBM operational parameters to describe the tunnel lithologies for efficient tunnelling.

Numerical Analyses of Bearing Capacity of Deep-Embedded Large-Diameter Cylindrical Structure on Soft Ground Against Lateral Loads

Presented in this paper is a three-dimensional plastic limit analysis method of bearing capacity of the deeply-embedded large-diameter cylindrical structure in the cross-anisotmpic soft ground. The most likely failure mechanism is assumed to be of a composite rupture surface which is composed of an individual wedge in the passive zone or two wedges in both active and passive zones near the mudline, depending on the separation or bonding state at the interface between the cylindrical structure and neighboring soils in the active wedge, and a truncated spherical slip surface at the base of the cylinder when the structure tends to overturn around a point located on the symmetry axis of the structure. The cylindrical structure and soil interaction system under consideration is also numerically analyzed by the finite element method by virtue of the general-purpose FEM software ABAQUS, in which the soil is assumed to obey tie Hill＇s criterion of yield. Both the failure mechanism assumed and the plastic limit analysis predictions are validated by numerical computations based on FEM. For the K0-consolidated ground of clays typically with anisotropic undrained strength property, it is indicated through a parametric study that limit analysis without consideration of anisotropy of soil overestimates the lateral ultimate bearing capacity of a deeply-embedded cylindrical structure in soft ground in a certain condition.

Measured Performance and Analysis of the Residual Settlement of a PVD-Improved Marine Soft Ground

Prefabricated vertical drains(PVDs)are commonly used to shorten the drainage path for consolidation as part of the improvement of marine soft ground.Many studies that focus on the primary consolidation settlement of PVD-improved soft ground have been conducted;however,residual settlement has been scarcely investigated.Residual settlement is the net effect of secondary compression and the remaining primary consolidation and generally occurs while the facilities are operating.In this study,residual settlement was investigated using the measured field settlement data obtained from the surface settlement plate and multilayer settlement gauges.This study determined that PVD still has some effect on residual settlement and can reduce the settlement times.Residual settlement is only related to the PVD-improved soil layer and only occurs significantly in the middle zone of that layer over a few months.The middle zone may be related to the time delay of excess pore water pressure dissipation.This study concluded that the remaining primary consolidation in the PVD-improved soil layer is the primary cause of residual settlement,whereas secondary compression in the PVD-improved soil layer is only a minor cause.

A New Method of Combination of Electroosmosis, Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading for Soft Ground Improvement

As a rapid and effective ground improvement method is urgently required for the booming land reclamation in China＇s coastal area, this study proposes a new combined method of electroosmosis, vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading. A new type of electrical prefabricated vertical drain （ePVD） and a new electroosmotic drainage system are suggested to allow the application of the new method. This combined method is then field-tested and compared with the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method. The monitoring and foundation test results show that the new method induces a settlement 20% larger than that of the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method in the same treatment period, and saves approximately half of the treatment time compared with the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method according to the finite element prediction of the settlement. The proposed method also increases the vane shear strength of the soil significantly. The bearing capacity of the ground improved by use of the new proposed method raises 118%. In comparison, there is only a 75% rise when using the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method during the same reinforcement period. All results indicate that the proposed combined method is effective and suitable for reinforcing the soft clay ground. Besides, the voltage applied between the anode and cathode increases exponentially versus treatment time when the output current of power supplies is kept constant. Most of the voltage potential in electroosmosis is lost at electrodes, leaving smaller than 50% of the voltage to be effectively transmitted into the soil.

Influence of cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported approach embankment on abutment piles in soft ground

Abutment piles in soft ground may be subjected to both vertical and horizontal soil movements resulting from approach embankment loads. To constrain the soil movements, the soft soil ground beneath the approach embankment is often improved using composite pile foundations, which aim at mitigating the bump induced by high-speed trains passing through the bridge. So far, there is limited literature on exploring the influence of the degree of ground improvement on abutment piles installed in soft soil grounds. In this paper, a series of three-dimensional （3D） centrifuge model tests was performed on an approach embankment over a silty clay deposit improved by cement-fly ash-gravel （CFG） piles combined with geogrid. Emphasis is placed on the effects of ground replacement ratio （m） on the responses of the abutment piles induced by embankment loads. Meanwhile, a numerical study was conducted with varying ground replacement ratio of the pile-reinforced grounds. Results show that the performance of the abutment piles is significantly improved when reinforcing the ground with CFG piles beneath the approach embankment. Interestingly, there is a threshold value of the replacement ratio of around 4.9% above which the effect of CFG pile foundations is limited. This implies that it is essential to optimize the ground improvement for having a cost-effective design while minimizing the risk of the bump at the end of bridge.

A 3D sliced-soil-beam model for settlement prediction of tunnelling using the pipe roofing method in soft ground

The pipe roofing method is widely used in tunnel construction because it can realize a flexible section shape and a large section area of the tunnel,especially under good ground conditions.However,the pipe roofing method has rarely been applied in soft ground,where the prediction and control of the ground settlement play important roles.This study proposes a sliced-soil-beam(SSB)model to predict the settlement of ground due to tunnelling using the pipe roofing method in soft ground.The model comprises a sliced-soil module based on the virtual work principle and a beam module based on structural mechanics.As part of this work,the Peck formula was modified for a square-section tunnel and adopted to construct a deformation mechanism of soft ground.The pipe roofing system was simplified to a threedimensional Winkler beam to consider the interaction between the soil and pipe roofing.The model was verified in a case study conducted in Shanghai,China,in which it provided the efficient and accurate prediction of settlement.Finally,the parameters affecting the ground settlement were analyzed.It was clarified that the stiffness of the excavated soil and the steel support are the key factors in reducing ground settlement.

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.

软硬不均地层盾构隧道荷载模式研究

系统考虑隧道埋深、滑移面形式、侧压力系数与地层的关联,提出一种适用于软硬不均地层的盾构隧道荷载模式。对于浅埋隧道,基于椭球体理论推导极限状态下滑移面为椭圆的侧压力系数及竖向松动土压力表达式,并构建力学平衡方程推导侧压力计算式;对于深埋隧道,考虑软硬不均地层突变性并对太沙基理论滑移面宽度进行合理修正,推导对应的围岩压力计算式;再结合软硬不均地层分界线位于隧道水平中线上方、下方2类典型工况,推导出隧底反力表达式;最后结合工程实例对所提荷载模式进行验证。结果表明:与修正惯用法荷载体系相比,所提方法得到的软土-硬土隧道顶部、下半拱竖向土压力与实测值的误差分别缩小74%和172%;相较于软土-硬土隧道,该方法应用于土层-岩层隧道时,计算得到的下半拱竖向土压力、隧底侧向土压力与实测值的误差更小,即所提荷载计算模式更符合隧道实际受荷状态,且当隧道埋深与开挖直径之比较大以及下部地层越坚硬时,其适用性越强。

阳离子半径对电化学法加固软黏土效果的影响试验研究

在电化学法加固中,注浆试剂种类一直是主要研究课题之一。化学试剂的注入对土体电动特性存在一定影响,主要影响因素为注浆溶液的阳离子种类、离子浓度、离子价位、离子半径等,土体的电动特性改变对电渗加固效果的影响不可忽视。因此,为研究注浆试剂中的阳离子半径对电化学法加固软土地基效果的影响,以同价位不同半径的二价金属离子Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Cu^(2+)为研究对象,进行电渗固结试验研究。对试验过程中的电流、排水量、电渗透系数变化及试验后的含水率与抗剪强度分布进行分析,并结合扫描电镜(SEM),深入探究阳离子半径对电化学加固效果的影响。结果表明:在电化学法中,提高注入试剂中阳离子的离子半径,电渗过程中的电流、排水量、排水速率、电渗透系数及处理后的土体抗剪强度均有明显提升,其中,钙离子的离子半径最大,加固效果最好,试验后的土体SEM微观图像也表明,钙离子处理后土体密实度更高。

多元荷载作用下软基深水高桩码头结构承载特性研究

软基深水高桩码头结构受到恶劣外海环境荷载及复杂工作荷载等多元荷载的共同作用。研究表明,船舶撞击荷载是该结构水平向控制荷载,但波浪长期循环荷载作用会引起桩周土体软化,进而导致码头结构在其它荷载作用下承载特性的劣化。鉴于此,首先基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立了深水高桩码头结构-地基土体相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元模型;然后,借助USDFLD子程序实现了同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减的模拟,进而开展了未考虑土体软化、仅考虑土体强度弱化、仅考虑土体刚度衰减以及同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减对码头结构承载特性影响的对比分析。研究结果表明,与未考虑土体软化时撞击荷载作用下码头结构安全系数相比,仅考虑土体强度弱化时其值降低14.72%,仅考虑土体刚度衰减时其值降低15.28%,同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减时其值降低19.44%,且考虑土体软化后桩周土体的塑性应变范围明显增大,极限状态时桩身应力值减小,结构稳定性显著降低。

软土地基上的港口陆域回填区场地地震反应分析

在软土地基上通过回填砂形成的港口后方陆域,其场地为在密实砂层下卧软弱土层的特殊场地。利用一维场地地震反应分析软件DEEPSOIL的时域非线性分析方法建立分析模型,选择10组地震加速度记录作为输入地震动,分析该类特殊场地的地震反应。结果表明,软弱土层在强震作用下会产生大的剪切变形,使滞回阻尼充分发挥从而耗散地震能量;地震在通过软弱土层向上传递过程中迅速减小,软弱土层具有明显的减震和隔震效果。

真空预压与真空井点降水用于软土处理的机理差异

真空预压与真空井点降水两种工艺均可用于软土地基处理,表观上两者都是通过抽真空使土体内孔隙水排出并使软土沉降,但目前对两者的工艺和机理等关键差异的认识不深入,难以有效指导现场施工。真空预压和真空井点降水在抽真空设备、竖向排水通道和密封边界等设备与工艺方面有显著差异;两者的的排水机理也有着本质区别。真空预压的加固机理是负压作用下土体发生塑料排水板水平向排水固结,同时塑料排水板内的水向上流动与重力无关;真空井点降水的加固机理是群井抽水引起地下水位降低,土体的浮重度变为湿重度导致荷载增大使土体沉降,同时井点管内的水向上流动受重力影响。在工艺和机理的差异分析的基础上,进一步明确了真空预压和真空井点降水在10个关键方面的差异,包括加固机理、影响深度、不同深度的真空传播、土体水平变形、竖向排水与重力的关系、抽真空位置影响、与外界是否连通、影响区成因、地下水位变化、是否形成非饱和带。

基于时间窗的机场地面保障车辆动态调度

机场各类地面资源的优化配置是机场场面运行优化的核心问题,而机场地面保障任务的调度是其中的关键一环。针对机场地面保障车辆的调度问题,考虑航班延误、提前等情况,构建了双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型,并设计双阶段启发式算法进行求解;基于中国某大型机场的实际运行数据,以清水车和食品车调度为例分别进行仿真实验。结果表明:对比先到先服务策略,清水车行驶总距离减少55.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少47.38%;对比传统遗传算法,清水车行驶总距离减少19.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少22.93%;动态调整后,清水车新增总行驶距离1.2%,食品车总行驶距离新增3.2%,均在可接受范围之内。可见,双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型能提高大型机场场面运行效率,为机场航班实际地面保障任务调度提供理论依据和决策支持。

近远场地震下RC大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震支座方案优化

为探明不同地震动输入对某大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震的影响,通过非线性有限元模型分析近远场地震下桥梁结构的响应规律,得到大桥支座的优化布置方案.首先,基于模态分析,对比该桥与传统钢筋混凝土(RC)拱桥动力特性差异;其次,选取不同脉冲周期的近场地震动、近场无脉冲及远场长周期地震动记录;最后,研究近远场地震下拱桥的响应行为和损伤演化路径,得到优化桥梁的减隔震支座设计方案.研究结果表明:近场脉冲及远场长周期地震下的桥梁结构响应大于无脉冲地震响应;纵竖向地震下高墩柱剪力及弯矩包络曲线呈“S”形,墩身中部易形成塑性铰,高阶振型影响显著;桥梁纵桥向先于横向震损,损伤路径依次为矮柱、高墩柱及拱肋实心-空心截面段;摩擦摆支座减震效果最佳但位移较大,高阻尼支座方案在近场中长脉冲周期及远场长周期地震下仍会发生损伤,板式橡胶支座方案因无法保证支座同步滑移而不能形成准隔震体系;“高阻尼+摩擦摆”混合方案的支座位移小,拱肋及墩柱均处于弹性,是近断层大跨轻柔RC拱桥的优选减隔震方案.

临近既有铁路增建新线地基处理施工影响比较分析

我国东南沿海一带,铁路既有线的建设时代久远、铁路路基建设标准低,地基土质条件差,受增建新线铁路路基的地基处理施工影响明显。对地基处理施工进行现场监测,选取施工影响小的地基处理方法对保障既有铁路运营安全至关重要。根据超孔隙水压力、地表位移和深层位移的现场施工监测数据,分析地基处理施工影响范围和程度,得到以下结论:(1)施工影响由大到小的排序为高压旋喷桩(管桩)>水泥搅拌桩>全方位高压喷射(MJS)桩>布袋桩;(2)水泥搅拌桩施工影响范围在5 m左右,高压旋喷桩施工影响范围高达10 m,布袋桩施工影响范围大约为3 m,MJS桩施工影响范围在4 m左右。对比高压旋喷桩、管桩、布袋桩和MJS桩与搅拌桩施工影响大小,优化临近既有铁路增建新线的地基处理方案,可以有效控制增建新线地基处理对既有铁路的扰动影响,确保既有铁路安全。

软土基础核岛厂房振动台试验数值模拟分析

采用土-结相互作用分区分析方法(partitioned analysis of soil-structure interaction,PASSI),对软土地基核岛厂房振动台试验中的筏基-混凝土框架模型以及桩基-混凝土框架模型进行了数值模拟,对比分析了振动台试验结果与数值模拟结果,并对软土地基下核岛厂房土-基础-结构的地震响应特征进行了分析。对2种模型输入调幅为0.05、0.10、0.20 g的RG160、Chi-Chi与Landers地震波,对比分析了各工况下振动台试验与数值模拟的土体与结构加速度放大系数、楼层反应谱、筏基底部土压力时程、桩身应变以及桩身弯矩。结果表明:数值模拟结果能较好地反映振动台试验结果;经过土层放大作用,随着楼层的增高,振动台试验和数值模拟中的加速度放大系数随之增大,反映了同样的规律;振动台试验与数值模拟所得的土-结体系的反应谱均与输入地震动频谱特征及体系的振动特性相关;振动台试验中,筏板基础会出现倾覆现象,筏基底部土压力时程表现出“东高西低”的现象,但数值模拟中筏基底部的土压力时程未出现此种现象,其原因是数值模拟中未考虑土体与基础的接触非线性;数值模拟中群桩的地震响应与试验的宏观现象基本吻合,定量上有差异,是数值模拟中未考虑桩的非线性所致。

深厚欠固结软土悬浮桩复合地基固结沉降

沿海填土地区通常存在软土地基,其中软土层较厚,土壤欠固结现象普遍存在。这导致了诸如承载力不足、固结周期长、沉降量大等问题。为改善欠固结软土地基的低承载能力问题,依托珠海南湾大道悬浮桩地基工程,采用Flac3D有限差分计算软件建立复合地基模型,并将计算结果与短期监测数据进行比对,以验证模型的准确性。对深厚欠固结软土悬浮桩复合地基的沉降变形特征、孔隙水压力消散特征以及土体有效应力增长过程进行了研究。研究结果表明:模型的计算结果与监测数据基本吻合,数值模型能够准确反映饱和软土复合地基的固结和沉降特征,为深厚欠固结软土地基的道路施工提供了理论参考。

柱状和格栅状搅拌桩联合加固河堤变形特征离心模型试验研究

采用离心模型试验研究了柱状和格栅状搅拌桩联合加固河堤的变形特征。结果表明,采用柱状和格栅状搅拌桩加固软土地基上河堤,可有效控制地基的沉降和减小了软土地基的水平位移,河堤边坡稳定性高。堤顶处沉降最大,尽管施工完成一年后沉降尚未完全稳定,但沉降速率放缓;由于搅拌桩的应力集中效应显著加速了地基的固结速率,根据实测沉降和超静孔隙水压力计算得到施工完成一年时搅拌桩加固地基的固结度分别达到了80%,75%以上。因桩土刚度差异,桩土应力分配呈现模型的应力集中效应,实测的水泥土搅拌桩桩土应力比介于2~3。

自然崩落法采区地压活动控制技术研究

某铜矿自然崩落法矿山自生产以来底部结构反复受压,造成巷道破坏,为生产带来极大困扰。矿山针对不同的来压情况及破坏形式进行支护试验,并利用沉降观测、微震监测和应力监测等手段对底部结构围岩、支护结构进行监测。经过现场支护试验研究与现场监测,发现断层带最有效的支护方式是刚柔并济,并从超前支护、控制拉底推进线、控制出矿等方面总结出了采场地压活动控制技术。该方法对底部结构地压活动控制具有指导性意义,可为自然崩落法矿山或地压较大的矿山提供参考。

软黏土基坑开挖诱发坑外地表沉降的时效解

对比理论和实测研究成果,发现既有坑外地表沉降计算方法不适用于蠕变效应显著的软土基坑。借助Lame方程和三参量黏弹性地基模型,推导得到柔性挡墙任意变位诱发坑外地表沉降的时效半解析解;将理论计算方法应用于杭州软土地区的两个深基坑工程实例,分析了从基坑开挖到地下室回筑的施工全过程中坑外地表沉降的发展规律。结果表明:(1)软土蠕变诱发不依赖于挡墙附加侧移的地表沉降,不仅导致软土基坑开挖期间的地表最大沉降与挡墙最大侧移之比远大于非软土基坑,而且引起坑外土体在地下室回筑期的持续沉降;(2)软土蠕变诱发的地表沉降随挡墙侧移的增大而增大,表现为凹槽沉降模式;(3)深厚软土深基坑的地表最大沉降与挡墙最大侧移之比主要受软土蠕变性和施工时间等因素的影响,与挡墙侧移量的关系不明显。