An experimental study of a yielding support for roadways constructed in deep broken soft rock under high stress

A rationally designed support for deep roadways excavated in broken soft rock under high stress was investigated. The deformation and failure characteristics and the mechanism of ''yielding support'' was studied for anchor bolts and cables. The rail roadway of the 2-501 working face in the Liyazhuang Mine of the Huozhou coal area located in Shanxi province was used for field trials. The geological conditions used there were used during the design phase. The new ''highly resistant, yielding'' support system has a core of high strength, yielding bolts and anchor cables. The field tests show that this support system adapts well to the deformation and pressure in the deep broken soft rock. The support system effectively controls damage to the roadway and ensures the long term stability of the wall rock and safe production in the coal mine. This provides a remarkable economic and social benefit and has broad prospects for fur- ther application.

SOFT SENSING MODEL BASED ON SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE AND ITS APPLICATION

Soft sensor is widely used in industrial process control. It plays animportant role to improve the quality of product and assure safety in production. The core of softsensor is to construct soft sensing model. A new soft sensing modeling method based on supportvector machine (SVM) is proposed. SVM is a new machine learning method based on statistical learningtheory and is powerful for the problem characterized by small sample, nonlinearity, high dimensionand local minima. The proposed methods are applied to the estimation of frozen point of light dieseloil in distillation column. The estimated outputs of soft sensing model based on SVM match the realvalues of frozen point and follow varying trend of frozen point very well. Experiment results showthat SVM provides a new effective method for soft sensing modeling and has promising application inindustrial process applications.

A study of support strategies in deep soft rock:The horsehead crossing roadway in Daqiang Coal Mine

Geomechanics in deep mines becomes more complex and structural support in soft rock can be very difficult.Highly stressed soft rock subject to expansion deformation is particularly difficult to control.The Tiefa Coal Industry Group Daqiang Coal Mine is used as an example.A ventilation shaft,à550 horsehead,is located in tertiary soft rock.Analysis of the reasons for deformation shows an intumescent rock,which is easily damaged.Field observations and theoretical analysis led to a design capable of stabilizing the rock.A combination of spray,anchors,anchor bolts,and soft corner coupled truss supports allowed the deformation to be controlled.This provides a model for similar designs when support of a horsehead roadway is required.

Improvement of the prediction performance of a soft sensor model based on support vector regression for production of ultra-low sulfur diesel

A novel data-driven, soft sensor based on support vector regression （SVR） integrated with a data compression technique was developed to predict the product quality for the hydrodesulfurization （HDS） process. A wide range of experimental data was taken from a HDS setup to train and test the SVR model. Hyper-parameter tuning is one of the main challenges to improve predictive accuracy of the SVR model. Therefore, a hybrid approach using a combination of genetic algorithm （GA） and sequential quadratic programming （SQP） methods （GA-SQP） was developed. Performance of different optimization algorithms including GA-SQP, GA, pattern search （PS）, and grid search （GS） indicated that the best average absolute relative error （AARE）, squared correlation coefficient （R2）, and computation time （CT） （AARE = 0.0745, R2 = 0.997 and CT = 56 s） was accomplished by the hybrid algorithm. Moreover, to reduce the CT and improve the accuracy of the SVR model, the vector quantization （VQ） technique was used. The results also showed that the VQ technique can decrease the training time and improve prediction performance of the SVR model. The proposed method can provide a robust, soft sensor in a wide range of sulfur contents with good accuracy.

Optimization of construction scheme and supporting technology for HJS soft rock tunnel

For a soft rock tunnel under high stress in jointed and swell soft rock （HJS）, two construction schemes pilot-tunneling enlarging excavation and step-by-step excavation were optimized using FLAC20, and the deformation effects of the two construction schemes were verified by field tests. Based on engineer- ing geological investigation and mechanical analysis of large deformations, the complex deformation mechanisms of stress expansion and structural deformation of the soft rock tunnel were confirmed, and support countermeasures from the complex deformation mechanism converted to a single type were proposed, and the support parameters were optimized by field tests. These technologies were proved by engineering practice, which produced significant technical and economic benefits.

Numerical simulation of creep characteristics of soft roadway with bolt-grouting support

Based on the engineering background of a soft rock roadway in Qinan Coal Mine 82 Area,Huaibei Mining Group,three creep models with different support patterns in soft rock roadway were established by using geotechnical software of FLAC2D.According to the calculation results of different models,the change law of mechanical properties with the time of bolt-grouting support structure was obtained.Furthermore,for the test bolt-grouting support roadway,the deformation law of surrounding rock got by underground industrial experiment and field observation accords with the creep law got by numerical calculation.The results of numerical calculation and field observation show that,compared with other supports,the creep of bolt-grouting support roadway enters the steady-state creep stage from tertiary creep stage ahead,the deformations of roof,floor and two sides are decreased greatly,the plastically deforming area in surrounding rock is reduced obviously,and the distribution ranges of maximum and minimum principal stress are shrank obviously.All those fully show that the bolt-grouting support has its remarkable advantages in controlling surrounding rock creep and improving the whole strength of surrounding rock and self-bearing capacity.

Bolt-grouting combined support technology in deep soft rock roadway

Analyzing the mineral composition, mechanical properties and ground stress testing in surrounding rock,the study investigated the failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway with high stress. The boltgrouting combined support system was proposed to prevent such failures. By means of FLAC3D numerical simulation and similar material simulation, the feasibility of the support design and the effectiveness of support parameters were discussed. According to the monitoring the surface and deep displacement in surrounding rock as well as bolt axial load, this paper analyzed the deformation of surrounding rock and the stress condition of the support structure. The monitor results were used to optimize the proposed support scheme. The results of field monitors demonstrate that the bolt-grouting combined support technology could improve the surround rock strength and bearing capacity of support structure, which controlled the great deformation failure and rheological property effectively in deep soft rock roadway with high stress. As a result, the long term stability and safety are guaranteed.

Discussion on Reasonable Supporting Parameters for Repairing Underground Projects in Bulking Soft Rock

Based on analysis of the supporting object of bulking soft rock and comparing the supporting difficulty of the repairing projects with that of the newly excavated projects, this paper proposes a method to determine reasonable supporting parameters for soft rock project repairing. This method has been verified to be reasonable and economical in an industrial test.

滇中芹河隧洞软岩破碎段围岩大变形与支护结构相互作用研究

软岩大变形是滇中引水工程建设中较为突出的工程地质问题之一,以大楚段芹河隧洞4#支洞为研究对象开展软岩大变形特征及承载结构受力研究。4#支洞在施工过程中发生影响洞室稳定的问题,洞周围岩大变形不同程度侵限,导致钢拱架扭曲断裂、喷混凝土掉落现象时有发生。为了充分认识隧洞变形特征、破坏模式及成因机制,结合工程地质勘察、现场监控量测、数值反演及施工模拟分析等手段和方法对其进行综合研究。研究成果表明:破碎软岩洞段施工期围岩监测变形量大、变形速率较快,变形具有明显的时效性;围岩完整性差,洞周变形差异大;围岩以剪切破坏为主;围岩时效变形对支护结构受力影响大,部分承载结构受力超限,导致局部结构破坏。可见,针对破碎的软岩隧洞施工,需要采取超前注浆、减少减小施工扰动、及时跟进初期支护、尽快封闭成环,加强施工期围岩变形监测,选取合理的衬砌支护时机,实时指导和优化隧洞支护结构施工设计。

软岩隧道支护让压体系优化及安全状态易损性评价

软岩隧道围岩参数变异性大,支护体系与围岩相互作用不确定性强,易发生大变形等安全问题,为此国内外开展了隧道让压支护优化等工作以应对上述风险,但对其安全状态评价仍面临诸多难题。设计了一种新型柔-刚型让压接头,并基于可靠度分析方法,从易损性出发,综合拱顶沉降及初衬强度破坏准则,提出了基于概率的隧道开挖安全状态易损性评价方法。其通过利用概率有限元分析围岩‒支护相互作用,拟合形成极限状态功能函数响应面,经由随机抽样获得隧道开挖失效概率与可靠度指标;以此为基础,建立拱顶沉降与结构应力响应之间的拟合关系,提出了基于拱顶沉降的结构极限状态条件概率计算方法,并根据概率分布区间划定易损区进行支护安全性评价。基于上述理论方法,结合工程实际,开展了新型让压支护与传统刚性支护的易损性对比分析,验证了让压支护体系在大变形承载可靠性方面的优势。

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.

Study on Asymmetric Deformation Law and Surrounding Rock Control Technology of High Stress Soft Rock Crossing Roadway

In order to solve the problem of asymmetric large deformation of high-stress soft rock crossing roadway under complex geological conditions in deep mines, taking the 2# total return airway of 76.2# section of Wuyang Coal Mine as the engineering background, the causes of asymmetric deformation and failure of soft rock crossing roadway in deep mines were summarized and analyzed by means of field investigation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and the asymmetric high-efficiency support technology with large row spacing was studied. The results show that the lithology of roadway strata is the main cause of asymmetric deformation and failure of roadway. The shape change of roadway is not the main influencing factor of asymmetric deformation of roadway, but for the control of roadway surrounding rock, the straight wall semi-circular arch roadway is better than the rectangular roadway. The field industrial test shows that after adopting the new support design scheme, the displacement of the roof and floor of the roadway is reduced by 86.39% compared with the original support design scheme, and the displacement of the two sides of the roadway is reduced by 86.05% compared with the original support design scheme, which can ensure the normal and safe production of the roadway during the service period, and provide reference for the support design of other similar geological conditions.

开挖顺序及内支撑早期刚度对软土基坑稳定性影响规律

深基坑开挖变形控制是软土基坑工程的难题,工程中常采用密集的混凝土内支撑来提高支撑刚度,然而实际工程中未能合理考虑软土深基坑的开挖顺序和混凝土内支撑早期刚度影响,往往导致基坑实际变形远大于设计值。结合珠三角水资源配置工程的软土深基坑,利用验证后的数值模拟方法研究了不同开挖顺序及混凝土内支撑早期刚度对基坑受力和变形特性的影响规律,得出了分层分区非对称开挖和对称开挖对地连墙水平位移和地表沉降的影响规律。结果表明:尽管非对称开挖会造成基坑两侧的地连墙位移和地表沉降差异,但是密集内支撑条件下非对称开挖比对称开挖对于基坑周围地表沉降和地连墙水平位移影响更小并能够大量节约工期;受混凝土内支撑早期刚度影响,施作内支撑后越早进入下一步开挖,地连墙水平位移和周围地表沉降越大;考虑内支撑早期刚度影响时基坑上部的内支撑轴力会增大,而下部的内支撑轴力会减小,早期刚度越小,这种趋势越明显;现场施工时难以实时动态监测混凝土的弹性模量,极易造成内支撑轴力的早期监测数据失真,甚至给工程带来错误决策。

深部破碎软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术

随着矿山开采深度逐渐增加,深部破碎围岩工程地质条件转为复杂多变,极大程度上影响巷道等工程施工过程及后续使用安全;为确保深部破碎软岩巷道施工过程中安全及质量,提出了软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术。针对钟九铁矿-550 m水平6号交岔点岩体裂隙极为发育、稳定性差等特点,拟采用超前控顶措施加固顶板围岩,提高深部破碎软岩巷道的承载力。为便于6号交岔点掘进施工,沿6号交岔点东北侧方向划分17个掘进区,并采用“四步”台阶法分段施工。针对同段起爆数码电子雷管,起爆器系统可随机设置单发雷管起爆间隔时间为3~5 ms,实现同段炮孔单孔单响,降低爆破振动对6号交岔点影响。根据不同掘进区总体岩性情况,优化支护方式(管棚支护、W型钢带及锚索支护等联合支护方式等),确保6号交岔点后续使用期安全。试验结果表明:采用超前控顶加固、控制分区爆破技术,降低破碎软岩巷道顶板偏帮、下沉,保证6号交岔点断面成型效果,削减其支护、后期维护等综合成本达8.7%,该技术可为类似巷道施工提供一定指导建议。

极高地应力软岩隧道非对称变形机理及支护优化研究

针对极大断面公路隧道施工中出现的非对称大变形问题,考虑高地应力第一主应力与隧道轴线关系、层状软岩夹层与互层状态、掌子面软岩空间不对称、地下水等因素,基于对工程地质条件、围岩与支护结构失效及破坏特征的分析,结合岩样物理力学特性室内试验研究及地应力实测情况,探究了非对称大变形形成机理并提出针对性的支护结果优化方案。结果表明:高地应力层状软岩隧道围岩不对称变形是在岩层倾角α、最大水平主应力与隧道轴线夹角β和岩层夹角γ、围岩岩性和地下水综合作用下的大变形,围岩不对称部位由以上几种因素共同决定;当主应力σ1与隧道轴线既不垂直也不平行时,会产生挤压性偏压构造水平地应力,使隧道横断面侧向受力不对称,发生偏压性非对称大变形;通过改变锚杆的布设方式、提高超前注浆小导管的长度和刚度、喷射临时封闭、在防水板与喷射砼间增加高密度橡塑海绵板缓冲层等措施,可以有效的减少变形量,防止围岩因开挖扰动而松动和坍塌。

基于沙地猫群优化–最小二乘支持向量机的动态NOx排放预测

针对火电机组频繁调峰导致机组燃烧状态不稳,进而导致锅炉出口NOx浓度波动范围大的问题,提出一种基于沙地猫群优化(sand cat sarm optimization,SCSO)的最小二乘支持向量机(leastsquaressupportvectormachine,LSSVM) NOx动态预测模型。首先利用k近邻互信息计算时间延迟的同时筛选辅助变量。然后,基于SCSO算法进行输入变量阶次的选择。使用包含辅助变量时间延迟和阶次的信息作为模型的输入,SCSO算法优化最小二乘支持向量机参数,建立动态NOx排放最小二乘支持向量机预测模型(SCSO-LSSVM动态软测量模型)。最后将模型与未加入迟延的LSSVM模型,加入迟延的LSSVM模型和粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)优化最小二乘支持向量机参数的动态软测量模型进行对比验证。结果表明,相较于其他模型,该文建立SCSO-LSSVM动态软测量模型均方根误差、平均绝对误差、平均绝对误差最小,预测精度最高,而且在NOx浓度剧烈波动时也能够较好地预测NOx浓度,具有很好的动态特性。

基于时间窗的机场地面保障车辆动态调度

机场各类地面资源的优化配置是机场场面运行优化的核心问题,而机场地面保障任务的调度是其中的关键一环。针对机场地面保障车辆的调度问题,考虑航班延误、提前等情况,构建了双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型,并设计双阶段启发式算法进行求解;基于中国某大型机场的实际运行数据,以清水车和食品车调度为例分别进行仿真实验。结果表明:对比先到先服务策略,清水车行驶总距离减少55.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少47.38%;对比传统遗传算法,清水车行驶总距离减少19.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少22.93%;动态调整后,清水车新增总行驶距离1.2%,食品车总行驶距离新增3.2%,均在可接受范围之内。可见,双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型能提高大型机场场面运行效率,为机场航班实际地面保障任务调度提供理论依据和决策支持。

大埋深“三软”厚煤层智能综放开采技术研究

针对大埋深“三软”条件下厚煤层综放开采的过程中液压支架钻底以及巷道底鼓的问题,以淮北信湖煤矿818智能综放工作面为研究背景,对液压支架的适用性进行了分析,并介绍了818智能综放采煤工作面的液压支架自动化系统。通过理论计算得出液压支架的最大工作阻力为9940 kN,分析现场实测数据可知中部液压支架的工作阻力最高,其次是下部,上部最小。工作面支架前排立柱受力大于后排立柱,工作面来压时,液压支架前立柱工作阻力平均比后立柱工作阻力大44.5%,前排立柱工作阻力占整架工作阻力的比例大致在0.57~0.74之间,工作面液压支架平均工作阻力为28.11 MPa,因此动载荷计算法更适合818工作面支架工作阻力计算;分析了液压支架钻底的原因,并提出液压支架的管控措施;通过数值模拟得到工作面超前支承压力的影响范围为煤壁前方110 m,工作面中部峰值应力最大,其次是下部,最后是上部,峰值应力出现在煤壁前方12~19 m;由现场实测数据可知煤壁向外105 m范围内,巷道底鼓及两帮变形量相对较大,巷道顶板下沉及底鼓比较明显,在此基础上提出预防巷道底鼓的相关措施,以期为淮北矿区以及类似条件下开采的工作面提供借鉴与参考。

软弱土层的连拱隧道超前支护有限元分析及施工控制

以江苏某地铁站暗挖换乘通道下穿城市引桥工程为背景,研究连拱隧道穿越软弱土层超前支护施工控制问题,提出连拱隧道超前支护施工控制方法。采用MIDAS-GTS NX建立原始土层和全断面深孔注浆加固+超前小导管支护两种工况下连拱换乘通道的三维实体模型,分析通道开挖施工产生的地表沉降、拱顶沉降及对引桥的影响;根据有限元分析模型,确定连拱隧道超前支护注浆液的类型为AC液体、C液V(水玻璃)∶V(水)=0.6∶0.4,初始压力为0.30~0.75 MPa,终止压力为0.5~1.0 MPa,单位长度的注浆量为0.283 m^(3)。研究结果表明,注浆试验段开挖施工完成后,地表沉降最大值为5.57 mm,小于设计要求的沉降控制值10 mm,超前支护效果良好,能够有效提高连拱隧道加固效果。

考虑湿度应力的深部软岩隧道大变形控制研究

为探明深部高地应力软岩隧道大变形产生机理,制定适应大变形控制措施,以月直山隧道为工程依托,首先明确求解围岩形变压力与松动压力的Kastner与Caquot公式,基于岩体弹塑性力学与连续介质理论建立围岩湿度应力解析解,采用收敛-约束法绘制出3种围岩应力作用下围岩与初期支护特征曲线,分析断面变形过程中围岩与支护结构相互作用规律及3种应力占比演化规律。分别以混凝土与型钢钢架作为二衬支护结构对月直山隧道围岩稳定性进行计算分析,明确考虑湿度应力与松动压力条件下隧道二衬最优支护时机与支护参数,以支护结构安全系数FS评判出最优支护方案并对隧道软岩大变形进行治理。结果表明:当围岩径向位移达到550 mm时,仅考虑形变压力Pi时围岩对支护结构的压力P仅为0.813 MPa,考虑湿度应力Pw与松动压力Pa时P增大为1.372 MPa,湿度应力与松动应力总占比达40.7%,仅考虑形变压力而设计的支护结构不满足围岩稳定性要求;根据“卸压支护”理念,确定以“位移释放峰值upeak=0.325 m”与“间距d=0.7 m”作为增设第二层钢架的最佳支护时机与支护参数,现场二次钢架设置24天后使围岩变形收敛于50.8 mm,围岩大变形得到控制,研究成果可为今后相关隧道工程设计与施工提供参考。