Symptomatic accessory soleus muscle:A cause for exertional compartment syndrome in a young soldier:A case report

BACKGROUND Accessory soleus muscle(ASM)is a rare congenital variation that is almost asymptomatic,but several papers have recently described symptomatic ASM.The clinical features of this condition are similar to tarsal tunnel syndrome(TTS)and include pain and numbness around the medial side of the ankle.ASM commonly originates from the fibula or soleus muscle and inserts into the Achilles tendon or calcaneus.Usually,it is identified as posteromedial swelling and definitely diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging.In most cases,treatment is observation,but surgical excision can be considered if symptoms are severe.CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old male Korean soldier presented with complaints of bilateral foot and ankle pain and a swelling medial to the Achilles tendon that was more pronounced on the right side.Symptoms first occurred after playing soccer 10 mo before this presentation,worsened after physical exertion,and were relieved by rest.He had no medical history,and no one in his family had the condition.Laboratory results were non-specific.Several tests were performed to exclude common diseases such as tumors or TTS.However,MRI revealed a bulky accessory soleus muscle in both feet,though the patient complained of more severe pain on the right side during physical activity.Accordingly,surgical resection was adopted.At surgery,a large accessory soleus muscle was noted anterior to the Achilles tendon with distinctive insertion from a normal soleus muscle.At 12 mo after surgery,there was no pain,numbness,or swelling of the right foot or ankle,no evidence of recurrence,and the patient could do all sports activities.CONCLUSION Accessory soleus muscle should be added to the list of differential diagnosis if a patient has pain,sole numbness or swelling of the posteromedial ankle.

Molecular cloning,characterization and expression analysis of Sox9a and Foxl2 genes in half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossussemilaevis)

Two transcription factors, Sox9a and Foxl2 were cloned from half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis）. Sox9a is a new duplication of C.semilaevis Sox9 gene. The complete cDNA of Sox9a gene was 1 842 bp long coding for 487 amino acids and Foxl2 gene was 1 817 bp coding for 308 amino acids. Sox9a was expressed higher in male brain, pituitary and gonad and Foxl2 were higher in female brain, pituitary and gonad. The expression of Sox9a gene in gonads of neo-males was higher than that of normal females. Sox9a and Foxl2 were expressed higher in gastrula stage than in other stages. In the period of sex differentiation, the expression of Sox9a was first going up and then going down and Foxl2 was higher expressed at 37 dph. The highest expressions of Sox9a and Foxl2 genes occurred in nine-month and 12-month old gonad tissues, respectively. Sox9a gene was considered to have inevitable links with sex reversal, sex differentiation and cell differentiation of embryos and formation of spermatogenic ceils. Foxl2 was considered to play a role in sex differentiation, cell differentiation of embryos but not to be necessary for sex determination and sex reversal.

Development and characterization of a cell line from the embryos of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

A new cell line, CSEC, has been successfully established from embryos at gastrula stage of a cultured marine fish, half smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus sernilaevis）. CSEC cells grow actively and stably more than 50 passages for over 200 d in DMEM medium supplemented with 15% FBS （fetal bovine serum）, 2.5 ng/cm^3 bFGF （basic fibroblast growth factor）, 1 ng/cm^3 LIF （leukemia inhibitory factor） and 50 mmol/dm^3 2-ME （2-mecaptoethanol）. The cells grew well in the temperature range of 24-30 ℃ and the optimal growth temperature was 24 ℃. FBS and bFGF concentrations are the two key components for CSEC cells proliferation. Chromosome analysis reveals that CSEC cells have a normal diploid karyotype with 2n=42t. The significant fluorescent signals were observed in CSEC after transfection with the GFP reporter gene, suggesting that the CSEC cell line can be used as a useful tool for transgenic and genetic manipulation studies. CSEC cells showed the cytopathic effect （CPE） after infection with lymphosystis disease virus （LCDV） in 2 d. Moreover, the LCDV particles can be observed in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells by electron microscopy. It suggests that CSEC could be potentially used for the study of aquatic virus.

Analysis of DNA Methylation Level by Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism in Half Smooth Tongue Sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)Subjected to Salinity Stress

Increasingly arisen environmental constraints may contribute to heritable phenotypic variation including methylation changes,which can help the animals with development,growth and survival.In this study,we assessed the DNA methylation levels in three tissues(gonad,kidney and gill) of half smooth tongue sole under the salinity stress.The methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism(MSAP) technique was applied to illustrate the regulation of epigenetic mechanism in environmental stimuli.Fish were subjected to 15 salinity treatment for 7 and 60 days,respectively.A total of 11259 fragments were amplified with 8 pairs of selective primers.The levels of methylated DNA in different tissues of females and males without salinity stress were analyzed,which were 32.76% and 47.32% in gonad;38.13% and 37.69% in kidney;37.58% and 34.96% in gill,respectively.In addition,the significant difference was observed in gonad between females and males,indicating that discrepant regulation in gonadal development and differentiation may involve sex-related genes.Further analysis showed that total and hemi-methylation were significantly decreased under 15 salinity for 7 days,probably resulting in up-regulating salt-tolerance genes expression to adjust salt changing.With the adjustment for 60 days,total and hemi-methylation prominently went back to its normal levels to obtain equilibrium.Particularly,full methylation levels were steady along with salinity stress to maintain the stability of gene expression.Additionally,the data showed that gonads in females and gills in males were superior in adaptability.As a result,DNA methylation regulates tissue-specific epiloci,and may respond to salinity stress by regulating gene expression to maintain animal survival and activity.

Isolation and Characterization of Pathogenic Listonella anguillarum of Diseased Half-Smooth Tongue Sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)

Studies were conducted to determine the cause of the acute mortality of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther juveniles in a fish farm in Jimo, Shandong Province, China, in June 2006. Gross signs of the diseased tongue sole included several petechiae and ecchymoses on the body and fin necrosis and hemorrhagic lesion at the base of the fin. Bacteria were isolated from kidney, liver and hemorrhagic lesions of the diseased tongue sole. Among 14 strains, SJ060621 was proved to be highly virulent to juvenile tongue sole with LD50 value of 〈1.0×10^5 colony forming units （CFU）mL^-1, while the remaining 13 were avirulent. Among the 16 antibiotics tested, SJ060621 was sensitive to gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. It was identified as Listonella anguillantm with conventional plate and tube tests in combination with API 20E analysis. 16S rRNA gene and partial HSP60 gene sequenceing analysis revealed that the strain was highly homologous with L. anguillarum. Examination of the infected musculature by electron microscopy indicated numerous bacteria and lots of macrophages containing phagocytosed bacteria. Histopathological investigations revealed severe necrotic degenerative changes in the infected organs. Indirect immunofluorescence assay （IFA） was employed to detect the location of occurrence of bacteria, and bacteria were found in aggregations in the inflammatory areas in musculature.

Geochronological constraints on the metamorphic sole of the Semail ophiolite in the United Arab Emirates

The Semail ophiolite of Oman and the United Arab Emirates （UAE） provides the best preserved large slice of oceanic lithosphere exposed on the continental crust, and offers unique opportunities to study processes of ocean crust formation, subduction initiation and obduction. Metamorphic rocks exposed in the eastern UAE have traditionally been interpreted as a metamorphic sole to the Semail ophiolite. However, there has been some debate over the possibility that the exposures contain components of older Arabian continental crust. To help answer this question, presented here are new zircon and futile U-Pb geochronological data from various units of the metamorphic rocks. Zircon was absent in most samples. Those that yielded zircon and futile provide dominant single age populations that are 95-93 Ma, partially overlapping with the known age of oceanic crust formation （96.5-94.5 Ma）, and partially overlapping with cooling ages of the metamorphic rocks （95 90 Ma）. The data are interpreted as dating high-grade metamorphism during subduction burial of the sediments into hot mantle lithosphere, and rapid cooling during their subsequent exhumation. A few discordant zircon ages, interpreted as late Neoproterozoic and younger, represent minor detrital input from the continent. No evidence is found in favour of the existence of older Arabian continental crust within the metamorphic rocks of the UAE.

Analysis of SSRs Derived from an EST Library of Half-Smooth Tongue Sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

A complementary DNA(cDNA) library was constructed from half-smooth tongue sole spleen. A long-read expressed sequence tag(EST) database was generated,containing 3100 cDNA clones,of which 220 clones were fully sequenced. A total of 1060 non-redundant simple sequence repeats(SSRs) were obtained from the cDNA library. An average of 5 kb sequence generates 1 SSR in the half-smooth tongue sole spleen cDNA library. The proportion of the SSR unit size was different in the cDNA library. The monomeric repeats(51.4%) are the most abundant class of SSR in the dataset. The dimeric,trimeric,tetrameric and hexameric re-peats are represented in decreasing proportions of 27.2%,16.0%,2.8% and 1.9%,respectively. The frequency of pentameric repeats was observed the least(only 0.7%) . Most of the monomeric and dimeric repeats are distributed in 3' and 5' un-translation region. If translation regions are considered merely,trimeric repeats are the highest,accounting for 57% of the total microsatellites.

Phenotypic and genetic parameter estimation of juvenile growth and bottom color traits in half-smooth tongue sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis

Half-smooth tongue sole（Cynoglossus semilaevis） is a commercially important fish species. There were no reports about accurate genetic parameters of growth traits in C. semilaevis, despite efforts aimed at the culture of this species. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to estimate the parameters for the early growth traits（total length, body depth and body weight） of C. semilaevis based on the data obtained from 80 families. The trait of fish with pure white bottom or not（named as the trait of bottom color） was also analyzed. All the heritabilities estimated for the traits were medium, which varied from 0.210 to 0.362. Genetic correlations among growth traits were highly positive, varying from 0.913 to 0.959, indicating that selection of one of the three traits would result in correlated increase in the others. Also, genetic correlations between bottom color and growth traits were positive and varying from 0.241 to 0.353, suggesting that selection for the bottom color can be utilized to enhance the selection of growth traits. In addition, fish from the top performing 16 full-sib families were selected as broodstock, based on the above analysis and the comparison of family breeding value. This research provides an important basic material to implement selective breeding in C. semilaevis.

Half Smooth Tongue Sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis) Under Low Salinity Stress Can Change Hepatic igf2 Expression Through DNA Methylation

Salinity is a crucial environmental stress that severely affects fish growth and survival.Under environmental stress,DNA methylation plays an important role in gene expression and genome function.To better understand the epigenetic regulation mechanism of igf2 under low salinity stress,we analyzed the DNA methylation at 5’UTR,exon1,intron1,and exon2,and analyzed the relationship of DNA methylation with mRNA abundance as well as the special single CpG sites methylation patterns of igf2 in the liver of half smooth tongue sole under low salinity(15)for 0,7,and 60 d.When exposed to low salinity,DNA methylation at 5’UTR and exon2 remained stable,while it was up-regulated firstly and then down-regulated at exon1 and intron1.Some single CpG sites of igf2 associated with low salinity,and most of these sites with significantly changed methylation levels(P<0.05)are located in intron1 area.The discrepant variation of single CpG sites methylation levels and igf2 expression further revealed that females and males showed different response to low salinity.Remarkably,the 38-CpG site of intron1 servers as a sexual marker.Additionally,our integrative analysis demonstrated that regional DNA of igf2 methylation had highly complex interplay on gene expression.The single CpG sites in intron1 were indispensable epigenetic markers under external environmental stress.Above all,to resist the low salinity stress,half smooth tongue sole liver can regulate the expression of igf2 through methylation of CpG sites in intron1.

Establishment and characterization of an astroglial cell line derived from the brain of half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

An astroglial cell line was established from the brain of half smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis） and was designated as CSAC. CSAC shows the morphological homogeneity of epithelial cells. The cell identity was tested by the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）, which was revealed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The cell line was optimally maintained at 24 ℃ in minimum essential medium supplemented with HEPES, antibiotics, 20% fetal bovine serum, 2- Mercaptoethanol （2-Me） and basic fibroblast growth factor. Chromosome analysis revealed that the CSAC cells maintained a normal diploid chromosome number （2n=42）. The fluorescent signals were observed in CSAC after the cells were transfected with green fluorescent protein （GFP） reporter plasmids. The CSAC cell line may serve as a valuable tool for studies on the potential functions of fish astroglial cells.

Functional morphology of the olfactory organ of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis

The morphology and structure of the olfactory organ of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther are described. The oval olfactory sacs on both sides differ in size and in the number of lamellae, With those on the abocular side having smaller sacs and fewer lamellae than those on the ocular side. On the ocular side, the average ratio of sac length to eye diameter is 2.1 （i.e.〉1） with an average of 91 lamellae, while on the abocular side, the values were 1.7 （i.e.〉1） and 69, respectively. In addition, the surface morphology varies in different parts of the lamella. The frontal part, near the anterior nostril, is a non-sensory margin with cilia-free epidermal cells. Within this is an internal ciliated sensory area, which is intercalated with ciliated receptor cells and a few ciliated non-sensory cells. Additionally, some dense ciliated non-sensory cells make up a non-sensory area, which also contains cilia-free epidermal cells distributed in patches. In the rear of the olfactory sac near the posterior nostril, the lamellae differ in morphology from those of the frontal olfactory sac but are similar in having few ciliated receptor cells. In other words, the surface of the lamellae in the rear part of the olfactory sac is mainly non-sensory. At present, four types of lamellae （~ E IlIand IV） have been recognized in relation to the pattern of the sensory epithelium. In this study, the frontal and rear lamellae resembled types I and IV, respectively, but are referred to as types r and IV because they are slightly less developed. Data on the ratio of length of lamellae to eye diameter, number of lamellae and the type of surface pattern of the lamellae show that the development of the olfactory system of C. semilaevis facilitates prey capture.

Application of AFLP markers for population genetic study on half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

The genetic diversity of wild and hatchery populations of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis, based on observation of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was described. Two hundred individuals from four wild populations, Laizhou (LZ), Weihai (WH), Qingdao (QD), Rizhao (RZ), and one hatchery population, Mingbo (MB), were screened using eight different AFLP primer combinations. A total of 384 loci were screened in the five studied populations. 48.4%, 51.3%, 50.7%, 49.3% and 45.8% of these loci were polymorphic among the individuals tested in the LZ, WH, QD, RZ and MB populations, respectively. The number of polymorphic loci detected by single primer combinations ranged from 17 to 35. The average heterozygosity of the LZ, WH, QD, RZ and MB populations was 0.072, 0.093, 0.092, 0.090 and 0.063, respectively. The WH population showed the highest genetic diversity in terms of total number of AFLP bands, total number of polymorphic bands, average heterozygosity and percentage of low frequency (0-0.2) polymorphic loci among all the populations, while the LZ population was the lowest among the wild populations. Compared with the wild populations, the hatchery population showed a low genetic viability.

Adding body load modifies the vibratory sensation of the foot sole and affects the postural control

Background: Heavy backpacks are often used by soldiers and firefighters. Weight carrying could reduce the speed and efficiency in task completion by altering the foot sole sensitivity and postural control.Methods: In fifteen healthy subjects, we measured the changes in sensitivity to vibrations applied to the foot sole when standing upright or walking after load carrying(30% body weight). The participants were asked to judge different vibration amplitudes applied on the 2 nd or 5 th metatarsal head and the heel at two frequencies(25 and 150 Hz) to determine the vibration threshold and the global perceptual representation(Ψ)of the vibration amplitude(Φ)given by the Stevens power function(Ψ=k×Φ~n). Any increase in negative k value indicated a reduction in sensitivity to the lowest loads. Pedobarographic measurements, with computation of the center of pressure(COP) and its deviations, were performed during weight carrying.Results: The 25-Hz vibration threshold significantly increased after weight carrying when standing upright or walking.After standing with the added loads, the absolute negative k value increased for the 25 Hz frequency. After walking with the added loads, the k coefficient increased for the two vibration frequencies. Weight carrying significantly increased both the CoP surface and CoP lateral deviation.Conclusions: Our data show that weight carrying reduces the sensory pathways from the foot sole and accentuates the center of pressure deviations.

Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, neem leaf and woodash extracts on soil fertility improvement, growth and yields of maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.) and watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) (Sole and Intercrop)

Two field experiments were carried out at Akure (7oN, 5o101E) in the rainforest zone of Nigeria in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf, woodash and modified neem leaf extracts as fertilizer sources in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) and watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) sole and intercrop. There were six treatments namely, poultry manure, neem leaf extract (sole), woodash extract, modified neem leaf (neem leaf + woodash), NPK 15-15-15 and a control (no fertilizer nor extract), replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCB). The extracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified neem leaf) were applied at 1200 litres per hectare each, NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg/ha and poultry was applied at 6t/ha. The results showed that there were significant increases (P 2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N compared to NPK 15-15-15 and neem leaf extract. For instance, modified neem leaf extract increased soil pH (H2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N by 12.4%, 32.8%, 25%, 23.7%, 19.32%, 17.24% and 20% respectively compared to neem leaf extract under intercrop plot. The high soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment led to an imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to maize and watermelon crops. The least values for growth, yield and soil parameters were recorded under the control treatment. In these experiments, modified neem leaf extract (woodash + neem leaf extracts) applied at 1200 litres/ha was the most effective in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize and watermelon (sole and intercrop) and could substitute for 6 tons per hectare of poultry manure and 300kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer.

Identification and Characterisation of a Bacterial Isolate Capable of Growth on Trichloroethylene as the Sole Carbon Source

The aim of this research work was to isolate microbes from soil, to investigate their potential use as effective bioremediation tools for trichloroethylene—a potent environmental pollutant. The isolate showing good growth in presence of TCE was named PM102. Microbiological characterisation of the PM102 isolate showed that it was a gram negative rod. Detailed structure was revealed by scanning electron microscopy. pH and temperature optima, salt tolerance and optimum TCE concentration for growth of PM102 were determined. The ability of this bacterium to degrade TCE was studied in acidic and neutral pH by biochemical test and chloride release. Five TCE inducible bands were detected in the protein profile of the isolate as studied by SDS PAGE. A major TCE inducible band of 51.61 kDa was excised from the gel and injected into rabbit to raise specific antibody. The bacterium was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia PM102 by 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing. The 16S rRNA gene sequence has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession number JQ797560. This genus has not been described previously as being capable of TCE degradation. We report for the first time a Stenotrophomonas sp. that grows on TCE as the sole carbon source.

Isolation and Identification of Photobacterium damselae subsp.damselae(PDD) from Tongue Sole

In May 2016,an epizootic occured among cultured tongue soles caused mass deaths in a fish farm in Qinhuangdao,China.In order to find out the etiological agent,a bacterial strain was isolated from ascites and other tissues of sick tongue sole aseptically collected.The isolate was identified as Photobacterium damselae subsp.damsela（PDD） by isolation culture,Gram staining,physiological identification,morohological observation,biochemical identification and 16S rDNA sequence analysis.The results showed that the isolate shared 99.6% homology with the reference strain in GenBank.The animal regression test displayed that the isolate had very strong pathogenicity to tongue sole.The LD（50） was 3.1 × 10~4 CFU/mL,and it showed pathogenicity to mammals.The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed the isolate was highly sensitive to nrofloxacin,Norfloxacin,Ciprofloxacin,Mequindox;moderately sensitive to Cefradine,Doxycycline;and insensitive to Gentamicin,Ceftriaxone,Tilmicosin,etc..

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Patched 1 gene in the half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

The signaling molecule hedgehog（Hh） is essential for cellular signaling required for body pattern formation in embryonic and individual development in vertebrate and invertebrates.Patched 1（Ptc1）,a receptor of Hh,mediates the activity of Hh by binging the Hh ligands.In this study,the Ptc1 of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis（CsPtc1） was cloned and characterized.The full-length of CsPtc1 cDNA is 5 212 nucleotides（nt）,and encodes a protein with 1 543 amino acid residues.CsPtc1 shared many features with Ptc1 of other telesot species.Real-time quantitative PCR revealed CsPtc1 mRNA expressed in brain,liver,heart,gill,intestines,spleen,gonad and kidney,with expression level in testis significantly higher than in ovary.In testis,hybridization signals were mainly detected in primary spermatocytes,secondary spermatocytes,and sertoli cells,while weak signals were found in oocytes.Correspondingly,the degree of methylation is higher in female than in male and pseudomale.Results indicate that CsPtc1 may be involved in Desert Hedgehog（DHH） maintenance of the male and pseudo-male germ line and spermatogenesis.

Characterization of the cyp19a1a gene from a BAC sequence in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and analysis of its conservation among teleosts

The cyp19ala gene encodes an aromatase that plays a key role in sex differentiation of the gonad. The first bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） sequence of half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus sernilaeuis） containing the intact cyp19ala gene was reported and the conservation and synteny of the cyp19ala gene among teleosts were analyzed in the study. The BAC is 107 367 bp in size, with an overall guanine-cytosine （GC） content of 43.44%, and contains 4.38% transposable elements. Nine genes were predicted, including seven functional genes and two hypothetical genes. The cyp19ala gene of all tested teleosts has nine exons and eight introns, and potential binding sites flanking the transcriptional start site are conserved. The ex- pression pattern among teleosts is also similar during ovarian differentiation. Synteny analysis revealed a conserved gene cluster PKH4B-SL9A5-FHOD3-CEBPG-CEBPA among teleosts. These findings suggest that, among teleosts, cyp19ala genes not only have similar genomic structures, but also have conserved function- s. The genomic environment of cyp19ala in tongue sole is not universal in teleosts, reflecting the particular evolution of tongue sole cyp19ala after it diverged from the other teleosts.

Development of 57 Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers in Half-Smooth Tongue Sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

Half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a promising species for aquaculture in China.The wild population of C. semilaevis is under threat from environmental factors. Microsatellite markers are very suitable for assessing genetic diversity. Four microsatellite-enriched libraries of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were constructed,from which 57 polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and characterized.The polymorphism of these microsatellites was assessed by genotyping in 30 individual fish.The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 4.614 alleles per locus.The values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.1000 to 1.0000 and from 0.0966 to 0.8847 respectively. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.0905 to 0.862.These markers would be useful for population structure assessment,genetic linkage map construction and parentage analysis for this species.

Comparative Water Efficiency Analysis of Sole and Multiple Cropping Systems under Tunnel Farming in Punjab-Pakistan

Water scarcity is the growing concern of present times, requiring its efficient utilization deemed as necessity. Rapidly growing population has significantly exerted pressure on its demand, in Pakistan. In order to fulfill it, all factors of production are required to be used in the possibly most efficient way. Good quality and quantity of water are the growing concerns of producers in Pakistan and around the globe. The efficient water utilization is crucial to optimize the farm returns under the selected sole and multiple cropping systems. This study considered the water efficiency analysis of multiple and sole cropping systems, with the aim of finding out cropping patterns more efficient in terms of water utilization in Pakistan. In order to estimate the water efficiency analysis, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is run to find out the water efficient cropping systems among sole and multiple cropping systems. The Tobit analysis is also used to find out the factors affecting the water efficiency of selected farms in the study area. The results of the study report an inefficient water usage in terms of irrigation, the inefficient use of water instigates the wastage of one of the most important as well as scarce farm inputs especially water, in case of multiple cropping system. Around 51% and 13% of water inefficiency are present under multiple and sole cropping systems, respectively. Basin irrigation is the method for irrigation, used by the farmers of the study area approximating to be 95% - 97%. It is one of the most conventional and least efficient methods of irrigation. Only 2.67 and 4.67 percent of farms were using the Furrow irrigation method, which is way more efficient and steady as compared to Basin irrigation method, respectively. It appears as a requirement that the most efficient methods regarding water application in Pakistan should be recognized. Lack of management in water application on both selected cropping systems resulted in over utilization of water and depletion of one of the fundamental natural resource. In order to overcome the inefficiency in water management, farmers’ farming knowledge, adoption of new irrigation techniques, efficient application of inputs is needed.