Spatial-temporal distribution and geochemistry of highly evolved Mesozoic granites in Great Xing’an Range,NE China:Discriminant criteria and geological significance

Highly evolved granite is an important sign of the mature continent crust and closely associated with deposits of rare metals.In this work,the authors undertake systematically zircon U-Pb ages and whole rock elemental data for highly evolved granitic intrusions from the Great Xing’an Range(GXR),NE China,to elucidate their discriminant criteria,spatial-temporal distribution,differentiation and geodynamic mecha-nism.Geochemical data of these highly evolved granites suggest that high w(SiO_(2))(>70%)and differentiation index(DI>88)could be quantified indicators,while strong Eu depletion,high TE_(1,3),lowΣREE and low Zr/Hf,Nb/Ta,K/Rb could only be qualitative indicators.Zircon U-Pb ages suggest that the highly evolved gran-ites in the GXR were mainly formed in Late Mesozoic,which can be divided into two major stages:Late Ju-rassic-early Early Cretaceous(162-136 Ma,peak at 138 Ma),and late Early Cretaceous(136-106 Ma,peak at 126 Ma).The highly evolved granites are mainly distributed in the central-southern GXR,and display a weakly trend of getting younger from northwest to southeast,meanwhile indicating the metallogenic potential of rare metals within the central GXR.The spatial-temporal distribution,combined with regional geological data,indicates the highly evolved Mesozoic granites in the GXR were emplaced in an extensional environ-ment,of which the Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous extension was related to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and roll-back of the Paleo-Pacific Plate,while the late Early Cretaceous extension was mainly related to the roll-back of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

Spatial-Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Limiting Factors of Medium-low Yield Farmland in Tianjin

[Objective] This paper aimed to understand the area change and distribu- tion of medium-low yield farmland, and offered basis to the improvement of mediumlow farmland and its increase of grain production in Tianjin. [Method] Based on the statistical date of Tianjin and its relevant counties and districts, the yield standard was set up to classify high-yield, medium-yield and low-yield farmland in Tianjin. The author analyzed area change of medium-low yield farmland in six agricultural counties and districts （including Jixian County, Wuqing District, Baodi District, Ninghe County, Jinghai County and Dagang district of Binghai New Area） from 1980 to 2010. [Result] The results showed that the average yield of grain rose from 2 445 kg/hm^2 in 1980 to 5 130 kg/hm^2 in 2010, increasing 109.82%. The area of mediumlow yield farmland was reduced from 291 250.13 hm^2 in 1985 to 76 489.87 hm^2 in 2010, coming down 74%. In Tianjin, the area of medium-low yield farmland of 2010 accounted for 19% of the total farmland, of which the ratios of medium-low yield farmland of Jinghai County, Jixian County, Dagang district of Binghai New Area, Wuqing District, Baodi District and Ninghe County were 43.12%, 18.59%, 17.23%, 14.01%, 7.05% and 0, respectively. Low soil nutrient content, drought and water shortage, as well as soil salinization were the main yield limiting factors to mediumlow yield farmland in Tianjin in 2010. [Conclusion] The countermeasures to improve the medium-low yield farmland were proposed, involving enhancing the investment of the government, strengthening the construction of water conservancy infrastructure, further improving the soil fertility, as well as saline and alkaline land, optimizing the farming system and planting drought and salt tolerance crops, etc.

The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Meteorological Disasters in the Southwest Region of Zhejiang Province during 1953-2022

Meteorological disasters are some of the most serious and costly natural disasters, which have larger effects on economic and social activity. Liuchun Lake is an ecotourism area in the southwest region of Zhejiang province, where also has experienced meteorological disasters including rainstorm and cold wave. Understanding the temporal-spatial characteristics of meteorological disasters is important for the local tourism and economic development. Based on the daily temperature and precipitation from 18 meteorological stations in the southwest of Zhejiang province during 1953-2022 and some statistical approaches, the temporal and spatial characteristics of meteorological disasters (Freezing, Rainstorm, Cold wave) are analyzed. The results indicate that 1) Rainstorm occurred frequently around the Liuchun lake, the frequency was about 8 times/a, it can also reach about 3 times/a in the other region. Freezing and cold wave (including strong cold wave and extremely cold wave) had the same spatial distribution as rainstorm, however, except for Liuchun lake, they occurred less than one time in the other regions;2) The trend of rainstorm had larger spatial difference, it increased in all the study area, but it increased more significantly around the study area than around Liuchun lake. Freezing was on the downtrend in the whole region, with 93.3% of the stations passed the 95% significant level. Cold wave also showed a declined trend, but it was insignificantly at most of the stations, only 33% of the stations passed the 90% significant level. Compared with cold wave, strong cold wave and extremely strong cold wave had weaker decline in all the regions. In general, from 1953 to 2022 rainstorm showed an increasing trend, it was the main meteorological disaster in the study area, cold wave displayed a decreasing trend, but it still occurred about 2 - 3 times/a in most regions.

The Spatial-Temporal Distribution Patterns of Dyke Swarms in Central Asia and their Tectonic Significance: Case Studies in Eastern Tianshan and Western Junggar

Dykes are a special kind of intrusive rocks which were formed by deep magma intruded into the existing brittle fractures in the crust.Dykes swarms in different tectonic environments are very significant to re-construct the

Comparative Study and Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Regolith and Rock Geochemical Data from Xingmeng-North China

1 Introduction Geochemical mapping at national and continental scales continues to present challenges worldwide due to variations in geologic and geotectonic units.Use of the proper sampling media can provide rich information on

The Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Rainstorm Disaster in Sichuan Province over the Past Decade

The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of rainstorm disaster in Sichuan Province were investigated by statistical analysis method based on 2002-2015 rainstorm disaster data of Sichuan Province. As shown by the results, the rainstorm disaster in Sichuan Province was distributed mainly in four regions including Liangshan Prefecture and Sichuan Basin during 2002-2015, and the rainstorm disaster distribution had a good corresponding relationship with the rainstorm center regions;in terms of annual variation trend, the variation of rainstorm disaster frequency showed a significant quasi-2-3-year oscillation period;in terms of monthly distribution, June, July and August saw the heaviest rainstorms;the high death toll from rainstorms was attributed to not only routine rainfall, occurrence time and terrain feature, but also the populace’s awareness of disaster prevention and the disaster prevention measures they adopted. The research result has important significance to improve the pertinence and practicability of decision-making meteorological services.

Study on Temporal-spatial Distribution of Heavy Rain and Rainstorm in Different Functional Areas of Chongqing

To discuss response ability of five functional areas to rainstorm flood in Chongqing,by taking 8 districts（ counties） as research object,monthly occurrence times of heavy rain and rainstorm in different functional areas over the years and appearance month of the maximum rainfall were conducted statistics. Results showed that frequency distribution of heavy rain in whole year in different functional areas was different,but it was similar in the same functional zone. Temporal-spatial distribution of rainstorm was more independent,and there were different performances in various districts of each functional area. In urban functional core area and urban functional expansion area,rainstorm times was more,and the maximum precipitation was larger. In urban development new district,rainstorm times and the maximum precipitation were relatively smaller in whole Chongqing. In ecological conservation development area of northeast Chongqing,rainstorm duration was longer,and we needed prevention and control during June- September. In ecological protection area of southeast Chongqing,although rainstorm occurrence times was the most in Chongqing,the heavy rainstorm was less.

Spatial-temporal Evolvement Characteristics of Climate Productivity for the Plants on Inner Mongolia Desert Steppe

Thornthwaite Memorial model and other statistic methods were used to calculate the climate-productivity of plants with the meteorological data from 1961 to 2007 at 9 stations distributed on Inner Mongolia desert steppe.The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of climate-productivity were analyzed by using the methods of the tendency rate of the climate trend,accumulative anomaly,and spatial difference and so on.The results showed that the climate-productivity kept linear increased trend over Inner Mongolia desert steppe in recent 47 years,but not significant.In spatial distribution,the climate-productivity reduced with the increased latitude.The climate-productivity in southwest part of Inner Mongolia desert steppe was growing while that in the southeast was reducing.The variation rate of the climate-productivity increased from the northwest part to the southeast part of Inner Mongolia desert steppe.In recent 47 years,the climate-productivity in southeast Jurh underwent the greatest decreasing extent,and the region was the sensitive area of the climate-productivity variation.

Analysis on Features of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Thunderstorm in Shanghai

Based in 11 daily weather observation station data in Shanghai from 1971 to 2008,a careful research and analysis on the features of thunderstorms spatial and temporal distribution and thunderstorm movement in Shanghai was carried out by using the statistical software of SAS,the method of Mann-Kendall test and wavelets. The results showed that the average annual numbers of thunderstorms days were 26.1,and inter-annual thunderstorm variability was obvious,the annual number of thunderstorm days had a decreasing trend,its value of decreasing days was about-0.418 5 d/10 a. Mann-Kendall test showed that there was an abrupt change in 2000. The seasonal variation of thunderstorm in Shanghai was explicit. The period from March to September was the season when thunderstorm occurred most frequently,about 64.9% of the thunderstorms in a year took place in summer. The results from wavelets analysis showed that the variation cycle period of the annual number of thunderstorms days was about 3,5,12 and 20 years.

Spatial and Temporal Distributions and Sources of Anthropogenic NMVOCs in the Atmosphere of China:A Review

As the key precursors of O_(3),anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs)have been studied intensively.This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs,their roles in photochemical reactions,and their sources in China,based on published research.The results showed that both nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs)in China have higher mixing ratios in the eastern developed cities compared to those in the central and western areas.Alkanes are the most abundant NMHCs species in all reported sites while formaldehyde is the most abundant among the OVOCs.OVOCs have the highest mixing ratios in summer and the lowest in winter,which is opposite to NMHCs.Among all NMVOCs,the top eight species account for 50%−70%of the total ozone formation potential(OFP)with different compositions and contributions in different areas.In devolved regions,OFP-NMHCs are the highest in winter while OFP-OVOCs are the highest in summer.Based on positive matrix factorization(PMF)analysis,vehicle exhaust,industrial emissions,and solvent usage in China are the main sources for NMHCs.However,the emission trend analysis showed that solvent usage and industrial emissions will exceed vehicle exhaust and become the two major sources of NMVOCs in near future.Based on the meta-analysis conducted in this work,we believe that the spatio-temporal variations and oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric OVOCs,as well as generating a higher spatial resolution of emission inventories of NMVOCs represent an area for future studies on NMVOCs in China.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Au and Pb-Zn Mineralization:Phenomenon,Mechanism and Implication

In the 1990s, some median-large gold deposits have been discovered in several lead-zinc metallogenetic belts (e.g. the Qinling lead-zinc metallogenetic belt, Shanxi Province and Gansu Province and the Qingchengzi lead-zinc ore field, Liaoning Province) in China. Gold deposits and lead-zinc deposits spatially co-exist in the same tectonic setting; lead-zinc orebodies are commonly located below gold ore bodies. The host rocks of lead-zinc ore-bodies are conformably overlain by those of gold ore bodies. The age of gold mineralization is obviously younger than that of lead-zinc mineralization. Preliminary geochemical research has demonstrated the following: lead-zinc mineralization took place in a marine sedimentary-exhalative system, which had the characteristics of a high fluid/rock ratio, a high salinity and a high halide activity; meanwhile, most of gold was transported into the low-temperature hydrothermal plume and primarily enriched in sediments. During later (magmatism-) metamorphism- tectonism, gold was remobilized and transported into the metamorphic fluid which had the characteristics of medium- high temperatures, a low fluid/rock ratio and a low activity of halide, and precipitated at a favourable structural site. Therefore, the co-existence of gold and lead-zinc deposits and the separation of gold from lead-zinc result from the differences of chemical composition and circulation of ore fluids in the same tectonic unit. This phenomenon can be used as an important criterion in exploration.

Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Regional Extreme Low Temperature Events in China during 1960-2009

An objective identification technique is used to detect regional extreme low temperature events （RELTE） in China during 1960-2009. Their spatial-temporal characteristics are analyzed. The results indicate that the lowest temperatures of RELTE, together with the frequency distribution of the geometric latitude center, exhibit a double-peak feature. The RELTE frequently happen near the geometric area of 30°N and 42°N before the mid-1980s, but shifted afterwards to 30°N. During 1960-2009, the frequency~ intensity, and the maximum impacted area of RELTE show overall decreasing trends. Due to the contribution of RELTE, with long duratioh and large spatial range, which account for 10% of the total RELTE, there is a significant turning point in the late 1980s. A change to a much more steady state after the late 1990s is identified. In addition, the integrated indices of RELTE are classified and analyzed.

Spatial-temporal Variation Characteristics of Sunshine Duration in China and Its Influence Factors

Sunshine duration has an important impact on agriculture.In order to study the temporal and spatial variation of sunshine duration in China under the background of climate change,based on the observation data of 2089 national meteorological stations during 1961-2017,trend analysis,mutation analysis,partial correlation analysis,and Mann-Kendall mutation analysis were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of sunshine duration in different regions of China,and the influence of main climatic factors and human activities.The results showed that:the sunshine duration in China showed a significant decreasing trend with a rate of-45.8 h/10 a,and the sunshine duration in 7 regions of Northwestern China,Northern China,Northeastern China,Center China,Eastern China,Southern China,and Southwestern China also showed a significant decrease.The spatial distribution of sunshine duration in China was characterized by"less in the south and more in the north",and the sunshine duration in the northern region was significantly higher than those in the southern region.The sunshine duration in Tibet,Qinghai,Gansu and west Inner Mongolia was higher,while it was obviously lower in Sichuan Basin.Through M-K mutation test analysis,it was found that sunshine duration in the whole country decreased significantly,but there was no mutation station,while mutation occurred at 1989 in Southwestern China,1983 in Northwestern China,1985 in Northeastern China.Seasonally,there was the highest sunshine duration in summer,followed by spring,autumn,and winter;the decline rate was also the highest in summer,followed by autumn,winter,and spring.Sunshine duration had a highly negative correlation with total cloud amount,visibility,haze,and precipitation,while had a strongly positive correlation with wind speed,and had no significant correlation with fog.

Yellow River Valley flood and drought disaster：spatial－temporal distribution prediction and early－warning

By means of analysing the historical data of flood-drought grade series in the past 2000 years(A.D.0-1900),especially in the last 5000 years (1470-1900) , this paper revealed the spatial-temporaldistribution features of severe flood and drought in Yellow River Valley. Statistical methods of varianceanalysis, probability transition and the principles of scale correspondence were employed tocomprehensively predicate 90's tendency of severe flood and drought in the Yellow River Valley. In addi-tion, this paper pointed out the possible breaching dikes, sectors and the flooding ranges by future's se-vere flood, meanwhile estimating the associated economic losses and impact to environment.

The Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Evolution of City Accessibility Based on Highway Network in Henan Province in China

Accessibility is an important tool to evaluate the maturity of a regional traffic network structure which describes the traffic convenience in the traffic network. The paper defines a new accessibility index by using the resident population weighted average value of the sum of inverse of the traveling time distance and time threshold coming from ordinary traffic network, and then uses this accessibility index to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of Henan highway network, as well as its evolution patterns from 2005 to 2020. The results show that with the expansion and improvement of Henan highway network, city accessibility level has been significantly improved, spatial convergence is obvious, the cities in the north central are always High-High aggregation area, the cities in the south are always Low-Low aggregation area, gradually forming the characteristics of Northwest high and Southeast low, relative balance between East and West. There is some non-conforming phenomenon in highway mileage growth and improvement of the city accessibility levels, but this situation is being weakened, the highway network layout is gradually rationalized, the spatial distribution of city accessibility and that of population are beginning to converge.

LAWS GOVERNING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD-ZINC DEPOSITS IN CHINA

An attempt is made in this paper to describe the following laws governing the distribution of lead-zinc deposits in China: spatial distribution laws, temporal distribution laws, deep level control laws, and deposits association and zoning laws.

沿江城市降雨特性及雨洪关系分析——以四川泸州市为例

沿江城市气候多变,外洪和内涝之间关系复杂,相互影响、相互制约,洪涝统筹是沿江城市面临的最主要问题。分析掌握沿江城市的暴雨、洪水特征,可提前预测不同降雨条件下河道洪水的特性及其对城区排涝的影响,对于城市防洪系统和排涝系统统筹兼顾、合理规划、洪涝预报预警,都具有重要意义。以四川泸州市为例,对暴雨时空分布特征、洪水特征规律等进行了分析探讨,以期为新形势下沿江城市防洪减灾体系建设提供参考。

基于流形学习算法的降雨数据时空分布特征提取及重构

【目的】掌握精细化的降雨时空分布特征,对于城市洪涝风险管理水平的提高具有重要的意义。我国近十几年降雨监测站网密集且数据精细程度高,但时间序列较短;历史降雨资料时间序列长,但是精细程度低。【方法】为了更有效地利用历史降雨资料,将流形学习算法引入到历史降雨资料重构中,从高分辨率降雨资料中,提取降雨的时空分别特征,基于该特征,将历史逐6 h的降雨空间数据重构为逐1 h的降雨数据,以满足城市洪涝风险分析的要求。【结果】结果表明,该方法重构数据高值区与实测值的平均误差在15%以内,低值区在20%以内,比传统插值处理的数据高值区误差降低了45%~85%,低值区降低了10%~40%。【结论】利用流形学习算法重构的历史空间降雨数据符合各地区降雨时空分布特征,可提高降雨空间数据颗粒度,实现降雨时空分布精细化特征的有效、合理的提取和总结。

城市化背景下合肥暴雨时空演变和水汽输送特征

[目的]研究城市化背景下合肥暴雨事件的演变、水汽输送来源,可以为当地暴雨预报和制定适应性防灾减灾政策提供科学依据。[方法]利用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall非平稳性检验、GIS空间插值等多种方法探究合肥暴雨事件的时空分布,在此基础上基于拉格朗日方法的后向轨迹HYSPLIT模式对暴雨水汽输送特征进行分析。[结果](1)合肥城市热岛强度呈上升趋势(0.266℃/10 a),不透水面持续增多,增幅达4.99%。城—郊暴雨月分布呈单峰型,大尺度年际变化具有不对称性,城市暴雨雨量和暴雨日数增多,暴雨强度减少,减少趋势1.7 mm/(10 a·d);郊区暴雨雨量和日数减少,暴雨强度增多,线性趋势1.1 mm/(10 a·d)。暴雨强度大值区空间分布从城区向郊区扩展。暴雨事件均发生由少到多的突变。(2)城市化对下风向区暴雨事件存在增加效应,暴雨雨量和日数分别增多26.84 mm/10 a和0.11 d/10 a,且快速发展阶段的城市化效应比缓慢阶段更显著,城市化影响对暴雨雨量、暴雨日数的正贡献度分别为41.2%和50.1%。(3)暴雨异常偏多年份,来自印度洋、孟加拉湾—中国南海和西太平洋的水汽输送贡献分别占总水汽的44%,64%和54%,且源自西南方向的水汽气团初始高度较低、比湿大,是暴雨过程的主要水汽来源。[结论]合肥城郊暴雨事件年际变化的不对性在城市化快速发展阶段更显著,未来应加强对城市化快速发展阶段暴雨事件变化机理的研究。

“23.7”华北特大暴雨过程小时强降水时空分布特征

由于西北太平洋副热带高压、2023年第5号台风“杜苏芮”、第6号台风“卡努”等共同作用,2023年7月29日08时—8月2日08时(北京时)华北地区发生极端特大暴雨,造成了重大社会影响。利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的国家级气象站逐小时降水资料,分析了此次特大暴雨过程中的小时强降水(Hourly Heavy Rainfall,HHR)时空分布特征,并对不同历时类型强降水事件(Heavy Rainfall Event,HRE)的统计特征进行了对比。结果表明:1)此次特大暴雨HHR强度高、局地性明显,其对总降水量的贡献超过20%,北京西部、河北中部和西南部等太行山东麓为HHR降水量大值区和降水频次活跃区,双台风将水汽源源不断地输送到华北平原,受到太行山等山脉阻挡抬升,利于HHR增幅和持续。2)HHR降水量、降水频次经历6次峰值后减弱,其中第3次峰值时段的HHR降水量最大、降水频次最多、持续时间最长;而在“杜苏芮”残涡螺旋影响、暖式切变线和偏东风影响以及偏南或西南急流影响的3个主要降水阶段中,“杜苏芮”残涡螺旋影响阶段HHR最为活跃,共发生257次HHR,HHR最大降水量达73.5 mm。3)在3种类型HRE中,长历时(>12 h)最多,占比54.5%,短历时(1~6 h)次之,占比32.9%,中历时(7~12 h)最少,占比12.6%;长历时HRE降水量多>180 mm,短历时、中历时HRE的降水量多为[20,60)mm;HRE的最大降水量表现为短历时<中历时<长历时,而最大降水强度表现正相反,3种历时HRE的最大小时降水量多为[20,30)mm。4)不同类型HRE降水量、频次和平均降水强度的空间分布显示,长历时HRE因频次高于短历时和中历时,加之历时长,其降水量也高于后两种类型,北京、河北等地是长历时HRE降水量和频次大值区。