Mechanistic insight into the gut microbiome and its interaction with host immunity and inflammation

The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia.These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival.The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion,absorption,and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated.Additionally,commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity.This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice,which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria.Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host emicrobial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction.This paper reviews some of these key studies,with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development,nonspecific immunity,specific immunity,and inflammation.

Specific cellular immune responses in mice immunized with DNA,adeno-associated virus and adenoviral vaccines of Epstein-Barr virus-LMP2 alone or in combination

Cellular immune responses,particularly those associated with CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL),are critical factors in controlling viral infection.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with persistent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.NPC vaccine studies have focused on enhancing specific antiviral CTL responses.In this study,three vaccines capable of expressing the EBV-latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) (a DNA vector,an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector,and a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector) were respectively used to immunize female Balb/c mice (4-6 weeks old) at weeks 0,2 and 4,either alone or in combination.Our results suggest that combined immunization with DNA,AAV,and adenovirus vector vaccines induced specific cellular immunity more effectively than any of these vectors alone or a combination of two of the three,constituting a sound vaccine strategy for the prevention and treatment of NPC.

Antitumor immune responses induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy:a narrative review

The immune system has the function of immune surveillance to resist the occurrence and development of tumors,and is essential for inhibition of tumor metastasis.Nevertheless,tumor cells can still suppress immune responses through multiple mechanisms to escape recognition and elimination.Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy involve systemic or local use of sensitizers followed by light or ultrasound treatment of the affected area,leading to tumor cell death by various mechanisms.The capability of the immune system is essentially affected by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy.To understand the tumor therapeutic mechanisms of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy and to explore the use of these modalities for improvement of the antitumor immune effect,extensive preclinical and clinical studies have been carried out.Besides direct killing of tumors,photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy also cause inflammatory reactions,achieve antitumor immune responses,and potentially prevent tumor recurrence,thereby treating both primary and metastatic tumors.In this review,we summarize the antitumor immune responses induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy,describe the processes of the antitumor immune responses in detail,and discuss the clinical applications of the resulting antitumor immunity.