Stabilization of Spent Grains by Composting: Case of the BB Brewery in Lomé(Togo)

Brewery grains have a long history in animal feed. This use in animal feed nevertheless poses a problem, that of bad odors due to the sometimes too long shelf life of spent grains. The objective of this work is to recover spent grains from the BB brewery in Lomé by composting in order to stabilize them. A compost based solely on spent grains was produced after 5 months. The physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterizations at the end of the composting process revealed that the compost obtained has interesting properties with a pH = 7.01;a C/N ratio of 13.7 and a low level of heavy metals (Pb = 1.23 mg/kg, Cd = 0.04 mg/kg etc.).

Production and Evaluation of the Nutritional and Functional Qualities of “Adakwa” Enriched with Waste Biomass of Traditional Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Functional Staple Food

Brewers’ spent grains constitute a nutrient-rich valuable and highly under-utilized by-product of the beer industry produced in large amounts all through the year. This bio-resource is a very good candidate for valorization, due to environmental and economic concerns, using biotechnological processing, particularly for food enrichment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of fortification of Adakwa with traditional brewers’ spent grains (TBSG) on its physicochemical and nutritional properties as well as its acceptability using an experimental design. Four (4) samples of Adakwa were produced with TBSG incorporated rates of 0% (control sample), 10%, 20%, and 30% and evaluated. Using an experimental design, the effect of process parameters, including the TBSG incorporation rate, cooking time, and cooking temperatures on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the Adakwa were evaluated while the 9-point hedonic scale was used to evaluate the sensory properties and its overall acceptability: carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, cellulose, polyphenol, antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH). The water absorption activity values were 81.2 ± 0.04, 4.55 ± 0.05, 9.73 ± 0.23, 3.31 ± 0.05, 6.73 ± 0.23, 1.60 ± 0.09, 28.85 ± 0.8 and 117 ± 3.54 respectively for 0% TBSG (control);86.8 ± 0.01, 1.81± 0.20, 16.22 ± 0.16, 5.54 ± 0.69, 6.01 ± 0.16, 6.59 ± 0.03, 25.89 ± 0.94 and 475.0 ± 21.21 respectively for 30% TBSG. The sample with a high nutrient content was further produced using a central composite design and the factors studied were temperature and time, with responses, crude fiber, and FRAP content. The optimum production condition was: % TBSG: 47.06%;temperature: 123.17℃;Time: 30.34 mins. The sample with 47% TBSG had the best overall acceptability after sensory evaluation with sensory scores of: 5.45 ± 0.76, 7.9 ± 0.79, 8.0 ± 1.0, 7.10 ± 0.16, 8.5 ± 1.6, 7.6 ± 0.98 for color, taste, aroma, mouthfeel, texture and overall acceptability respectively. Thus TBSG can be used to improve the physicochemical and nutritional properties of adakwa.

Properties of Bacillus species Cellulase Produced Using Cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) as Substrate

The properties of extracellular cellulase obtained from Bacillus species (FIIRO Strain B223) on supplying cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) were studied. Generally, a crude cellulase activity between 11,757 Units to 13,930 Units was observed for both sources of carbon (BSG and crystalline cellulose). The optimum pH and temperature of 5.0, and 30°C - 40°C for both sources of carbon was observed. Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and iron inhibited the activities of B223 cellulase while the cellulase activities on alkaline earth metal (manganese) were moderate. The co-factor behaviour of manganese ion was also established. Local production of cellulase in Nigeria using local raw materials such as Brewers Spent Grain reduces enzyme cost;cost of finished products and increases gross domestic products.

Agricultural Supply-side Reform on the Loess Plateau

THE Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province has traditionally been a poverty-stricken area.Local farmers would grow grains like winter wheat and spring corn,and every July,August,and September plow the fields and collect rain water.The plateau featured desolate scenery with dry,powdery,wind-blown soil,with barely a trace of green.

Efficient Protein-based Bait Formulation for Attraction and Feeding Response of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Myanmar

Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.

Identifi cation and characterization of a novel tetrapeptide from enzymatic hydrolysates of Baijiu byproduct

In order to prepare angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptides,distilled spent grains of Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu were hydrolyzed by alcalase followed by papain under optimized conditions.A superior ACE inhibitory peptide was separated and purifi ed by ultrafi ltration and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),and its amino acid sequence was further identified as Gln-Gly-Val-Pro(QGVP)by electrospray mass spectrometry(ESI-MS).QGVP formed 6 hydrogen bonds with the active site of ACE,which is responsible for reducingα-helix structure content of ACE causing subsequent inactivation.M oreover,it showed no significant cytotoxicity toward human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs),a nd signifi cantly i nduced phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(p-e NOS)and decreased endothelin 1(END1)expression in angiotensin I(Ang I)-treated HUVECs,demonstrating the potential antihypertensive effect.The peptide QGVP hydrolyzed from distilled spent grain proteins of Chinese strong-fl avor Baijiu was expected to be used as a food ingredient to prevent or co-treat hypertension with other chemical drugs.

Adsorptive removal of As(Ⅲ) ions from water using spent grain modified by polyacrylamide

In order to enhance the removal efficiency of As（III）, a pre-oxidation process is generally applied first to convert As（III） to As（V）, which may cause unwanted new contaminants. To overcome this problem, efforts were made to develop an effective way to remove As（III）directly without an oxidation step. The effect of polyacrylamide polymers（PAMs） such as anionic PAM, cationic PAM and nonionic PAM, on As（III） ion adsorption by spent grain（SG）was investigated. The physico-chemical properties of the three PAM-polymerized SGs（APSG（anionic PAM-polymerized modified spent grain）, CPSG（cationic PAM-polymerized spent grain） and NPSG（nonionic PAM-polymerized spent grain）） were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared（FT-IR）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） and zeta potential.Batch experimental data showed that the sequence of preferential adsorption for As（III） was APSG 〉 CPSG 〉 NPSG. Active functional groups such as amino group（NH2）, carbonyl group（C_O）, C–N bond of the amide group（CONH2）, and hydroxyl group（O–H） were responsible for As（III） adsorption. Many tubular structures occurring on the surface of APSG possibly increase the specific surface areas and favor the adsorption of As（III） ions. A fixed-bed study was carried out by using APSG as an adsorbent for As（III） from water. Three factors such as bed height, initial concentration and flow rate were studied, and breakthrough curves of As（III） were obtained. The Adams–Bohart model was used to analyze the experimental data and the model parameters were evaluated.