Spillover effects and incentive initiatives of green behavior

Spillover effects play a crucial role in hindering the effective implementation of green behavior.Whether it pertains to enterprises or individuals,engaging in green behavior often leads to increased costs.However,the benefits derived from green behavior cannot be fully recouped but rather spill over and benefit other non-green entities,thereby undermining the incentives for companies or individuals to engage in green practices.The study categorizes the spillover effects of corporate green investment into three aspects based on the channels through which they occur:environmental spillover,inter-industry spillover(vertical spillover),and intra-industry spillover(horizontal spillover).While these three spillover mechanisms work in tandem with green behavior,existing literature has predominantly focused on the "free-rider " effect of environmental spillover and horizontal spillover,neglecting the impact of vertical spillover.Additionally,this paper provides a comprehensive review of measures aimed at incentivizing corporate green investment.Current government-level measures often overlook the multifaceted nature of spillover effects stemming from green behavior and the factors influencing corporate decision-making in this regard,resulting in various limitations and deficiencies.The paper argues that,besides relying solely on direct interventions from external actors such as the government or society,a more significant emphasis should be placed on enhancing the role of enterprises as a fundamental approach.This involves fostering the endogenous capacity of enterprises to generate green investment and facilitating a beneficial interaction that respects corporate autonomy.Consequently,policymakers should consider multiple dimensions of spillover effects and design appropriate mechanisms that leverage the inherent capabilities of enterprises,thus stimulating green investment.This approach represents a crucial area for future research that warrants further in-depth inve stigation.

Research on the Spillover Effects of Digital Transformation on the Sustainable Growth of Green Schools

The development of society and the advancement of science and technology have led to the widespread integration of digital transformation in the field of education.However,the current establishment of green schools faces various challenges,including non-environmental building facilities,high renovation costs,low organizational management efficiency,high energy consumption,outdated office tools,and insufficient environmental awareness among teachers and students.Through thorough research and analysis,it becomes evident that digital technology can play a pivotal role in addressing these challenges and contribute to all aspects of green school establishment.The incorporation of digital thinking concepts is essential for the construction of ecologically civilized campuses and inclusive innovation.The process of digital design and transformation proves instrumental in optimizing both software and hardware facilities within the campus,thereby reducing energy consumption.Simultaneously,comprehensive digital teaching management enhances overall efficiency in management and service delivery.Innovative digital teaching and learning models emerge as transformative tools,providing new avenues to create low-carbon,green classrooms for both teachers and students.By exploring the application of digital transformation in establishing green schools and examining the resulting spillover effects,valuable insights can be gained.These insights,in turn,serve as reference points for building diversified digital technology paths on campus and fostering the creation of green schools.

Low-carbon technology innovation responding to climate change from the perspective of spatial spillover effects

China's technological efforts to tackle climate change have lasted for many years. It is necessary to test the effect of these efforts with quantitative method. To be exact, whether and how China's low-carbon technology innovation responds to climate change should be tested. Based on the2004-2015 panel data of 30 provinces in China, we use the method of ESDA analyzing the spatial correlation of China's low-carbon innovation technology. Furthermore, we use the spatial Durbin model empirically analyzing the spatial spillover effects. The results obtained are as follows: first,supply and demand of Chinese low-carbon innovation has some deviation in the spatial distribution. The low-carbon technology innovation as the supply factor shows the characteristics of expanding from the east to the west. Innovation in eastern China has always been the most active, but innovative activities in the middle and western China are gradually decreased.However, carbon emissions have the characteristics of moving westward, implying the change of technology demand different from technology supply. Second, China's low-carbon innovation actively responds to the trend of climate change, indicating China's technological efforts have paid off. However, the spatial spillover effects are not significant, showing that the efforts in each region of China still work for himself. Third, environmental regulation and market pull are important factors for low-carbon technology innovation. Among them, both supporting policy and inhibitory policy have significant impact on the local low-carbon technology innovation, but no significant spatial spillover effects. It shows that environmental policies in different regions are competitive and lack of demonstration effects. Economic growth and export as market pull have higher level of effect on low-carbon technology innovation for both local and adjacent areas.Some policy implications are proposed based on these results finally.

Spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure on regional economic growth

Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to 2003,a spatial production function is applied to examine the spatial spillovers which can be generated as a positive output spillover from the transport infrastructure between neighboring cities.Some spatial weighted matrices are adopted to define different neighboring cities to measure how easily factors or economic activities can migrate between regions.The estimation results show that the output elasticity of the highway infrastructure in 11 cities are all insignificant at a 5% significance level;hence,highway infrastructure in a region cannot explain the same region's economic growth.On the other hand,the highway infrastructure of other contiguous regions has positive spillover effects on a same region's economic growth.

Electricity Consumption and Spillover Effects A Dynamic Panel Data Approach

The paper intends to analyze economic factors that influence electricity consumption in the OECD economies. A special interest in this context is given to spillover effects of trade on electricity consumption. For this purpose, a model is constructed that using a dynamic panel study approach. The model is estimated in a GMM framework in which a dynamic procedure is conducted along the balanced growth path for electricity consumption in each economy. In advance, the long run dynamic behavior of prices, GDP, and trade induced spillover variables is determined. In a further step, the short run dynamic mechanism is pursued by estimating the partial adjustment dynamic coefficient on the target level of electricity consumption. The analysis is conducted for industrial, as well as residential electricity consumption. Alternatively, the same procedure is estimated by the application of a fixed period model. The model provides a benchmark tool for electricity policy decisions and for electricity consumption projections.

Energy consumption,air quality,and air pollution spatial spillover effects:evidence from the Yangtze River Delta of China

Based on analysis of the theoretical impact of energy consumption on air quality,taking 20 heavily polluted cities in the Yangtze River Delta of China as the object,we construct a Spatial Dubin Model,and estimate the effect of energy consumption on air quality and the spatial spillover effects of air pollution.We come to the following conclusions:First,the regional air quality has significant spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity.Second,under three kinds of spatial associated mode,energy consumption has a negative impact on air quality,and the air pollution arising from energy consumption has a negative intra-regional spillover effect.The effect is strongest under the spatial distance weight matrix,followed by the economic distance,and the adjacent spatial weight matrix,which are−0.7926,−0.4547,and−0.4539,respectively.Third,in addition,under the adjacent space and economic distance space matrix,energy consumption has a significant negative effect on air quality,and the inter-regional spillover effects are−0.1513 and−2.5736,respectively.Meanwhile,considering spatial distance and economic development,the inter-regional spillover effect is much larger than is the intra-regional spillover effect.In general,the total spillover effect is at−0.6053 and−3.0284.

FDI and the technological spillover effects: a comparative analysis on the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta

This article calculates the technological spillover effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta through Panel Data, and analyzes the influence on the technological spillover effects of the following factors in these two different areas: human capital, the opening up, R&D and the source of FDI. It makes the conclusion that FDI in different areas has different technological spillover effects and the local governments should make different policies accordingly so as to gain more obvious technology spillover effects.

FDI＇s Spillover Effects on China＇s Growth Quality

Using panel data of 29 regions in China from 1999 to 2007, this paper presents a systematic evaluation of how FDI＇s spillover effects impact the quality of China＇s indigenous econotnic growth, Research outcomes suggest that technology transfers and diffusion have a positive effect on indigenous growth quality. Spitlover effects （mainly competition effect） have primarily negatively affected indigenous growth quality. The effect on indigenous growth quality is positive only in sub-samples with high foreign capital concentration and ,,hen the spillover effect is similar to the technology transfer and diffusion effect brought about by localization. It is also found that technology gaps, foreign capital concentration and value added ratio gaps are important factors affecting the impact of technology transfer and diffusion on indigenous economic growth.

The Spillover Effects of Environmental Regulations:A Perspective of Chinese Unregulated Firms'Tax Burden

Previous studies focus on the direct impacts of environmental regulations while paying less attention to spillover effects.Taking the Eleventh Five-year Plan in China as a quasi-natural experiment,our results show that environmental regulations significantly increase the tax burden of unregulated frms.Environmental regulations generate spillover effects on firms that should not be subjected to regulatory policies.Further channel analysis shows that the fiscal pressure of local governments caused by environmental regulations is a major channel for the increase in the tax burden of unregulated firms.Finally,according to the heterogeneity results,the spillover effects are more pronounced in small firms,non-state-owned enterprises,and provinces with stricter enforcement.Our findings emphasize the additional costs of environmental policies,and the government should consider these costs when formulatingpolicies.

Economic Policy Uncertainty:Cross-Country Linkages and Spillover Effects on Economic Development in Some Belt and Road Countries

With the increase of economic environment uncertainty,it is of great importance to study the linkage and spillover effects of economic policy uncertainty among countries.Especially,this article selects eight countries along the Belt and Road as the core countries(China,Korea,Croatia,India,Russia,Greece,Pakistan,and Singapore)and four countries(Germany,France,Japan,and UK)as the peripheral countries,and then copula technique and mixed-frequency global vector autoregressive model are employed to analyze the correlation and the spillover effect of the economic policy uncertainty(EPU)for the twelve selected countries,respectively.The proposed empirical findings show clearly that the EPU correlation among the eight core Belt and Road countries is stronger and the spillover effect of the core countries to the peripheral countries is statistically significant.As a result,for harmonious and win-win development,the Belt and Road countries should pay a close attention to the EPU,because the stability of the EPU promotes greatly the economy development.

Spillover effects of VAT Self-enforcement properties:Evidence based on the replacement of business tax with VAT reform

In accordance with the purchasing tax-deduction method and the receiptbased value added tax(VAT)system,the same transaction can be recorded by two firms,which creates self-enforcement properties,thereby restraining tax avoidance.Using the Replacement of Business Tax with VAT reform in China,this paper adopts a difference-in-differences design to investigate the spillover effects of VAT self-enforcement properties on corporate income tax avoidance by manually collating information about suppliers/clients of listed firms.As the listed firms’suppliers/clients switch from paying business tax to paying VAT,there is a striking decline in their corporate income tax avoidance behavior.This effect is pronounced in firms with closer upstream and downstream correlations,higher information complexity and stronger incentives for tax avoidance.

Spatial Spillover Effects of the Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Carbon Emission Intensity in Agriculture:An Empirical Study Based on the Panel Data of 282 Cities

The extreme weather caused by the global warming effect has triggered huge losses to agricultural production.A hot issue for governments and scholars is how to effectively reduce carbon emission intensity in agriculture.The agricultural farming practices that are high pollution and high energy cosuming have exacerbated the vulnerability of regional agroecosystems.The sustainable development of agriculture is faced with the two dilemmas of a low utilization rate of green resources and the serious pollution of farmland.Further,environmental and ecological carrying capacities have reached theirlimits,seriouslyhinderingtthe high-quality development of low-carbon agriculture in China.Thus,based on the panel data of 282 cities,the Spatial Dubin Model(SDM)is employed to examine the impact of agricultural mechanization on carbon emission intensity in agriculture.It is found that from 1999 to 2019 carbon emission intensity in agriculture showed an overall downward trend;as of 2019,the agricultural field had completed the target of carbon emission reduction,,oneyear aheadof schedule.From a local perspective,approximately 14.89%6of fagricultural industries in prefecture-level city have still not achieved carbon emission reduction targets,and agricultural carbon emission reduction tasks were better completed in major grain-producing areas than in nonmajor grain-producing areas.Agricultural mechanization has significantly reduced carbonemission intensityyinlocal agriculture production.The impact of agricultural mechanizationoncarbon emission intensity in agriculture has not only a significant negative spatial spillover effect but also a significant effect on spatial carbon emission reduction.Compared with non-major ggrain-producingareas,agricultural mechanization plays a greater role in reducing spatial carbon emissions in major grain-producing areas.Further studies find that agricultural mechanization is conducive to overcome difficulties,such as instability of property rights and land fragmentation,and to achieve large-scale agricultural production,thereby reducing agricultural carbon emissions in nearby regions.However,the transfer of rurallabor,adjustments to the structure of agricultural cultivation,and the centralized use of rural land restrict the development of the crossregional service market for agricultural machinery,which in turn weaken its contribution to spatial carbon emission reduction.At the end of this paper,it is suggested that Chinese governments at all levels should introduce subsidy policies for the cross-regional operation of agricultural machinery to solve the problem of their service market failure.Efforts should be made to stimulate the market to develop more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural machinery products while strictly controlling changes in the use of arableland in non-grain-producing areas,which aims to serve further agricultural mechanization and boost the high-quality development of low-carbon agriculture.

Internal Polarization Field Induced Hydroxyl Spillover Effect for Industrial Water Splitting Electrolyzers

The formation of multiple oxygen intermediates supporting efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are affinitive with hydroxyl adsorption.However,ability of the catalyst to capture hydroxyl and maintain the continuous supply at active sits remains a tremendous challenge.Herein,an affordable Ni2P/FeP2 heterostructure is presented to form the internal polarization field(IPF),arising hydroxyl spillover(HOSo)during OER.Facilitated by IPF,the oriented HOSo from FeP2 to Ni2P can activate the Ni site with a new hydroxyl transmission channel and build the optimized reaction path of oxygen intermediates for lower adsorption energy,boosting the OER activity(242 mV vs.RHE at 100 mA cm-2)for least 100 h.More interestingly,for the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)with low concentration electrolyte,the advantage of HOSo effect is significantly amplified,delivering 1 A cm^(-2)at a low cell voltage of 1.88 V with excellent stability for over 50 h.

Impact of digital economy development on carbon productivity:An empirical analysis based on threshold effect and spatial spillover effect

Utilizing provincial panel data from 2014 to 2020,this study employs a fixed effect model,a threshold effect model,and a spatial lag model to empirically examine the correlation between digital economic development and carbon productivity.The findings indicate that digital economic development significantly contributes to the enhancement of carbon productivity in the long term.Furthermore,through instrumental variable method,replacement of explanatory variables and other methods to test its endogeneity and stability,the results remain robust.In terms of regional heterogeneity,the impact of digital economic development on carbon productivity is less pronounced in the central and western regions compared to the eastern region.Additionally,further investigation reveals that industrial structure upgrading and science and technology investment level exhibit different threshold effects on the influence of digital economy development level on carbon productivity.Moreover,there is a significant spatial spillover effect of digital economy development on carbon productivity with H-H and L-L agglomeration spatial correlation.

Water resource utilization efficiency and spatial spillover effects in China

Based on provincial panel data of water footprint and grey water footprint, and with the help of data envelopment analysis model considering and without considering the unde- sirable output, this paper estimates the water resources utilization efficiency in China from 1997 to 2011. The spatial weighting matrix based on economy-spatial distance function is established to discuss spatial autocorrelation of water resources utilization efficiency. With the help of absolute/3-convergence model, this paper concludes that there exists/%convergence in the water resources utilization efficiency. Under the conditions of considering and without considering the undesirable output, it takes about 52.6 and 5.6 years respectively to achieve the extent of half of convergence. By mean of the spatial Durbin econometric model, this paper studies spatial spillover effects of the provincial water resources utilization efficiency in China. The results are as follows. 1） With considering and without considering the undesir- able output, there is significant spatial correlation in provincial water resource efficiency in China. 2） Under the two cases, the spatial autoregressive coefficients （p） are 0.278 and 0.507 respectively, at 1% significance level. There exist the spatial spillover effects of provin- cial water resources utilization efficiency. 3） With considering the undesirable output, these factors of the education funds, the transportation infrastructure, and the industrial and agri- cultural water consumption proportion have positive impacts. These factors of foreign direct investment, the industry value-added water consumption per ten thousand yuan, per capita water consumption, and the total precipitation have negative impacts. 4） Without considering the undesirable output, the factor of GDP per laborer has a greater positive significant influ- ence on the water resources utilization efficiency. However the facts of industry value-added water consumption in ten thousand yuan and the transportation infrastructure have no sig- nificant influence. 5） Regardless of undesirable output of water resources utilization efficiency the assessment of the present real water resources utilization in China will be distorted and policy-making will be misled. The water efficiency measure considering environmental factors （such as gray water footprint） is more reasonable.

Has Transport Infrastructure Promoted Regional Economic Growth?——With an Analysis of the Spatial Spillover Effects of Transport Infrastructure

Taking full account of the synergistic effects of multidimensional factors on regional economic growth in China, this paper constructs a model of the spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure on regional economic growth. Using provincial panel data from 1993 to 2009 and employing spatial econometric techniques, our empirical analysis comes to the following conclusions. （1） The total output elasticity of transport infrastructure for regional economic growth varies between 0.05 and 0.07, indicating its important role in such growth. （2） Transport infrastructure has very clear spatial spillover effects on regional economic growth; its role in regional economic growth will be overestimated if these are neglected. （3） For a specific region, transport infrastructure in other regions has mainly positive spillover effects on economic growth, but there is also evidence of negative spillover effects. （4） Among multidimensional factors contributing to regional economic growth, labor pluscapital stock from other parts of the public sector make the greatest contribution to regional economic growth in China, followed by the new economic growth factors and new economic geography.

Vertical Spillover Effects of Multinationals on Chinese Domestic Firms via Supplier-Customer Relationships

Foreign direct investment （FDI） can benefit domestic firms in the host country. Using firm- level data for China, we find statistically positive vertical spillover effects of multinational enterprises on the performance of domestic firms through backward and forward supplier- customer relationships. The spillover effects are mainly from large multinational enterprises and are greater for state-owned firms and in poor regions. Our results are robust for both parametric regression and nonparametric matching techniques. Our findings have strong policy implications： while regulations relating to building business relationships with domestic firms when seeking foreign direct investment should be established, such policies should be aimed at private firms, big multinationals and less developed regions.

The Impact and Spillover Effects of Chinese Ports on Urban Service Industry under De-maritimization:A Perspective for Port Economic Geography Analysis

Will ports become less important in a post-industrial period dominated by service industries?This paper examines the impact and the spillover effects of ports on city economies.The results show that ports contribute to city economies primarily through producer and consumer services.To be specific,ports can drive the development of port-related producer services,and port spillover effects from other cities have a broader impact on producer services;the port contributes to the development of wholesale and retail trades in the local city but the boost to consumer services comes mainly from spillover effects from other ports.This paper concludes that ports are still shaping economic geography by influencing the service sector,and inter-city coordination mechanisms are suggested because of the spillover effects.

Regional inequality, spatial spillover effects, and the factors influencing city-level energy-related carbon emissions in China

Data show that carbon emissions are increasing due to human energy consumption associated with economic development. As a result, a great deal of attention has been focused on efforts to reduce this growth in carbon emissions as well as to formulate policies to address and mitigate climate change. Although the majority of previous studies have explored the driving forces underlying Chinese carbon emissions, few have been carried out at the city-level because of the limited availability of relevant energy consumption statistics. Here, we utilize spatial autocorrelation, Markov-chain transitional matrices, a dynamic panel model, and system generalized distance estimation(Sys-GMM) to empirically evaluate the key determinants of carbon emissions at the city-level based on Chinese remote sensing data collected between 1992 and 2013. We also use these data to discuss observed spatial spillover effects taking into account spatiotemporal lag and a range of different geographical and economic weighting matrices. The results of this study suggest that regional discrepancies in city-level carbon emissions have decreased over time, which are consistent with a marked spatial spillover effect, and a ‘club' agglomeration of high-emissions. The evolution of these patterns also shows obvious path dependence, while the results of panel data analysis reveal the presence of a significant U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and per capita GDP. Data also show that per capita carbon emissions have increased in concert with economic growth in most cities, and that a high-proportion of secondary industry and extensive investment growth have also exerted significant positive effects on city-level carbon emissions across China. In contrast, rapid population agglomeration, improvements in technology, increasing trade openness, and the accessibility and density of roads have all played a role in inhibiting carbon emissions. Thus, in order to reduce emissions, the Chinese government should legislate to inhibit the effects of factors that promote the release of carbon while at the same time acting to encourage those that mitigate this process. On the basis of the analysis presented in this study, we argue that optimizing industrial structures, streamlining extensive investment, increasing the level of technology, and improving road accessibility are all effective approaches to increase energy savings and reduce carbon emissions across China.

Inter-industry Technology Spillover Effects in China:Evidence from 35 Industrial Sectors

The present paper calculates 35 industrial sectors similarity matrices for the period of 1997-2008 using China s input-output tables for 1997, 2002 and 2007, and uses these to measure inter-industry technology spillover to analyze the spillover effects on industrial sectors lahor productivity. The empirical analysis shows that inter-industry technology spillover has a significant positive effect on the labor productivity of each industry. The elasticity of productivity effects of inter-industry technology spillover is not only larger than that of direct R＆D input, but also increases over time. We group the industries into four major categories and find that the inter-industry technology spillover effect within the categories is, on average, greater than that between the four categories, indicating that technology spillover occurs more easily between similar industries. This research shows that the interindustry technology spillover effect in China has begun to increase, and the government should take advantage of this effect.