Comparison of the Chapman-Richards Function with the Schnute Model in Stand growth

The Chapman-Richards Function and its two exception cases in applications were discussed and compared with the Schnute model in stand growth studies. Compared from all perspective, it was found that the Schnute model commonly used in foreitry was identical to the Chapman-Richards function. If some parameter in the Chapman-Richdrds Function was unconstraint, the function could also be very versatile to fit some exceptional growth curves, the fitted function should be identical to that the Schnute model.

Changes in the growth of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)stands in an urban environment in European Russia since 1862

A century and a half ago,in the European part of Russia(Moscow),forest scientists established the first long-term observations of forests,many of which are under observation to the present day.In the twentieth century,climate changes and,due to industrial development,forest areas were under air pollution.Based on observations from 157 sites,this study shows that the growth and density of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)have decreased by the end of the twentieth century.The environment has changed,and the growth and development of plantations has slowed.Pine yields(-34%stand volume)and their life expectancy(on average 50 years)have decreased.These changes are critical for forestry and for the management of forests in urban centers.Due to the decline in growth,ecosystem functions by urban forests has decreased.In order to increase the sustainability of urban forests and the provision of ecosystem services,it is preferable to create multi-species stands with a complex structure.

Using machine learning algorithms to estimate stand volume growth of Larix and Quercus forests based on national-scale Forest Inventory data in China

Estimating the volume growth of forest ecosystems accurately is important for understanding carbon sequestration and achieving carbon neutrality goals.However,the key environmental factors affecting volume growth differ across various scales and plant functional types.This study was,therefore,conducted to estimate the volume growth of Larix and Quercus forests based on national-scale forestry inventory data in China and its influencing factors using random forest algorithms.The results showed that the model performances of volume growth in natural forests(R^(2)=0.65 for Larix and 0.66 for Quercus,respectively)were better than those in planted forests(R^(2)=0.44 for Larix and 0.40 for Quercus,respectively).In both natural and planted forests,the stand age showed a strong relative importance for volume growth(8.6%–66.2%),while the edaphic and climatic variables had a limited relative importance(<6.0%).The relationship between stand age and volume growth was unimodal in natural forests and linear increase in planted Quercus forests.And the specific locations(i.e.,altitude and aspect)of sampling plots exhibited high relative importance for volume growth in planted forests(4.1%–18.2%).Altitude positively affected volume growth in planted Larix forests but controlled volume growth negatively in planted Quercus forests.Similarly,the effects of other environmental factors on volume growth also differed in both stand origins(planted versus natural)and plant functional types(Larix versus Quercus).These results highlighted that the stand age was the most important predictor for volume growth and there were diverse effects of environmental factors on volume growth among stand origins and plant functional types.Our findings will provide a good framework for site-specific recommendations regarding the management practices necessary to maintain the volume growth in China's forest ecosystems.

Growth effect of Manchurian ash in mixed stands

The growth of ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) in different mixed stands with larch (Larix gmelini), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and spruce (Picea koraiensis) had been investigated. Meanwhile, the relationship between the growth gain of mixed stand and topographic factor, and the growth comparison of ash in pure and mixed stands with different age-stages were presented in this paper. The results show that the effect of ash and larch mixed stand is very significant. The growth gain of ash in mixed stand on east slope is better than that on west. The growth effect is the most significant on east upper slope and on west down slope. The growth of ash can be increased significantly during different age-stages, but of Larch only through its occupying dominant position in above-ground competition.

STUDY ON THE TREE GROWTH, ARCHITECTURE AND STAND STRUCTURE OF KOREAN PINE PLANTATION

The artificial pure and mixed Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests were investigated at Dailing Forestry Bureau in Xiaoxing'an mountains from 1990 to 1992. Depending on the distance between the samplings of Korean pine and their neighbor trees, the neighbor tree height, the size of neighbor tree canopy, and dimension of neighbor tree. The forest structure was classified into three types: (1) prowth of a tree in the light (open), (2) Growth of a tree in the canopy gap (Gap), (3)Growth of a tree under broad-leaved tree canopy. The frequeney, height, and age of stem divergence of Korean pine tree were investigated by sampling trees. The temporal and spatial model of the tree growth was applied on basis of the height of stem divergence, ratio of height and DBH, and character of tree stem.The morphology and growth character of Korean pine trees during different development stage were forecasted.

Integrated Stand Growth Model of Mongolian Oak and Its Application

This paper established an integrated stand growth model of Mongolian oak(ISGM_oak) using the data from 61 permanent sample plots measured in 1997 and 2007.ISGM_ oak is a group of nonlinear simultaneous equations.The method of nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equations is used to estimate the parameters of ISGMoak with the statistical software Forstat 2.0,so the parameter estimation of the group of correlated equations in ISGMoak is unbiased and the equations are compatible.Model validation using bootstrap method showed that both the average relative error and square error are less than 15 percent.The ISGM_ oak model can be used to simulate the stand growth with different values of site index,stand density and to draw stand density management diagram for decision-making.

不同坡位对糠椴次生林结构和生长的影响

糠椴次生林是东北地区典型的森林类型之一,其结构和生长受到多种环境因素尤其是坡位差异的显著影响。基于样地数据,探讨了不同坡位对糠椴次生林结构和生长的影响,分析了上坡、中坡和下坡的林分结构特征、胸径和树高分布,以及单木材积和林分蓄积的变化规律。结果表明,不同坡位糠椴占比均不超过50%,处于混交状态,伴生树种主要为蒙古栎、山杨和胡桃楸。不同坡位糠椴胸径与树高均呈极显著正相关。坡位显著影响糠椴生长,下坡糠椴胸径、树高和单木材积和林分蓄积均显著高于上坡和中坡。

GROWTH OF MONGOLIAN OAK

The height fast growing period of oak seedling (Quercus mongolica) was between 25 to 30 years old but the diameter varied greatly. The maximum diurnal height increment of the investigated oak tree reached 3. 3 cm, but at daytime it was much greater than at night. The oak trees usually sprouted twice and even treble in the growing season. In natural oak stands. the volume rarely exceeded 200 m3/hm2 and the mean volume increment was only about 2 m3/hm2

Unveiling an important interaction in forestry:Ectomyelois muriscis and Khaya grandifoliola cankers and tree growth

African mahogany,Khaya grandifoliola C.DC.,is the most planted mahogany species in Brazil,and became the choice species when plantations of Brazilian mahogany,Swietenia macrophyla King became unsustainable due to their susceptibility to the shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella Zeller.This study evaluated plantation growth and the occurrence of cankers associated with Ectomyelois muriscis Dyar larvae.Surveys recorded plantation volume,survival,and canker incidence of a plantation established in 2010 at 6 m×5.5 m spacing.Larvae were collected and reared on canker bark fragments until final adult stage.Cankers were frequently associated with Ectomyelois muriscis larvae.The average incidence of the moth(2.9%)was not a significant concern,however,an extreme incidence of 45%would indicate that management strategies should be developed.This is the first report of Ectomyelois muriscis attacking the bark of Khaya grandifoliola in the Cerrado biome.

Effects of the second-generation larch plantations onsoil fertility and tree growth

In order to realize the effect of second generation of larch plantations on soil fertility and tree growth and to provide the theoretical base and the reasonable management measures, the growth of larch plantations for different generations at different soil conditions were inventoried and compared. The relationship between soil nutrition and tree growth of the second-generation larch plantations was analyzed. Comparing with the first generation, the second generation of larch did not present acidation phenomenon on the dark brown soil. With respect to the organic matter, rapidly available K and N, the values of the second-generation larch is close to that of first generation at later time. Platform-preparation is good measures for improving soil conditions

Stand age structural dynamics of conifer, mixedwood, and hardwood stands in the boreal forest of central Canada

To study the effects of stand development and overstory composition on stand age structure, we sampled 32 stands representing conifer, mixedwood, and hardwood stand types, ranging in ages from 72 to 201 years on upland mesic sites in northwestern Ontario. We defined the stages of stand development as: stem exclusion/canopy transition, canopy transition, canopy transition/gap dynamics, and gap dynamics. Stand age structure of conifer stands changed from bimodal, bimodal, reverse-J, and bimodal, respectively, through the stages of stand development. Mixedwood and hardwood stands revealed similar trends, with the exception of missing the canopy transition/gap dynamic stage in mixedwoods. Canopy transition/gap dynamic stage in hardwoods showed a weaker reverse-J distribution than their conifer counterparts. The results suggest that forest management activities such as partial and selection harvesting and seed-tree systems may diversify standard landscape-level age structures and benefit wildlife, hasten the onset of old-growth, and create desired stand age structures. We also recommend that the determination of old-growth using the following criteria in the boreal forest: 1) canopy breakdown of pioneering cohort is complete and stand is dominated by later successional tree species, and 2) stand age structure is bimodal, with dominating canopy trees that fall within a relatively narrow range of age and height classes and a significant amount of understory regeneration.

Biomass growth characteristics of 13-year-old Pinus densiflora S.et Z.in a post-fire plantation on different contour conditions in Samcheuk,Korea

We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing slope(Ssth), north-facing slope(Snth) and ridge area(Ridge), using 7 trees selected from each stand aspect. The tree height, diameter and growth volume were measured and the dry weight of each plant part were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the total dry weight was highest on Ssth(5992.3 g), followed by Snth(4833.2 g) and lowest on Ridge(3160.1 g). The height growth was highest on Snth(285.8 cm), followed by Ssth(274.5 cm) and lowest on Ridge(211.5 cm). The diameter growth was greatest on Ssth(7.37 cm), followed by Snth(7.10 cm) and lowest on Ridge(5.72 cm). The volume growth was highest on Ssth(4257.7 cm3), followed by Snth(3750.7 cm3) and lowest on Ridge(2093.7 cm3). Therefore, we should consider and include the concept of slope orientation together with differences in habitat environments in afforestation projects when creating artificial forests with P. densiflora. These study results can serve as important preliminary data for future establishment of artificial forest of P. densiflora in a post-fire plantation.

Spruce forest stands in a stationary state

We present stationarity criteria for forest stands,and establish embodiments using a Norwegian empirical stand development model.The natural stationary states only slightly differ from the outcome of long-term simulations previously implemented using the same empirical model.Human interference in terms of diameter-limit cutting is introduced.Consequently,stationary states differing from the natural one appear.Standing volume,growth and monetary value appear low but the financial return rate may be significant.Volume yield and financial return clearly contradict each other,the former arising from harvesting large trees,the latter from frequent removal of small trees.An exponential tree size distribution does not appear to comply with the stationarity criterion.

间伐保留密度对杉木人工林生长的影响

以广东省清远市11年生杉木人工林为研究对象,探究了不同保留密度(1200、1800、2500株·hm^(-2))杉木人工林3 a期间的动态生长规律、环境影响因子间差异、林分生长与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:随着间伐保留密度的增加,杉木人工林的林分平均胸径、树高、冠幅、单株材积的3 a生长量及生长率均有所下降,小、中径材的出材量明显上升,其中,保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)的林分大径材出材量最高,为22.46 m^(3)·hm^(-2);其次是保留密度为1800株·hm^(-2)的林分,大径材出材量为15.36 m^(3)·hm^(-2);保留密度为2500株·hm^(-2)的林分无大径材产出。保留密度为1800株·hm^(-2)林分的总出材量最大,为131.55 m^(3)·hm^(-2)。随着间伐保留密度的降低,林冠开阔度和光照均有所增加,其中,保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)的林分光照条件优于其他2种保留密度林分。不同土层间各土壤理化性质变化趋势基本一致,较多的土壤理化性质在保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)时表现最好。灌木层和草本层物种多样性各指数大多在保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)时最大。林分的生长主要与林冠开阔度、叶面积指数、林下直射光、散射光、土壤pH、全氮质量分数、土壤密度、草本层Shannon-Wiener指数和Patrick指数显著相关(P<0.05)。将低保留密度(1200株·hm^(-2))作为林分经营密度的效果最佳,最适合大径材的培育;若仅考虑木材产出,则应选择1800株·hm^(-2)为经营密度,该保留密度下总出材量最大。

基于经验模型和机理模型的杉木人工林生物量估测对比研究

为了揭示间伐干扰下杉木人工林生物量的变化规律,研究利用江西省吉水县石阳林场的36块杉木人工林样地的实测数据和研究区气候数据,通过基于经验的引入地位指数(SI)的生物量生长方程组和基于机理的3⁃PG模型,模拟并预估林分生物量,分析在间伐和非间伐的情况下,不同立地的林分其生物量0—50a的变化。结果表明:(1)构建了生物量生长方程组,并在参数a、b、c中引入地位指数SI,发现改进后的模型对于基础模型拟合精度更高,且对数似然比检验表明,改进效果显著(P<0.05)。(2)通过对3⁃PG模型预测精度验证发现,预估值和实测值之间有很高的一致性,各因子的决定系数(R^(2))在0.65—0.96之间,其中,胸径和树高的R^(2)均高于0.92;各因子的平均相对误差(MRE)不超过26%。(3)通过比较经验模型和机理模型的生物量预测发现,经验模型的预测误差MRE为16.50%,机理模型为23.52%,经验模型预估精度更高。进一步对未来预测对比分析表明,机理模型预估值高于经验模型。(4)两个模型模拟的杉木人工林生物量规律一致,即随着林龄的增加,杉木人工林林分总生物量均表现出先快速增加,后逐渐平稳的趋势;并且间伐不会改变这种趋势,但间伐林分在间伐后的生物量生长速率高于无间伐林分。此外,由于SI对经验模型影响显著,改进模型拟合效果更好,更具有生态学意义。参数化后的3⁃PG模型模预估精度较高,能够为江西杉木人工林生长规律研究提供依据。虽然经验模型和机理模型在对研究区杉木人工林生物量的预估上均具有较好的表现,但各具特点和局限性。经验模型参数较易获得,且经验模型预测生物量、林分胸高断面积和林分平均树高的R^(2)、MRE均优于机理模型;但模型对于建模数据内的评价效果较好,对于建模数据外的应用具有局限性,即经验模型更适合模拟生长期间的某一阶段的林分生物量。机理模型虽然需要的参数较多,但是考虑了生态学原理,弥补了经验模型的不足,可较好解释和模拟环境因子对树木生长的影响,对校正数据之外生长阶段的林分生物量预测更有优势。

间伐保留密度对基于大径材培育下杉木人工林生长和材种结构的影响

【目的】探究间伐保留密度对基于大径材培育下杉木人工林的生长、径阶分布和材种结构等方面的影响规律,为杉木大径材定向培育的间伐密度控制技术提供一定的科学理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以福建省沙县官庄国有林场9年生的杉木人工林作为研究对象,设置高间伐保留密度(H:2 250株/hm^(2))、中间伐保留密度(M:1 800株/hm^(2))、低间伐保留密度(L:1 200株/hm^(2))3个处理,进行连续观测5 a。【结果】1)林分胸径随间伐保留密度的减小而增大,表现为L>M>H,且均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),林龄为11 a时,出现极显著性差异(P<0.01),间伐对树高的影响不显著;2)单株材积随间伐保留密度的减小而增大,表现为L>M>H,林分蓄积量表现为H>M>L;3)总出材量随间伐保留密度的增大而增大,表现为H>M>L;总出材率随间伐保留密度的减小而增大,表现为L>M>H;4)小径材出材量随间伐保留密度的增大而增大,表现为H>M>L,H处理显著大于L处理(P<0.05),出材率表现为随间伐保留密度的减小而增大。中径材出材量随间伐保留密度的减小而增大,与林龄呈正相关,出材率随间伐保留密度的减小而增大。大径材出材量与出材率随间伐保留密度的减小而增大,且L处理显著大于H处理(P<0.05)。【结论】抚育间伐能促进杉木人工林的生长,优化林分结构,有利于大径阶林木培养,这些作用随间伐保留密度的减小而增大。

尾巨桉林分生长对间伐和修枝响应的分析与预测

[目的]探究不同强度的间伐与修枝对尾巨桉林分生长的影响,建立BP神经网络模型并验证模型对间伐和修枝处理下尾巨桉林分生长的预测作用,为尾巨桉的高效经营技术提供理论指导。[方法]以南方国家级种苗示范基地20%、40%和60%间伐与38.18%、42.39%和48.18%修枝强度的尾巨桉为对象,在处理后连续7 a调查林分生长指标,计算累积增量,分析不同间伐和修枝处理对林分生长增量的影响,并运用BP神经网络建立了5种林分生长累积增量对间伐和修枝响应的预测模型,以均方根误差、Kappa值和Pearson相关系数对模型预测效果进行对比,判断最优模型。[结果]间伐促使尾巨桉林胸径、冠幅和单株材积的增长,但不促进树高增长和出材量增加,60%间伐的样地尾巨桉胸径和单株材积增量最高,20%间伐的冠幅增量最大,不间伐的树高增量最高。修枝促进尾巨桉胸径增长,对树高和蓄积量增长无影响,38.18%修枝的胸径增量最高,60%间伐+48.18%修枝是处理中有助于尾巨桉林分生长的组合。间伐和修枝均能促进尾巨桉林分径阶分布右偏,但修枝的效果不如间伐显著。综合来看,隐含层节点数为4的尾巨桉BP神经网络模型预测结果的均方根误差最低,Kappa系数和r值最高,可预测7 a内的间伐和修枝效果。[结论]间伐和修枝均显著促进尾巨桉林分生长和径阶分布右偏。高强度间伐和修枝相结合更有助于尾巨桉人工林生长和大径材培育。合理的BP神经网络模型能准确地预测间伐和修枝对林分生长的促进效果,是林分生长预测的优异模型。

不同混交模式下幼龄桉树混交林的生长和水土流失特征研究

设计尾巨桉×红椿和大花序桉×闽楠的垂直、水平、块状三种混交方式的试验林,以研究不同混交模式下桉树混交林的生长和水土流失规律。结果表明:1年生尾巨桉、红椿、大花序桉和闽楠分别在水平、块状、块状和水平混交模式下的树高增长率最大,依次为1560.00%、863.33%、457.50%和6.67%,因此水平混交模式和块状混交模式的林分树高生长效果较好。在尾巨桉×红椿和大花序桉×闽楠两种林分中的月均地表径流以块状混交模式最少,分别是107.72 L和215.24 L,月均土壤流失以块状混交模式较少,分别是4.95 kg和7.25 kg,因此块状混交模式对水土保持的效果较优于垂直混交模式和水平混交模式。综合考虑,采用块状混交模式效果最好。

阔叶红松林林木与林分生长对采伐干扰的响应

提升森林质量、修复生态功能是东北阔叶红松林生态修复的核心,而阐明林木与林分生长对采伐干扰的响应机理是其中的关键。森林对采伐干扰的响应会受到空间尺度、时间尺度以及干扰程度等因素的综合影响。以往的研究侧重于比较不同采伐处理下林木生长的相对大小,而忽视了不同恢复时间下,林木和林分生长随干扰程度的变化。以吉林蛟河阔叶红松林采伐样地为对象,基于连续四次样地调查数据(2011、2013、2015、2018年),分别探讨了林木和林分生长在不同恢复阶段对不同程度采伐干扰的响应,并通过构建分段模型确定采伐干扰阈值。结果显示:林木和林分生长对采伐干扰的响应并不一致,采伐促进了林木生长,并且林木生长量随采伐强度的升高而升高;采伐降低了林分生产力,林分生产力随采伐强度的升高而降低。林木和林分生长对采伐干扰的响应存在时滞效应:林木和林分生长在采伐后两年内并无显著变化,而在采伐三年后才发生明显变化。此外,分段模型的结果显示:当保留木断面积为21.6 m^(2)/hm^(2)时,林分生产力最高,表明通过密度调整使阔叶红松林胸高断面积维持在21.6 m^(2)/hm^(2)附近,可使林分处于较高的生产力水平、促进森林恢复。研究结果能够为制定科学的阔叶红松林生态修复策略提供技术支撑。

南方典型红壤侵蚀区马尾松林立木生物量无人机遥感估测

以南方典型红壤侵蚀区长汀县河田镇为例,结合无人机与激光雷达产生的点云数据优势,通过局部最大值和分水岭算法反演单木树高(H)和冠层半径(R_(c)),拟合以H和R_(c)为变量组合的异速生长方程,得到以新冠层参数为底的马尾松立木生物量模型。结果表明:提取树高的决定系数(R^(2))和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.93和0.49 m;计算冠层半径的R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.64 m;估算立木生物量的R^(2)和RMSE分别为0.89和3.37 kg。本研究通过无人机遥感影像定量参数并构建的异速生长方程中,以组合(H+R_(c))为底的异速生长方程估测马尾松林立木生物量的精度较高,可以有效估测马尾松林立木生物量,可为南方典型红壤侵蚀区马尾松林立木生物量准确估测提供参考。