Internal Force Distribution in Steel-Concrete Composite Structure for Pylon of Cable-Stayed Bridge

Adopting a steel-anchor beam and steel corbel composite structure in the anchor zone on pylon is one of the key techniques for the design of Jintang bridge, a cable-stayed bridge in Zhoushan, China. In order to ensure the safety of the steel-concrete composite structure, a stud connector model for the joint section was put forward. Experiments were conducted to obtain the relation between load and slip of specimen, the failure pattern of stud connector, the yield bearing capacity and ultimate bearing capacity of a single stud, etc. The whole process of the structural behavior of the specimen was comprehensively analyzed. The features of the internal force distribution in the steel-concrete composite structure and the strain distribution of stud connector under different loads were emphatically studied. The test results show that the stud connector is applicable for the steel-concrete composite structure for pylon of Jintang bridge. The stud has a good ductility performance and a obvious yield process before its destruction. The stud connector basically works in a state of elasticity under a load less than the yield load.

Experimental study on seismic behaviors of steel-concrete composite frames

Steel-concrete composite frames are seeing increased use in earthquake region because of their excellent structural characteristics, including high strength, stiffness, and good ductility. However, there exist gaps in the knowledge of seismic behavior and the design provisions for these structures. In order to better understand the seismic behaviors of composite frame systems, eight steel-concrete composite frames were designed. These composite frames were composed of steel-concrete composite beams and concrete filled steel tube columns. The axial compression ratio of column, slenderness ratio and linear stiffness ratio of beam to column were selected as main design parameters. The low reversed cyclic loading tests of composite frame system were carried out. Based on test results, the seismic behaviors of composite frames such as failure mode, hysteresis curve, strength degradation, rigidity degradation, ductility and energy dissipation were studied. Known from the test phenomenon, the main cause of damage is the out-of-plane deformation of steel beam and the yielding destruction of column heel. The hysteretic loops of composite frame appear a spindle shape and no obvious pinch phenomenon. The results demonstrate that this type of composite frame has favorable seismic behaviors. Furthermore, the effects of design parameters on seismic behaviors were also discussed. The results of the experiment show that the different design parameter has different influence rule on seismic behaviors of composite frame.

Concurrent multi-scale design optimization of composite frame structures using the Heaviside penalization of discrete material model

This paper deals with the concurrent multi-scale optimization design of frame structure composed of glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. In the composite frame structure, the fiber winding angle at the micro-material scale and the geometrical parameter of components of the frame in the macro-structural scale are introduced as the independent variables on the two geometrical scales. Considering manufacturing requirements, discrete fiber winding angles are specified for the micro design variable. The improved Heaviside penalization discrete material optimization interpolation scheme has been applied to achieve the discrete optimization design of the fiber winding angle. An optimization model based on the minimum structural compliance and the specified fiber material volume constraint has been established. The sensitivity information about the two geometrical scales design variables are also deduced considering the characteristics of discrete fiber winding angles. The optimization results of the fiber winding angle or the macro structural topology on the two single geometrical scales, together with the concurrent two-scale optimization, is separately studied and compared in the paper. Numerical examples in the paper show that the concurrent multi-scale optimization can further explore the coupling effect between the macro-structure and micro-material of the composite to achieve an ultralight design of the composite frame structure. The novel two geometrical scales optimization model provides a new opportunity for the design of composite structure in aerospace and other industries.

Measurement and theoretical analysis of solar temperature field in steel-concrete composite girder

The solar temperature field of a large three-span continuous bridge with steel-concrete composite box girder and variable cross-section is measured to verify a calculation method for the temperature field of steel-concrete composite beams. The test results show that the temperature of an external steel web- plate is higher than that of an internal web-plate due to the difference in solar radiation. Air temperature inside the box matches the average temperature of the whole steel box. Based on actual measurements, a transient thermal analysis with multiple boundary conditions is also carried out by a software program ANSYS. Convective boundary situation and states of solar radiation on steel web plates in different situations are determined in the analysis. The feature of the temperature field is preliminarily achieved through a comparative study between the actual measurement and the finite element analysis. The computed results are in good consistence with the actual measurement results, with the maximum difference within 2 ℃. This indicates that the theoretical calculation method is reliable and it provides a foundation for further research on temperature field distribution in the steel-concrete composite box girder.

Determination Method on Initial Pretension of Cables in Steel Mega Frame and Prestressed Composite Bracing Structure

Determining initial pretension values of pre-stressed cables is one of the key problems for a steel mega frame and pre-stressed composite bracing structure.Through the mechanical analysis of the composite bracing under vertical loading,the critical factors deciding the initial pretention value were found.According to these factors,a rule for the initial pretension value was put forward.The determination equations were acquired based on the principle of force equilibrium at nodes.The numerical results indicate that the internal force disequilibrium in composite bracings resulted from symmetrical load can be eliminated only in a symmetrical way,so that initial pretention values are decided only by vertical loads.The influencing coefficient leveling method,taking into account interactions between story and story,is accurate and feasible.

Static behavior of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joints with bolted partial-depth flush end plate:experimental study

A new type of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joint has been proposed in this paper.Five semi-rigid composite beam-to-column joint specimens subjected to hogging moments under monotonic loading were tested to study the static behavior of this new type of joint.The main variable parameters for the five joint specimens were the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the joint type.The experimental results designated that the magnitude of extension of the longitudinal reinforcement is the most important factor that influenced the moment-rotation characteristic of the new type of joint.The concrete slabs could resist 3.8%-19.1% of the total shear load applied to the cross-sections near the beam-to-column connection.The edge stiffened elements,such as the flange of the lipped I-section thin-walled steel beam,were capable of having considerable inelastic deformation capacity although they had comparatively large width-to-thickness ratios.The shear failure of the concrete cantilever edge strip must be taken into account in practical design because it has significant influence on the anchorage of the longitudinal reinforcement in the new type of external joints.

Human Comfort Evaluation of a Steel-Concrete Composite Building Subjected to Aerobics

The current steel-concrete composite floors design might be susceptible to the resonance phenomenon, causing undesirable vibrations in the frequency range that is the most noticeable to humans, i.e., 4 Hz to 8 Hz. This way, the main objective of this work is to investigate the dynamic structural behaviour of a steel-concrete composite multi-storey building when subjected to human rhythmic activities （aerobics）. The studied structural model represents a typical interior floor bay of a commercial building used for gym and is composed by three floor levels spanning 20 m by 20 m, with a total area of 3×400 m2. An extensive parametric study was developed aiming to obtain the peak accelerations, RMS （root mean square） accelerations and VDV （vibration dose value） values, based on two different mathematical formulations. The human comfort of the building was analysed and the vibration transmissibility related to the steel columns was verified. Based on the found results, the investigated structural model presented high vibration levels that compromise the human comfort.

Integrated design optimization of composite frames and materials for maximum fundamental frequency with continuous fiber winding angles

Fiber reinforced composite frame structure is an ideal lightweight and large-span structure in the fields of aerospace,satellite and wind turbine.Natural fundamental frequency is one of key indicators in the design requirement of the composite frame since structural resonance can be effectively avoided with the increase of the fundamental frequency.Inspired by the concept of integrated design optmization of composite frame structures and materials,the design optimization for the maximum structural fundamental frequency of fiber reinforced frame structures is proposed.An optimization model oriented at the maximum structural fundamental frequency under a composite material volume constraint is established.Two kinds of independent design variables are optimized,in which one is variables represented structural topology,the other is variables of continuous fiber winding angles.Sensitivity analysis of the frequency with respect to the two kinds of independent design variables is implemented with the semi-analytical sensitivity method.Some representative examples in the manuscript demonstrate that the integrated design optimization of composite structures can effectively explore coupled effects between structural configurations and material properties to increase the structural fundamental frequency.The proposed integrated optimization model has great potential to improve composite frames structural dynamic performance in aerospace industries.

Research review on steel–concrete composite joint of railway hybrid girder cable-stayed bridges

Purpose–This study aims to research the development trend,research status,research results and existing problems of the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the investigation and analysis of the development history,structure form,structural parameters,stress characteristics,shear connector stress state,force transmission mechanism,and fatigue performance,aiming at the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge,the development trend,research status,research results and existing problems are expounded.Findings–The shear-compression composite joint has become the main form in practice,featuring shortened length and simplified structure.The length of composite joints between 1.5 and 3.0 m has no significant effect on the stress and force transmission laws of the main girder.The reasonable thickness of the bearing plate is 40–70 mm.The calculation theory and simplified calculation formula of the overall bearing capacity,the nonuniformity and distribution laws of the shear connector,the force transferring ratio of steel and concrete components,the fatigue failure mechanism and structural parameters effects are the focus of the research study.Originality/value–This study puts forward some suggestions and prospects for the structural design and theoretical research of the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge.

Flexural stiffness characterization of the corrugated steel-concrete composite structure for tunnel projects

Corrugated steel–concrete(CSC)composite structures are increasingly used in tunnel and culvert projects due to their good mechanical properties.The design of CSC composite structures is often governed by deflection limits in service,hence it becomes crucial to evaluate accurately their flexural stiffness.In this work,the deflection deformation mechanism of CSC composite structure is studied by experimental and numerical methods,and a simplified formula for calculating the flexural stiffness is established.In addition,the deflection results obtained by different methods are compared and analyzed.It is found that:(1)the flexural stiffness of the CSC composite structure is constant only when the load is small,and after the bending moment exceeds a certain value,the flexural stiffness will gradually become smaller as the bending moment increases.(2)The value of the bending moment corresponding to the end of the elastic stage of the bending moment-deflection curve increases with the increase of the axial force in the composite structure.(3)As the axial force of the composite structure increases,the flexural bearing capacity of the structure increases first and then decreases.

Influence of Random Track Irregularities on Dynamic Response of Bridge/Track Structure/High-Speed Train Systems

Random vertical track irregularities are one of essential vibration sources in bridge, track structure and high-speed train systems. The common model of such irregularities is a stationary and ergodic Gaussian process. The study presents the results of numerical dynamic analysis of advanced virtual models of composite BTT （bridge/ballasted track structure/high-speed train） systems. The analysis has been conducted for a series of types of single-span simply-supported railway composite （steel-concrete） bridges, with a symmetric platform, located on lines with ballasted track structure adapted for high-speed trains. The bridges are designed according to Polish bridge standards. A new methodology of numerical modeling and simulation of dynamic processes in BTT systems has been applied. The methodology takes into consideration viscoelastic suspensions of rail-vehicles, nonlinear Hertz wheel-rail contact stiffness and one-side wheel-rail contact, physically nonlinear elastic-damping properties of the track structure, random vertical track irregularities, approach slabs and other features. Computer algorithms of FE （finite element） modeling and simulation were programmed in Delphi. Both static and dynamic numerical investigations of the bridges forming the series of types have been carried out. It has been proved that in the case of common structural solutions of bridges and ballasted track structures, it is necessary to put certain limitations on operating speeds, macadam ballast and vertical track roughness.

Identification of Connection Flexibility Effects Based on Load Testing of a Steel-Concrete Bridge

In the case of composite girders, an effective cooperation of both parts of the section is influenced by deformability of connectors. Limited flexural stiffness of welded studs, used commonly in bridge structures, does not provide full interaction of a steel beam and a concrete slab. This changes strain distribution in cross-sections of a composite girder and results in redistribution of internal forces in steel and concrete element. In the paper partial interaction index defined on the basis of a neutral axis position, which can be used for verification of steel-concrete interaction in real bridge structures rather than in specimens is proposed. The range of the index value changes, obtained during load testing of a typical steel-concrete composite beam bridge, is presented. The investigation was carried out on a motorway viaduct, consisting of two parallel structures. During the testing values of strains in girders under static and quasi-static loads were measured. The readings from the gauges were used to determine the index, characterizing composite action of the girders. Results of bridge testing under movable load, changing position along the bridge span is presented and obtained in-situ influence functions of strains and index values are commented in the paper.

Composition of Model Interface--A Theorem of Model Composition

Building a model for a object through model composition is a interesting topics, this paper research the interface composit ion of models in the Zeigler’s modeling methodology DEVS.

装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构抗震性能

为研究装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构抗震性能,对1个足尺轻钢框架结构试件和3个足尺轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构试件进行了低周反复荷载下的抗震性能试验及理论分析,试件变量包括:2种装配构造,即内嵌式装配墙板、外贴式装配墙板;2种轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板,即框架式轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板、桁架式轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板。研究了各试件的破坏特征和损伤演化过程,分析了结构滞回特性、承载力、变形能力、刚度退化、耗能性能和应变。结果表明:装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构共同工作性能良好,其水平承载力相比轻钢框架提高了204.7%~210.4%,抗侧刚度提高了257.3%~512.5%,结构变形及耗能能力有显著提高;内嵌墙板的自攻钉连接构造以及外贴墙板的螺栓连接构造传力性能可靠,结构具备2道抗震防线的受力特征;基于简化塑性分析模型以及拉压杆软化桁架模型,对试件承载力进行了计算,计算结果与试验符合较好。

装配式型钢混凝土叠合框架梁连接节点构造设置与安全分析

住房和城乡建设部印发《“十四五”建筑业发展规划》提出大力发展装配式建筑、推动生产和施工智能化升级的主要任务。而国内目前采用的预制叠合框架梁存在着跨度大自重大吊装成本高、预制梁柱节点位置易发生钢筋碰撞吊装定位难度大等问题,限制了装配式建筑结构的发展。结合实际工程项目,提出一种新型的装配式型钢混凝土叠合框架梁,并对该叠合梁的构造设置、连接方式及安全性进行分析,从而为装配式框架结构、框架—剪力墙结构等装配式建筑中框架梁的深化设计提供一种新的拆分方案。

装配式轻钢框架-短肢组合墙结构抗震性能研究

为研究装配式轻钢框架-短肢组合墙结构的抗震性能,对3个足尺试件(1个轻钢框架结构、1个轻钢框架-短肢桁架结构、1个轻钢框架-短肢桁架组合墙结构)进行了低周反复荷载试验。分析了结构破坏模式、滞回曲线、承载力、刚度退化、变形性能、耗能和应变。结果表明:短肢桁架以及短肢桁架组合墙作为结构第一道抗震防线,高效提升了轻钢框架结构的抗震性能;相对于轻钢框架结构试件,轻钢框架-短肢桁架组合墙结构试件的极限承载力提高了28482%,初始刚度提高了24446%;组合墙内的短肢钢桁架与混凝土的共同工作性能良好,混凝土的约束作用抑制了短肢桁架的屈曲失稳,短肢桁架提高了组合墙核心混凝土的变形能力。所提出的装配式轻钢框架-短肢组合墙结构传力路径明确、抗震性能优越、装配便捷,特别适用于低、多层装配式轻钢组合结构,其设计思路同样可用于其他装配式钢框架结构。

全预制框架结构装配式混凝土建筑复合外墙“干式”建造优化研究

目前受传统串行建筑运作模式影响,部分装配式项目依然执行“常规设计+二次拆分”,进而引起拆分的装配单元类型较多或拆分不干净现象,而在承继以上问题的同时,混凝土框架结构复合外墙出现了装配单元与结构体系之间“直接”连接的连接件暴露问题。基于此,以中国西部科技创新港科创基地7号楼(西安交通大学人居环境研究院)为例,首先对设计进行了修正,并建立了预埋龙骨的干式机械连接方式,从而使复合外墙与结构体系的干式连接得以优化与修正。

采用自复位U形连接件的装配式钢框架-复合墙结构性能研究

对于内填RC墙的框架结构,为有效减小结构的损伤,改善结构力学性能,本文研究了一种在框架与墙之间设置开缝并安装耗能连接件,能够耗散能量从而有效地保护主体结构。采用ABAQUS分析了不同类型耗能连接件的内力特性以及节点的受力破坏模式。通过在两侧开缝的密肋复合墙-钢框架结构中设置可滑移连接,实现了节点的耗能作用。研究结构表明:U形连接件水平段长度对连接件极限位移影响较大,可以通过双折线理想弹塑性荷载-位移曲线描述U形连接件在竖向压力与水平剪切作用下的荷载-位移关系。采用耗能连接件的结构在加载前期残余变形小,具有一定的自复位能力,并且能满足结构的大变形要求。通过以上分析,本文基于承载能力极限状态提出了耗能连接件的设计公式。

SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心短柱轴压性能试验研究

针对西部盐渍土地区钢筋混凝土桥柱的腐蚀问题,提出“SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心柱”。为研究其轴心受压力学性能,设计制作了6根SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心短柱并进行轴压试验,获得了试件的破坏形态和荷载-位移曲线,进而分析了SRPE管压力等级、空心率和钢管径厚比对试件轴心受压力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:试件的破坏形态为中下部剪切破坏;试件极限承载力随SRPE管压力等级提高而增大,随空心率和钢管径厚比增大而减小,且空心率影响大于钢管径厚比。最后给出了SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心短柱的轴心受压承载力计算式,计算结果与试验值吻合良好。

带新型复合轻质墙体的框架结构抗震性能试验

为研究某种新型装配式复合轻质墙体的抗震性能及对框架结构抗震性能的影响,通过设计制作3榀1∶2缩尺的新型复合轻质墙体框架-试件进行拟静力试验,以界面仓的注仓砂浆强度为试验参数,对结构的破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化、累计耗能及装配连接部位变形情况进行分析。结果表明:1)界面砂浆层的黏结使得加载后框架和轻质墙体能协同作用,加载初期框架柱和墙有相同的变形趋势;2)当加载位移角增大到1%时,交界面开裂,当位移角增大至2%时,梁柱和墙完全脱开;3)在层间位移角范围为2%~4%时的大变形阶段,轻质墙体和框架结构均产生破坏,但墙体与框架的锚钉连接未失效,墙体未发生脱落,框架承载力下降缓慢;4)砂浆强度对连接性能的影响不明显,采用M3.5砂浆注浆强度能使得复合轻质墙体连接于框架时具有适宜的刚度。