Urban Spatial Form Optimization Strategies Based on the Principle of Climate Adaptability of Regional Architecture: A Case Study of Traditional Cave Dwelling Villages in Northern Shaanxi Province

A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate and resources.This paper examines the principles of climate adaptability embedded in the site layout and spatial organization characteristics of traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi Province.The extracted climate adaptability principles are summarized,and the resulting design strategies that are well-suited to the contemporary urban space form are presented.Through analysis,it can be observed that traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi are predominantly situated on south-facing slopes in proximity to water at low altitudes.These villages are characterized by compact building groups and east-west development,which is constrained by the elements of mountains and rivers.A two-level street system is generated,comprising streets parallel to the contour line and roadways perpendicular to the contour line.This results in the formation of a courtyard form enclosed by mountains.Such site layout and spatial organization exhibit excellent climate adaptability with regard to heat,ventilation,and wind storage.In light of the aforementioned considerations,the following urban spatial form design strategies are put forth:①the topographic height difference can be exploited to obtain sufficient sunshine;②the group shape can be optimized in order to reduce building energy consumption;③the best orientation of the building can be chosen to take account of both winter and summer conditions;④the height and length can be combined in order to form natural masking;⑤the D/H ratio of streets and roadways should be controlled to achieve a balance between heat gain and cooling of groups;⑥vents should be set appropriately to optimize group ventilation;⑦climate buffers should be established to increase the level of climate response.

Study on Development Countermeasures of Cave Dwellings in Northern Area of Shaanxi Province in China

In view of traditional house in northern area of Shaanxi Province which was cave dwelling,based on cave dwelling and its development environment,the paper had analyzed architectural characteristics and use value of cave dwelling and its development in northern Shaanxi,and then pointed out that cave dwelling development had been reduced into an awkward situation.By using SWOT analysis method,the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats of cave dwellings had been summarized.In terms of strengths,cave dwelling had ecological advantage as native architecture,was constructed based on local conditions,could solve land,energy and environment problems on Loess Plateau,and abounded in aesthetic value of native feature.In terms of weaknesses,village layout lacked of integrity,transportation was not convenient,indoor ventilation and lighting were insufficient,and pattern and space were simplified and stereotyped.In terms of opportunities,it stressed architectural ecology having received more and more attention in the world,and exploration and application of underground civil architecture.In terms of threats,it lied in construction technology of cave dwelling,contradiction between cave dwelling and urbanization and between cave dwelling and modern life,and management mode of restricted type.On this basis,it suggested that cave dwelling development in northern Shaanxi should transform people's traditio-nal concept through correct guidance of public voice;strive to eliminate weakness of cave dwelling;improve cave environment by enhancing infrastructure construction;develop characteristic cave dwelling cultural tourism in northern Shaanxi,and construct new socialist countryside of northern Shaanxi character.

Landscape Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Residences:A Case Study of Sunken Cave Dwellings in Baishe Village,Sanyuan County,Shaanxi Province

With reference to the existing research in the field of historical building evaluation, this study introduced the theory of landscape evaluation, constructed an index evaluation system by using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), calculated the relative weight of the judgment matrix by using the pairwise comparison, and assigned each index factor to determine the landscape evaluation scores of traditional residences. Based on the investigation of the sunken cave dwellings in Baishe Village, Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province, the traditional residence landscape evaluation system was applied in practice, the evaluation results were analyzed, and suggestions for protection and development were put forward.

Analysis of Landscape Spatial Layout of Cave Dwellings

The existence and development of primitive cave buildings are influenced by constant improvement of living conditions.Based on the research of landscape theory and related theory,the paper analyzes the three types of cave dwellings,and compares the advantages and disadvantages of spatial layout of cave dwellings.Some suggestions are put forward for improving the spatial layout of modern cave dwellings according to the existing problems.It is hoped that cave dwellings can better meet the living needs of modern residents after renovation and design,so that the architectural form of cave dwellings can be well preserved and developed.

The Cave Dwellings in Northern Shaanxi

Cave dwellings (or Yaodong in Chinese) are a unique style of traditional houses on the Loess Plateau of westerncentral China. They exhibit rich folk customs and a flavor of the surrounding environment. The soil of the Loess Plateau is thick and compact, making it the ideal place for building caves that are sturdy enough to last hundreds or even thousands of years without collapsing. Most cave dwellings have straight walls and low arched ceilings, with the walls reinforced with grass and mud. Cave dwellings are comfortable to live in, being cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Being cut into the mountain, the architecture blends in quite well with the surrounding natural environment, while the rust exterior exhibits the beauty of ingenuity.

Development and Significance of Cave Dwelling Resort on the Loess Plateau

Relevant ecotourism theories were applied to further investigate the mushrooming cave dwelling resorts on the Loess Plateau.By introducing the present development of cave dwelling settlements in the study area,types of cave dwelling resort was summarized:historic cave dwelling resort based on high cultural value,artistic value and aesthetic value;cave dwelling resort characterized by primitive folk customs;cave hotel showing folk house features of the Loess Plateau.Luochuan Resort of the Loess Folk Customs,Miaoshang Resort of Sanmenxia,Stone Cave Hotel of Yangjialing in Yan'an were respectively studied to analyze features and development conditions of cave dwelling resort,on the basis of which development principles and countermeasures were discussed.The orientation of cave dwelling resort on the Loess Plateau should be determined first,sustainability and accountability of ecotourism should be followed.Finally,the significance of cave dwelling resort for promoting local economic development,enhancing the rational utilization of natural resources,protecting and developing traditional settlements of cave dwellings was given.

Study on constructive system of green cave dwelling in Loess Plateau—Interpretation with the “regional gene” theory

This article reveals the inherent evolution adjusting mechanism of regional architecture by means of considering the concept and method of "regional gene" as the research approach of regional architecture construction system, and in the mean- while establishes the "gene database" of regional architecture and optimum technology, on the basis of the principle of sustainable development and scientific evaluation system. In addition, this article chooses the planning of model villages of cave dwellings in Loess Plateau and the construction of ecological cave dwellings for case study to prove the feasibility of the research approach.

Space Landscape Design Strategy of Cave Dwelling Settlement in Guanzhong Region

Under the background of new urbanization development, landscape design of cave dwelling settlement should be valued. By mining and cognizing cave culture, the connotation and space type of cave dwelling settlement in Guanzhong region are analyzed, and landscape design strategies on natural environment, street space, courtyard space, public space, architectural form and landscape element of cave dwel ing are proposed, which could provide some systematic theory suggestions for land design highlighting regional characteristics.

A Brief Analysis of the Formal Characteristics of Kiln Dwellings in Tongchuan Area,Shaanxi

The unique topography and historical and cultural background have determined the diversity and uniqueness of kiln architecture in the Tongchuan area.In addition to the double-slope residential architecture,traditional kiln dwellings with regional characteristics such as Leaning on the cliff cave dwelling,ground Pit cave dwelling and Freestanding cave dwellings have also been formed.This paper takes the inheritance and protection of traditional kiln as the starting point,and through field research and literature analysis,we have systematically collected images,measured data,and drawn up horizontal and vertical profiles and three-dimensional structure drawings of the traditional kiln dwellings in Tongchuan,and concluded the three types of forms and structural characteristics and artistic form characteristics of the traditional kiln dwellings in Tongchuan.The aim is to provide a basis and reference for the protection and inheritance of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Shaanxi,as well as for subsequent research in this field.

绿色设计理念下皮革材料在现代窑洞民居室内设计中的创新应用

窑洞是我国西北部地区极具地域性特征的建筑。以绿色设计理念为核心,对皮革材料在现代窑洞民居设计中的创新性应用进行分析,着重强调了皮革材料在建筑装饰领域的应用优势,对窑洞这种中国传统民居与皮革材料的融合思路进行总结,认为皮革材料与现代窑洞民居室内设计需要着重强调发挥皮革材料的视觉与材质特征,将皮革材料与窑洞造型、民居需求等进行充分结合。

黄土高原三类窑洞民居及砖混农宅夏季室内热环境对比研究

为进一步了解窑洞民居夏季室内热环境状况,选取独立式、靠崖式、下沉式窑洞进行调研测试并与当地砖混农宅进行对比分析,研究其夏季室内外空气温度、相对湿度、壁面温度等影响热环境参数。结果表明窑洞民居室内热环境优于砖混农宅,窑洞室内温度波动小,相对湿度大,热环境能基本满足人体热舒适要求。通过剖析窑洞民居的空间布局与围护结构热工性能在创造室内热环境中的作用,发现窑洞相对封闭的空间及厚重围护结构较大的热惰性可有效抵御室外温度波动,使得内壁面温度稳定,是窑洞“夏凉”的主要原因;由于下沉式窑洞窗墙面积比小,室内空气温度更低;靠崖式和下沉式窑洞围护结构土层更厚,蓄水能力强,室内相对湿度更大。研究可为黄土高原窑居建筑生态经验传承及新民居建设提供理论支撑。

基于血餐iDNA技术对武陵洞蛭专吸蝠血性的研究

武陵洞蛭(Sinospelaeobdella wulingensis)是中国洞蛭属(Sinospelaeobdella)的模式种,生活在环境条件较为稳定的溶洞深处,吸食洞栖性蝙蝠的血液,在洞顶壁完成其全部生活史,属于真洞穴动物。为了探究武陵洞蛭是否具有专吸蝠血性, 2022年8月至2023年8月按季度在湘西州境内已发现有武陵洞蛭栖息的6个溶洞中进行微生境特征数据和样品采集,利用血餐iDNA技术对106条武陵洞蛭的寄主物种进行鉴定,结果显示:1)该蛭种通常栖息在潮湿、粗糙及岩屑(或泥屑)厚度为0.2~0.4 cm的洞顶壁,其种群分布点通常是蝙蝠的常栖点;2)其寄主组成为翼手目动物5科5属11种,中华菊头蝠(Rhinolophus sinicus)、大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)和西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)是其主要的吸血对象;3)武陵洞蛭各群体的食物多样性指数和生态位宽度基本上均低于总体水平,冬季的食物多样性指数和生态位宽度均高于其他季节。总之,武陵洞蛭主要分布在蝙蝠常栖点附近的洞顶壁,因长期适应于溶洞生活,其食性已发生特化,已演化出专门吸食蝙蝠血液的行为生态习性。因此,对武陵洞蛭专吸蝠血性的深入研究将有助于探究蛭类动物食物多样性的演化路径,揭示吸血性蛭类食性演化的行为生态机制。

窑洞建筑病害分析及加固技术研究

窑洞建筑是黄土高原地区典型的传统民居,具有4000多年的文明史,它的妥善保护与传承具有重要的历史、文化和科学价值。本文通过大量的实地调研并结合理论分析,对窑洞建筑病害种类及其出现的原因进行了详细分析,根据简单、合理、低成本和快速高效的原则,提出了窑洞建筑合理可行的修缮加固技术,为西北地区传统民居的保护和传承提供科学合理的技术保障。

人水共生理念下传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧研究——以陕北地区为例

中国传统聚落景观营建素有将人水共生作为古人聚居选址及农耕生产的理念和举措。因此,在聚落选址之初,古人对自然山水环境的寻找、观察及借用的用心程度甚至超过聚落后期的建设过程。为了更好地保护和传承半干旱区传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧,避免本土理水营建技术的消失与断代,以陕北黄土高原区传统窑洞聚落为研究对象,从人水共生哲学思想出发,结合DIKW层次结构模型,构建传统聚落理水智慧解析路径与方法。从聚落选址布局理水智慧、人居营建理水智慧、农耕生产理水智慧和自然生态理水智慧4个方面,开展陕北传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧的提取与体系构建。以期为当前我国半干旱地区乡村聚落生态人居景观营建和水基础设施建设提供理论与经验借鉴。

湾里村窑洞景观改造设计研究

乡村窑洞景观作为一类乡村文化遗产,具有重要的文化价值和社会意义,文章主要探讨了乡村窑洞景观的独特性和重要性,以及其在城镇化进程中面临的挑战。乡村振兴的推进使乡村窑洞景观、传统农耕景观也在逐渐转化为现代乡村景观。为了保护和传承乡村文化,针对窑洞老旧、布局混乱、交通不便、安全性不足、基础设施不完善等问题,文章提出了一些应对策略,如明确文化定位、挖掘当地资源和系列化设计等,针对性地提出了设计方案。最后,通过对湾里村的改造设计案例进行分析,展示了如何通过景观设计改造窑洞景观,提升居民生活质量,提高居民生活幸福感,实现乡村振兴的目标。

陕北窑洞窗格图案形象特征及其应用

陕北窑洞门窗是使用功能和文化功能的综合体,有着特殊的构成与结构,蕴含独特的传统文化观念。窗格图案造型古朴、样式多变、形象抽象,并承载着丰富的农耕文化寓意,呈现出强烈的地域性、艺术性和民俗性特征,为地域文化创新应用提供了借鉴。

新石器时期中国南北建筑演进研究

通过剖析中国新石器时期黄河流域和长江流域都城形制特征,揭示了该时期建筑群由向心性逐渐演变为轴线控制的院落式布局的发展脉络。研究发现单体建筑经历了从单一空间至多空间分隔的转变,由原始的穴居和巢居形态逐步演进为高台木构建筑。这一演进过程体现了中国建筑艺术的显著进步,尤其在原始社会晚期,这种进步更为明显。良渚遗址、陶寺遗址等大型遗址已呈现出都邑与高台宫室的雏形,为中国几千年建筑文化的辉煌发展奠定了坚实基础。该研究丰富了建筑史学的研究内容,对于理解中国古代城市规划、建筑设计理念以及建筑技术的发展具有一定的意义,为现代建筑设计与实践提供了借鉴和启示。

窑洞建筑改造工程实践与研究

研究以某连排靠山窑洞建筑更新与改造为例,以乡村振兴和建设美丽中国为指导,以建筑文化的传承和保护为责任,进行了总体布局和风貌更新设计,并对窑洞建筑室内空间进行了分层改造,以及庭院辅助建筑的配套设计,其全面体现了人类宜居与自然环境的和谐关系。研究可为民居建筑的改造与建设提供技术支持,其具有较大的社会意义。

平遥古城传统民居院落空间形态研究

通过田野调查与文献查阅,研究明清时期平遥古城传统民居建筑空间设计类型,深入挖掘传统民居的文化特征。以平遥古城传统民居建筑为调研对象,分析其民居建筑形成的机制、建筑空间的组合关系、空间布局以及独特的建筑文化,为本地的传统民居建筑修复、改造重建提供一份基础研究资料。