Hot compression tests were performed on AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in the deformation temperature range of 800–1200℃ and constant strain rates of 0.001,0.01,0.1,and 1 s^(−1).Hot flow curves were used to det...Hot compression tests were performed on AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in the deformation temperature range of 800–1200℃ and constant strain rates of 0.001,0.01,0.1,and 1 s^(−1).Hot flow curves were used to determine the strain hardening exponent and the strain rate sensitivity exponent,and to construct the processing maps.Variations of the strain hardening exponent with strain were used to predict the microstructural evolutions during the hot deformation.Four variations were distinguished reflecting the different microstructural changes.Based on the analysis of the strain hardening exponent versus strain curves,the microstructural evolutions were dynamic recovery,single and multiple peak dynamic recrystallization,and interactions between dynamic recrystallization and precipitation.The strain rate sensitivity variations at an applied strain of 0.8 and strain rate of 0.1 s^(−1) were compared with the microstructural evolutions.The results demonstrate the existence of a reliable correlation between the strain rate sensitivity values and evolved microstructures.Additionally,the power dissipation map at the applied strain of 0.8 was compared with the resultant microstructures at predetermined deformation conditions.The microstructural evolutions strongly correlated to the power dissipation ratio,and dynamic recrystallization occurred completely at lower power dissipation ratios.展开更多
With the increasing use of metal foams in various engineering applications, investigation of their dynamic behaviour under varying strain rate is necessary. Closed cell aluminium fly ash foam developed through liquid ...With the increasing use of metal foams in various engineering applications, investigation of their dynamic behaviour under varying strain rate is necessary. Closed cell aluminium fly ash foam developed through liquid metallurgy route was investigated for its stress--strain behaviour at different strain rates ranging from 700 s^-1 to 1950 s^-1. The numerical model of split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was simulated using commercially available finite element code Abaqus/Explicit. Validation of numerical simulation was carried out using available experimental and numerical results. Full scale stress--strain curves wez＇e developed for various strain rates to study the effect of strain rate on compressive strength and energy absorption. The results showed that the closed cell aluminium fly ash foam is sensitive to strain rate.展开更多
An ultrafine-grained Cu sample with a high density of growth twins was synthesized by means of pulsed electrodeposition technique. The strain rate sensitivity of the Cu sample was measured by strain rate cycling tests...An ultrafine-grained Cu sample with a high density of growth twins was synthesized by means of pulsed electrodeposition technique. The strain rate sensitivity of the Cu sample was measured by strain rate cycling tests under tension. The effects of grain size as well as twin density on the strength and strain rate sensitivity were discussed.展开更多
Tensile deformation behaviors of the electrodeposited 40 nm grain sized Ni,25 nm Ni-1.7 wt.%Co,and 13 nm Ni-8.6 wt.%Co alloys at various strain rates and room temperature were reviewed with emphasis on strain rate sen...Tensile deformation behaviors of the electrodeposited 40 nm grain sized Ni,25 nm Ni-1.7 wt.%Co,and 13 nm Ni-8.6 wt.%Co alloys at various strain rates and room temperature were reviewed with emphasis on strain rate sensitivity and activation volume,respectively.It is found that the strain rate sensitivity and activation volume were strongly grain size dependent.An analytic model based on the bow out of a single dislocation well predicted the relationship between the strain rate sensitivity and the activation volumes for these nanocrystaline metals.展开更多
To overcome the limitation in formability at room temperature,manufacturers have developed magnesium alloys with remarkable properties by adding rare-earth elements.The rare-earth magnesium alloys behave differently f...To overcome the limitation in formability at room temperature,manufacturers have developed magnesium alloys with remarkable properties by adding rare-earth elements.The rare-earth magnesium alloys behave differently from the conventional alloys,especially with respect to their coupled anisotropic and strain rate sensitive behavior.In the current work,such behavior of the rare-earth Mg alloy ZEK100 sheet at room temperature is investigated with the aid of the elastic viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal plasticity model.Different strain rate sensitivities(SRSs)for various deformation modes are employed by the model to simulate the strain rate sensitive behaviors under different loading directions and loading rates.Good agreement between the experiments and simulations reveals the importance and necessity of using different SRSs for each deformation mode in hexagonal close-packed metals.Furthermore,the relative activities of each deformation mode and the texture evolution during different loadings are discussed.The anisotropic and strain rate sensitive behavior is ascribed to the various operating deformation modes with different SRSs during loading along different directions.展开更多
Two distinct regimes of strain rate sensitivity on yield strength are found in a high-strength nantwinned steel.The yield strength increases from 1410 to 1776 MPa when the strain rate increases from 10–3 to 1400 s-1....Two distinct regimes of strain rate sensitivity on yield strength are found in a high-strength nantwinned steel.The yield strength increases from 1410 to 1776 MPa when the strain rate increases from 10–3 to 1400 s-1.It is proposed from the measured small activation volume that the yielding of the nanotwinned steel at higher strain rates is governed by the dislocation bowing out from the carbon atmosphere.At lower strain rates,however,the yielding is controlled by the continuous re-pinning of dislocations due to the fast diffused carbon atoms,which leads to the relative insensitivity of yield strength to the strain rate.展开更多
It is well documented that the strain rate sensitivity(m)increases at refined grain size for face-centered cubic(FCC)metals and alloys.Through a series of nanoindentation testing,however,we experimentally demonstrated...It is well documented that the strain rate sensitivity(m)increases at refined grain size for face-centered cubic(FCC)metals and alloys.Through a series of nanoindentation testing,however,we experimentally demonstrated a striking departure from conventional FCC metals that Co Cr Fe Mn Ni high entropy alloy(HEA)with FCC lattice structure exhibits monotonously decreased m as grain size reduced fromμ30.3m to 7.2 nm.Moreover,the apparent activation volume v*,which generally shows an opposite trend of m,exhibited the identical decreasing trend with reduced grain size as that of m.Such an unusual trend of m and its correlation with v*in the FCC HEA alloys can be understood by a distinct deformationmechanism-transitions and unique dislocation morphology evolution that differs from conventional FCC metals.展开更多
In this work,we prepare transformable HEA/Cu nanolaminates(NLs)with equal individual layer thick-ness(h)by the magnetron sputtering technique,i.e.,Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu and Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Ni_(10)/Cu,an...In this work,we prepare transformable HEA/Cu nanolaminates(NLs)with equal individual layer thick-ness(h)by the magnetron sputtering technique,i.e.,Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu and Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Ni_(10)/Cu,and comparatively study He-ion irradiation effects on their microstructure and mechanical properties.It ap-pears that the as-deposited HEA/Cu NLs manifest two size h-dependent hardness regimes(i.e.,increased hardness at small h and hardness plateau at large h),while the He-implanted ones exhibit monotonically increased hardness.Contrary to the fashion that smaller h renders less irradiation hardening in bimetal NLs,the Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu NLs manifest the trend that smaller h leads to greater irradiation hard-ening.By contrast,the Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Ni_(10)/Cu NLs exhibit the maximum irradiation hardening at a critical h=50 nm.Below this critical size,smaller h results in lower radiation hardening(similar to bimetal NLs),while above this size,smaller h results in greater radiation hardening(similar to Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu NLs).Moreover,these transformable HEA/Cu NLs display inverse h-dependent strain rate sensitivity(SRS m)before and after He-ion irradiation.Nevertheless,compared with as-deposited samples,the irradi-ated Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu NLs display reduced SRS,while the irradiated Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Ni_(10)/Cu NLs dis-play enhanced SRS.Such unusual size-dependent irradiation strengthening and inverse h effect on SRS in irradiated samples were rationalized by considering the blocking effects of He bubbles on dislocation nucleation and motion,i.e.,dislocations shearing or bypassing He bubbles.展开更多
The Fe-29 Mn-3 Al-3 Si twin-induced plasticity(TWIP)steel is used to conduct quasi-static compression and dynamic impact deformation with strain rates ranging from 8.3×10^(-4) to 3800 s^(-1).The microstructures a...The Fe-29 Mn-3 Al-3 Si twin-induced plasticity(TWIP)steel is used to conduct quasi-static compression and dynamic impact deformation with strain rates ranging from 8.3×10^(-4) to 3800 s^(-1).The microstructures and properties of deformed samples under different strain rates were investigated comparatively.These results show that positive strain rate sensitivity was observed with the increase in strain rates and that there was a significant difference in strain rate sensitivity factor(m)between quasi-static compression(m=0.029)and dynamic impact deformation(m=0.190).Compared to the quasi-static compression,the dynamic impact deformation exhibited higher yield strength.Microstructural examination reveals that the primary twins were frequently found during the quasi-static compression process,and the secondary twins were rarely observed.However,the secondary and multi-fold deformation twins were florescent in the dynamic impact samples.At the initial stage of dynamic impact deformation,partial dislocations and staking faults on multiple conjugate{111}planes were simultaneously activated and produced a large number of Lomer-Cottrell dislocations,resulting in a large increase in yield strength during dynamic impact.展开更多
Cu-Al/Al nanostructured metallic multilayers with Al layer thickness hAl varying from 5 to 100 nm were prepared, and their mechanical properties and deformation behaviors were studied by nanoindentation testing. The r...Cu-Al/Al nanostructured metallic multilayers with Al layer thickness hAl varying from 5 to 100 nm were prepared, and their mechanical properties and deformation behaviors were studied by nanoindentation testing. The results showed that the hardness increased drastically with decreasing hAl down to about 20 nm, whereafter the hardness reached a plateau that approaches the hardness of the alloyed Cu-Al monolithic thin films. The strain rate sensitivity （SRS, m）, however, decreased monotonically with reducing hAl. The layer thickness-dependent strengthening mechanisms were discussed, and it was revealed that the alloyed Cu-Al nanolayers dominated at hAl≤ 20 nm, while the crystalline Al nanolayers dominated at hAl 〉 20 nm. The plastic deformation was mainly related to the ductile Al nanolayers, which was responsible for the monotonic evolution of SRS with hAl. In addition, the hAFdependent hardness and SRS were quanti- tatively modeled in light of the strengthening mechanisms at different length scales.展开更多
Uniaxial compressive experiments of ultrafine-grained Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) method were performed at wide temperature and strain rate range. The influence of temperature on flow stress,...Uniaxial compressive experiments of ultrafine-grained Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) method were performed at wide temperature and strain rate range. The influence of temperature on flow stress, strain hardening rate and strain rate sensitivity was investigated experimentally. The results show that both the effect of temperature on flow stress and its strain rate sensitivity of ECAPed Al is much larger than those of the coarse-grained Al. The temperature sensitivity of ultrafine-grained Al is comparatively weaker than that of the coarse-grained Al. Based on the experimental results, the apparent activation volume was estimated at different temperatures and strain rates. The forest dislocation interactions is the dominant thermally activated mechanism for ECAPed Al compressed at quasi-static strain rates, while the viscous drag plays an important role at high strain rates.展开更多
Lotus-type porous copper was fabricated by unidirectional solidification, and compressive experiments were subsequently conducted in the strain rate range of 10-3-2400 s-1 with the compressive direction parallel to th...Lotus-type porous copper was fabricated by unidirectional solidification, and compressive experiments were subsequently conducted in the strain rate range of 10-3-2400 s-1 with the compressive direction parallel to the pores. A GLEEBLE-1500 thermal-mechanical simulation system and a split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） were used to investigate the effect of strain rate on the compressive deforma-tion behaviors of lotus-type porous copper. The influence mechanism of strain rate was also analyzed by the strain-controlling method and by high-speed photography. The results indicated that the stress-strain curves of lotus-typed porous copper consist of a linear elastic stage, a plateau stage, and a densification stage at various strain rates. At low strain rate （〈1.0 s^-1）, the strain rate had little influence on the stress-strain curves; but when the strain rate exceeded 1.0 s^-1, it was observed to strongly affect the plateau stage, showing obvious strain-rate-hardening characteristics. Strain rate also influenced the densification initial strain. The densification initial strain at high strain rate was less than that at low strain rate. No visible inhomogeneous deformation caused by shockwaves was observed in lotus-type porous copper during high-strain-rate deformation. However, at high strain rate, the bending deformation characteristics of the pore walls obviously differed from those at low strain rate, which was the main mechanism by which the plateau stress exhibited strain-rate sensitivity when the strain rate exceeded a certain value and exhibited less densification initial strain at high strain rate.展开更多
Thermal stability and strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained(UFG)Fe produced by severe plastic deformation(SPD)were investigated.The UFG Fe was processed by equal-channel angular pressing(ECAP)via route Bc.After...Thermal stability and strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained(UFG)Fe produced by severe plastic deformation(SPD)were investigated.The UFG Fe was processed by equal-channel angular pressing(ECAP)via route Bc.After 6 passes,the grain size of UFG Fe reaches 600 nm, as confirmed by means of electron back scatter diffraction(EBSD).Examination of micro-hardness and grain size of UFG Fe as a function of post-ECAP annealing temperature shows a transition from recovery to recrystallization.The critical transition temperature is approximately 500℃,and the material has a bimodal structure after annealing at this temperature.Deformation behaviors of ECAP Fe and ECAP + annealing Fe were studied under both quasi-static and dynamic compressive loadings.The UFG iron shows increased strength and reduced strain rate sensitivity compared with its coarse-grained counterparts.The appropriate post-ECAP annealing can increase strain hardening ability and cancel out thermal softening effect with only a small loss of strength under dynamic loading.展开更多
The compressive and tensile strain rate sensitivities of polycrystalline and single crystal NiAl have been evaluated at 877 ℃ which is well above DBTT. Samples were prepared to specific sizes by hot press consolidati...The compressive and tensile strain rate sensitivities of polycrystalline and single crystal NiAl have been evaluated at 877 ℃ which is well above DBTT. Samples were prepared to specific sizes by hot press consolidation of appropriate powder sizes and minimizing past consolidation thermal exposures. NiAl single crystals were grown in the [100]orientation using a modified Bridgeman technique. The yield and tensile strength of polycrystalline NiAl as a function of grain size generally follows a Hall-Petch type relationship . A tensile strain rate effect was found at strain rate of 1 to 10-4 sec-1. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient, m,in the equation of σ = Kε is in the range of 0. 10 to 0. 13. The highest strain rate (1 sec-1) resulted in significantly higher strengths and little or no observed ductility. Compressive strain rate testing al strain rate of 10-5to 10-2 sec-1 and at temperature of 1050°to 1250°K was conducted both for polycrystalline and for single crystal NiAl. The calculated stress exponents and the activation energy for creep were compared with the reference data.展开更多
The stress–strain behavior and strain rate sensitivity of pre-strained Ni80Cr20（Ni20Cr） were studied at strain rates from 4.8×10^（–4）s^（–1） to 1.1×10^（–1）s^（–1）. Specimens were prepared throug...The stress–strain behavior and strain rate sensitivity of pre-strained Ni80Cr20（Ni20Cr） were studied at strain rates from 4.8×10^（–4）s^（–1） to 1.1×10^（–1）s^（–1）. Specimens were prepared through cold drawing with abnormal plastic deformation. The texture of the specimen was characterized using electron backscatter diffraction. Results revealed that the ultimate tensile strength and ductility of the pre-strained Ni20Cr microwires simultaneously increased with increasing strain rate. Twinning-induced negative strain rate sensitivity was discovered. Positive strain rate sensitivity was present in fracture flow stress, whereas negative strain rate sensitivity was detected in flow stress values of σ_（0.5%） and σ_（1%）. Tensile test of the pre-strained Ni20Cr showed that twinning deformation predominated, whereas dislocation slip deformation dominated when twinning deformation reached saturation. The trends observed in the fractions of 2°-5°, 5°-15°, and 15°-180° grain boundaries confirmed that twinning deformation dominated the first stage.展开更多
The mechanical properties of two main precipitating phases(LPSO and MgRE)and matrix in Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zn bioalloy were examined using nanoindentation method.A new is suggested for characterizing the elastic-plastic behavi...The mechanical properties of two main precipitating phases(LPSO and MgRE)and matrix in Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zn bioalloy were examined using nanoindentation method.A new is suggested for characterizing the elastic-plastic behavior,fracture toughness and strain rate sensitivity(SRS)of materials within micro/nanoscale.Firstly,a nanomechanical model was developed for extracting hardness(H),young’s modulus(E)and yield stress(σY)from the characteristic load points which were subsequently analyzed by atomic force microscope(AFM)images.The elasticity data and AFM data were then utilized for determination of plastic deformation in constituent phases.The displacement of the indentation gets the highest value for Mg matrix and between precipitates,depth is more in LPSO rather than that of MgRE.The serrated flow or the behavior of shear bands may originate from the side effect of the interface region in Mg alloys with precipitates.It can be deduced that the KIC produced by both L method and energy-based calculation are both reliable for KIC approximation.The maximum load in simulation withμ=0.2 friction is marginally lesser than that of the frictionless(μ=0)one while elastic recovery of indentation withμ=0.2 is higher to some extent.展开更多
Strain-hardening and warm deformation behaviors of extruded Mg-2Sn-0.5Yb alloy(at.%)sheet were investigated in uniaxial tensile test at temperatures of 25-250 ℃ and strain rates of 1×10^(−3) s^(−1)-0.1 s^(−1).Th...Strain-hardening and warm deformation behaviors of extruded Mg-2Sn-0.5Yb alloy(at.%)sheet were investigated in uniaxial tensile test at temperatures of 25-250 ℃ and strain rates of 1×10^(−3) s^(−1)-0.1 s^(−1).The data fit with the Kocks-Mecking type plots were used to show different stages of strain hardening.Besides III-stage and IV-stage,the absence of the II-stage strain hardening at room temperature should be related to the sufficient dynamic recrystallization during extrusion.The decrease of strain hardening ability of the alloy after yielding was attributed to the reduction of dislocation density with increasing testing temperature.Strain rate sensitivity(SRS)was significantly enhanced with increasing temperature,and the corresponding m-value was calculated as 0.07-0.12,which indicated that the deformation mechanism was dominated by the climb-controlled dislocation creep at 200 ℃.Furthermore,the grain boundary sliding(GBS)was activated at 250 ℃,which contributed to the higher SRS.The activation energy was calculated as 213.67 kJ mol^(−1),which was higher than that of lattice diffusion or grain boundary self-diffusion.In addition,the alloy exhibited a quasi superplasticity at 250 ℃ with a strain rate of 1×10^(−3) s^(−1),which was mainly related to the fine microstructure and the presence of the Mg2Sn and Mg2(Sn,Yb)particles.展开更多
The strain rate sensitivity to creep of single crystal Cu（110）, metal tantalum, and 128°Y-X LiNbO3 piezoelectric single crystal were measured at room temperature by MTS Nanoindenter XP. Among the three kinds of...The strain rate sensitivity to creep of single crystal Cu（110）, metal tantalum, and 128°Y-X LiNbO3 piezoelectric single crystal were measured at room temperature by MTS Nanoindenter XP. Among the three kinds of materials studied, Cu showed the highest degree of resistance to creep-induced deformation, which is followed by Ta, while the LiNbO3 single crystal deformed more readily than the others. The values of the steady-state strain rate sensitivities determined by the indentation methods are in the range of 0.002-0.006, 0.02-0.06 and 0.02-0.03 for Cu, Ta, and LiNbO3, respectively. The mechanisms for the indentation-induced creeping behavior and the factors that influenced the creeping are discussed.展开更多
An extruded Mg-6Gd-3Y-1.5Ag(wt%) alloy was processed by 6 passes of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) at 553 K using route Bc to refine the microstructure. Electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD) analysis showed ...An extruded Mg-6Gd-3Y-1.5Ag(wt%) alloy was processed by 6 passes of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) at 553 K using route Bc to refine the microstructure. Electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD) analysis showed a fully recrystallized microstructure for the extruded alloy with a mean grain size of 8.6 μm. The microstructure of the ECAP-processed alloy was uniformly refined through dynamic recrystallization(DRX). This microstructure contained fine grains with an average size of 1.3 μm, a high fraction of high angle grain boundaries(HAGBs), and nano-sized Mg_(5)Gd-type particles at the boundaries of the DRXed grains, detected by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). High-temperature shear punch testing(SPT) was used to evaluate the superplastic behavior of both the extruded and ECAP-processed alloys by measuring the strain rate sensitivity(SRS) index(m-value). While the highest m-value for the extruded alloy was measured to be 0.24 at 673 K, the ECAP-processed alloy exhibited much higher m-values of 0.41 and 0.52 at 598 and 623 K, respectively,delineating the occurrence of superplastic flow. Based on the calculated average activation energy of 118 kJ mol^(-1) and m-values close to 0.5, the deformation mechanism for superplastic flow at the temperatures of 598 and 623 K for the ECAP-processed alloys was recognized to be grain boundary sliding(GBS) assisted by grain boundary diffusion.展开更多
The hot workability of 7085 aluminum alloys with different initial microstructures （as-homogenized and as-solution treated） was studied by isothermal compression tests at the deformation temperature ranging from 300...The hot workability of 7085 aluminum alloys with different initial microstructures （as-homogenized and as-solution treated） was studied by isothermal compression tests at the deformation temperature ranging from 300 to 450 ℃ and the strain rate ranging from 0.0001 to 1 s 1. The strain rate sensitivity of the alloy was evaluated and used for establishing the power dissipation maps and instability maps on the basis of the flow stress data. The results show that the efficiency of power dissipation for the as-homogenized alloy is lower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. The deformation parameters of the dynamic recrystallization for the as-homogenized and as-solution treated alloy occur at 400 ℃, 0.01 s i and 450 ℃, 0.001 s-1, respectively. The flow instability region of the as-homogenized alloy is narrower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. These differences of the alloys with two different initial microstructures on the processing maps are mainly related to the dynamic precipitation characteristics.展开更多
文摘Hot compression tests were performed on AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in the deformation temperature range of 800–1200℃ and constant strain rates of 0.001,0.01,0.1,and 1 s^(−1).Hot flow curves were used to determine the strain hardening exponent and the strain rate sensitivity exponent,and to construct the processing maps.Variations of the strain hardening exponent with strain were used to predict the microstructural evolutions during the hot deformation.Four variations were distinguished reflecting the different microstructural changes.Based on the analysis of the strain hardening exponent versus strain curves,the microstructural evolutions were dynamic recovery,single and multiple peak dynamic recrystallization,and interactions between dynamic recrystallization and precipitation.The strain rate sensitivity variations at an applied strain of 0.8 and strain rate of 0.1 s^(−1) were compared with the microstructural evolutions.The results demonstrate the existence of a reliable correlation between the strain rate sensitivity values and evolved microstructures.Additionally,the power dissipation map at the applied strain of 0.8 was compared with the resultant microstructures at predetermined deformation conditions.The microstructural evolutions strongly correlated to the power dissipation ratio,and dynamic recrystallization occurred completely at lower power dissipation ratios.
文摘With the increasing use of metal foams in various engineering applications, investigation of their dynamic behaviour under varying strain rate is necessary. Closed cell aluminium fly ash foam developed through liquid metallurgy route was investigated for its stress--strain behaviour at different strain rates ranging from 700 s^-1 to 1950 s^-1. The numerical model of split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was simulated using commercially available finite element code Abaqus/Explicit. Validation of numerical simulation was carried out using available experimental and numerical results. Full scale stress--strain curves wez＇e developed for various strain rates to study the effect of strain rate on compressive strength and energy absorption. The results showed that the closed cell aluminium fly ash foam is sensitive to strain rate.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50571096 50021101,50431010)the Ministry of Science and Technology(M0ST)of China(No 2005CB623604).
文摘An ultrafine-grained Cu sample with a high density of growth twins was synthesized by means of pulsed electrodeposition technique. The strain rate sensitivity of the Cu sample was measured by strain rate cycling tests under tension. The effects of grain size as well as twin density on the strength and strain rate sensitivity were discussed.
基金The work is financially supported by the Foundation of National Key Basic Research and Development Program(No 2004CB619301)the Project 985-Automotive Engineering of Jilin University
文摘Tensile deformation behaviors of the electrodeposited 40 nm grain sized Ni,25 nm Ni-1.7 wt.%Co,and 13 nm Ni-8.6 wt.%Co alloys at various strain rates and room temperature were reviewed with emphasis on strain rate sensitivity and activation volume,respectively.It is found that the strain rate sensitivity and activation volume were strongly grain size dependent.An analytic model based on the bow out of a single dislocation well predicted the relationship between the strain rate sensitivity and the activation volumes for these nanocrystaline metals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51975365)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(18PJ1405000)+1 种基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)the Province of Ontario
文摘To overcome the limitation in formability at room temperature,manufacturers have developed magnesium alloys with remarkable properties by adding rare-earth elements.The rare-earth magnesium alloys behave differently from the conventional alloys,especially with respect to their coupled anisotropic and strain rate sensitive behavior.In the current work,such behavior of the rare-earth Mg alloy ZEK100 sheet at room temperature is investigated with the aid of the elastic viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal plasticity model.Different strain rate sensitivities(SRSs)for various deformation modes are employed by the model to simulate the strain rate sensitive behaviors under different loading directions and loading rates.Good agreement between the experiments and simulations reveals the importance and necessity of using different SRSs for each deformation mode in hexagonal close-packed metals.Furthermore,the relative activities of each deformation mode and the texture evolution during different loadings are discussed.The anisotropic and strain rate sensitive behavior is ascribed to the various operating deformation modes with different SRSs during loading along different directions.
文摘Two distinct regimes of strain rate sensitivity on yield strength are found in a high-strength nantwinned steel.The yield strength increases from 1410 to 1776 MPa when the strain rate increases from 10–3 to 1400 s-1.It is proposed from the measured small activation volume that the yielding of the nanotwinned steel at higher strain rates is governed by the dislocation bowing out from the carbon atmosphere.At lower strain rates,however,the yielding is controlled by the continuous re-pinning of dislocations due to the fast diffused carbon atoms,which leads to the relative insensitivity of yield strength to the strain rate.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2019TD-020)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Nos.2020JM-41 and 2020JM-33)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51471131)。
文摘It is well documented that the strain rate sensitivity(m)increases at refined grain size for face-centered cubic(FCC)metals and alloys.Through a series of nanoindentation testing,however,we experimentally demonstrated a striking departure from conventional FCC metals that Co Cr Fe Mn Ni high entropy alloy(HEA)with FCC lattice structure exhibits monotonously decreased m as grain size reduced fromμ30.3m to 7.2 nm.Moreover,the apparent activation volume v*,which generally shows an opposite trend of m,exhibited the identical decreasing trend with reduced grain size as that of m.Such an unusual trend of m and its correlation with v*in the FCC HEA alloys can be understood by a distinct deformationmechanism-transitions and unique dislocation morphology evolution that differs from conventional FCC metals.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2067219,51722104,51790482,51761135031 and 92163201)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0700701)+1 种基金the 111 Project 2.0 of China(No.BP2018008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xtr022019004)。
文摘In this work,we prepare transformable HEA/Cu nanolaminates(NLs)with equal individual layer thick-ness(h)by the magnetron sputtering technique,i.e.,Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu and Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Ni_(10)/Cu,and comparatively study He-ion irradiation effects on their microstructure and mechanical properties.It ap-pears that the as-deposited HEA/Cu NLs manifest two size h-dependent hardness regimes(i.e.,increased hardness at small h and hardness plateau at large h),while the He-implanted ones exhibit monotonically increased hardness.Contrary to the fashion that smaller h renders less irradiation hardening in bimetal NLs,the Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu NLs manifest the trend that smaller h leads to greater irradiation hard-ening.By contrast,the Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Ni_(10)/Cu NLs exhibit the maximum irradiation hardening at a critical h=50 nm.Below this critical size,smaller h results in lower radiation hardening(similar to bimetal NLs),while above this size,smaller h results in greater radiation hardening(similar to Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu NLs).Moreover,these transformable HEA/Cu NLs display inverse h-dependent strain rate sensitivity(SRS m)before and after He-ion irradiation.Nevertheless,compared with as-deposited samples,the irradi-ated Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10)/Cu NLs display reduced SRS,while the irradiated Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Ni_(10)/Cu NLs dis-play enhanced SRS.Such unusual size-dependent irradiation strengthening and inverse h effect on SRS in irradiated samples were rationalized by considering the blocking effects of He bubbles on dislocation nucleation and motion,i.e.,dislocations shearing or bypassing He bubbles.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51801060,51831004 and 52171006)。
文摘The Fe-29 Mn-3 Al-3 Si twin-induced plasticity(TWIP)steel is used to conduct quasi-static compression and dynamic impact deformation with strain rates ranging from 8.3×10^(-4) to 3800 s^(-1).The microstructures and properties of deformed samples under different strain rates were investigated comparatively.These results show that positive strain rate sensitivity was observed with the increase in strain rates and that there was a significant difference in strain rate sensitivity factor(m)between quasi-static compression(m=0.029)and dynamic impact deformation(m=0.190).Compared to the quasi-static compression,the dynamic impact deformation exhibited higher yield strength.Microstructural examination reveals that the primary twins were frequently found during the quasi-static compression process,and the secondary twins were rarely observed.However,the secondary and multi-fold deformation twins were florescent in the dynamic impact samples.At the initial stage of dynamic impact deformation,partial dislocations and staking faults on multiple conjugate{111}planes were simultaneously activated and produced a large number of Lomer-Cottrell dislocations,resulting in a large increase in yield strength during dynamic impact.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.5132100351322104and 51201123)+5 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB631003)the 111 Project of China(Grant No.B06025)the support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Tengfei Scholar projectthe Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Program No.2015JM5158)the Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Scientific Research Project for partial financial support
文摘Cu-Al/Al nanostructured metallic multilayers with Al layer thickness hAl varying from 5 to 100 nm were prepared, and their mechanical properties and deformation behaviors were studied by nanoindentation testing. The results showed that the hardness increased drastically with decreasing hAl down to about 20 nm, whereafter the hardness reached a plateau that approaches the hardness of the alloyed Cu-Al monolithic thin films. The strain rate sensitivity （SRS, m）, however, decreased monotonically with reducing hAl. The layer thickness-dependent strengthening mechanisms were discussed, and it was revealed that the alloyed Cu-Al nanolayers dominated at hAl≤ 20 nm, while the crystalline Al nanolayers dominated at hAl 〉 20 nm. The plastic deformation was mainly related to the ductile Al nanolayers, which was responsible for the monotonic evolution of SRS with hAl. In addition, the hAFdependent hardness and SRS were quanti- tatively modeled in light of the strengthening mechanisms at different length scales.
基金Projects(11272267,11102168,10932008)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(B07050)supported by Northwestern Polytechnical University
文摘Uniaxial compressive experiments of ultrafine-grained Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) method were performed at wide temperature and strain rate range. The influence of temperature on flow stress, strain hardening rate and strain rate sensitivity was investigated experimentally. The results show that both the effect of temperature on flow stress and its strain rate sensitivity of ECAPed Al is much larger than those of the coarse-grained Al. The temperature sensitivity of ultrafine-grained Al is comparatively weaker than that of the coarse-grained Al. Based on the experimental results, the apparent activation volume was estimated at different temperatures and strain rates. The forest dislocation interactions is the dominant thermally activated mechanism for ECAPed Al compressed at quasi-static strain rates, while the viscous drag plays an important role at high strain rates.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(No.50904004)
文摘Lotus-type porous copper was fabricated by unidirectional solidification, and compressive experiments were subsequently conducted in the strain rate range of 10-3-2400 s-1 with the compressive direction parallel to the pores. A GLEEBLE-1500 thermal-mechanical simulation system and a split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） were used to investigate the effect of strain rate on the compressive deforma-tion behaviors of lotus-type porous copper. The influence mechanism of strain rate was also analyzed by the strain-controlling method and by high-speed photography. The results indicated that the stress-strain curves of lotus-typed porous copper consist of a linear elastic stage, a plateau stage, and a densification stage at various strain rates. At low strain rate （〈1.0 s^-1）, the strain rate had little influence on the stress-strain curves; but when the strain rate exceeded 1.0 s^-1, it was observed to strongly affect the plateau stage, showing obvious strain-rate-hardening characteristics. Strain rate also influenced the densification initial strain. The densification initial strain at high strain rate was less than that at low strain rate. No visible inhomogeneous deformation caused by shockwaves was observed in lotus-type porous copper during high-strain-rate deformation. However, at high strain rate, the bending deformation characteristics of the pore walls obviously differed from those at low strain rate, which was the main mechanism by which the plateau stress exhibited strain-rate sensitivity when the strain rate exceeded a certain value and exhibited less densification initial strain at high strain rate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11002151,110722432)973 Project(2010CB631004)
文摘Thermal stability and strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained(UFG)Fe produced by severe plastic deformation(SPD)were investigated.The UFG Fe was processed by equal-channel angular pressing(ECAP)via route Bc.After 6 passes,the grain size of UFG Fe reaches 600 nm, as confirmed by means of electron back scatter diffraction(EBSD).Examination of micro-hardness and grain size of UFG Fe as a function of post-ECAP annealing temperature shows a transition from recovery to recrystallization.The critical transition temperature is approximately 500℃,and the material has a bimodal structure after annealing at this temperature.Deformation behaviors of ECAP Fe and ECAP + annealing Fe were studied under both quasi-static and dynamic compressive loadings.The UFG iron shows increased strength and reduced strain rate sensitivity compared with its coarse-grained counterparts.The appropriate post-ECAP annealing can increase strain hardening ability and cancel out thermal softening effect with only a small loss of strength under dynamic loading.
文摘The compressive and tensile strain rate sensitivities of polycrystalline and single crystal NiAl have been evaluated at 877 ℃ which is well above DBTT. Samples were prepared to specific sizes by hot press consolidation of appropriate powder sizes and minimizing past consolidation thermal exposures. NiAl single crystals were grown in the [100]orientation using a modified Bridgeman technique. The yield and tensile strength of polycrystalline NiAl as a function of grain size generally follows a Hall-Petch type relationship . A tensile strain rate effect was found at strain rate of 1 to 10-4 sec-1. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient, m,in the equation of σ = Kε is in the range of 0. 10 to 0. 13. The highest strain rate (1 sec-1) resulted in significantly higher strengths and little or no observed ductility. Compressive strain rate testing al strain rate of 10-5to 10-2 sec-1 and at temperature of 1050°to 1250°K was conducted both for polycrystalline and for single crystal NiAl. The calculated stress exponents and the activation energy for creep were compared with the reference data.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11135007)
文摘The stress–strain behavior and strain rate sensitivity of pre-strained Ni80Cr20（Ni20Cr） were studied at strain rates from 4.8×10^（–4）s^（–1） to 1.1×10^（–1）s^（–1）. Specimens were prepared through cold drawing with abnormal plastic deformation. The texture of the specimen was characterized using electron backscatter diffraction. Results revealed that the ultimate tensile strength and ductility of the pre-strained Ni20Cr microwires simultaneously increased with increasing strain rate. Twinning-induced negative strain rate sensitivity was discovered. Positive strain rate sensitivity was present in fracture flow stress, whereas negative strain rate sensitivity was detected in flow stress values of σ_（0.5%） and σ_（1%）. Tensile test of the pre-strained Ni20Cr showed that twinning deformation predominated, whereas dislocation slip deformation dominated when twinning deformation reached saturation. The trends observed in the fractions of 2°-5°, 5°-15°, and 15°-180° grain boundaries confirmed that twinning deformation dominated the first stage.
文摘The mechanical properties of two main precipitating phases(LPSO and MgRE)and matrix in Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zn bioalloy were examined using nanoindentation method.A new is suggested for characterizing the elastic-plastic behavior,fracture toughness and strain rate sensitivity(SRS)of materials within micro/nanoscale.Firstly,a nanomechanical model was developed for extracting hardness(H),young’s modulus(E)and yield stress(σY)from the characteristic load points which were subsequently analyzed by atomic force microscope(AFM)images.The elasticity data and AFM data were then utilized for determination of plastic deformation in constituent phases.The displacement of the indentation gets the highest value for Mg matrix and between precipitates,depth is more in LPSO rather than that of MgRE.The serrated flow or the behavior of shear bands may originate from the side effect of the interface region in Mg alloys with precipitates.It can be deduced that the KIC produced by both L method and energy-based calculation are both reliable for KIC approximation.The maximum load in simulation withμ=0.2 friction is marginally lesser than that of the frictionless(μ=0)one while elastic recovery of indentation withμ=0.2 is higher to some extent.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundations of China(No.51371089 and No.51301082).
文摘Strain-hardening and warm deformation behaviors of extruded Mg-2Sn-0.5Yb alloy(at.%)sheet were investigated in uniaxial tensile test at temperatures of 25-250 ℃ and strain rates of 1×10^(−3) s^(−1)-0.1 s^(−1).The data fit with the Kocks-Mecking type plots were used to show different stages of strain hardening.Besides III-stage and IV-stage,the absence of the II-stage strain hardening at room temperature should be related to the sufficient dynamic recrystallization during extrusion.The decrease of strain hardening ability of the alloy after yielding was attributed to the reduction of dislocation density with increasing testing temperature.Strain rate sensitivity(SRS)was significantly enhanced with increasing temperature,and the corresponding m-value was calculated as 0.07-0.12,which indicated that the deformation mechanism was dominated by the climb-controlled dislocation creep at 200 ℃.Furthermore,the grain boundary sliding(GBS)was activated at 250 ℃,which contributed to the higher SRS.The activation energy was calculated as 213.67 kJ mol^(−1),which was higher than that of lattice diffusion or grain boundary self-diffusion.In addition,the alloy exhibited a quasi superplasticity at 250 ℃ with a strain rate of 1×10^(−3) s^(−1),which was mainly related to the fine microstructure and the presence of the Mg2Sn and Mg2(Sn,Yb)particles.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.90406024).
文摘The strain rate sensitivity to creep of single crystal Cu（110）, metal tantalum, and 128°Y-X LiNbO3 piezoelectric single crystal were measured at room temperature by MTS Nanoindenter XP. Among the three kinds of materials studied, Cu showed the highest degree of resistance to creep-induced deformation, which is followed by Ta, while the LiNbO3 single crystal deformed more readily than the others. The values of the steady-state strain rate sensitivities determined by the indentation methods are in the range of 0.002-0.006, 0.02-0.06 and 0.02-0.03 for Cu, Ta, and LiNbO3, respectively. The mechanisms for the indentation-induced creeping behavior and the factors that influenced the creeping are discussed.
文摘An extruded Mg-6Gd-3Y-1.5Ag(wt%) alloy was processed by 6 passes of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) at 553 K using route Bc to refine the microstructure. Electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD) analysis showed a fully recrystallized microstructure for the extruded alloy with a mean grain size of 8.6 μm. The microstructure of the ECAP-processed alloy was uniformly refined through dynamic recrystallization(DRX). This microstructure contained fine grains with an average size of 1.3 μm, a high fraction of high angle grain boundaries(HAGBs), and nano-sized Mg_(5)Gd-type particles at the boundaries of the DRXed grains, detected by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). High-temperature shear punch testing(SPT) was used to evaluate the superplastic behavior of both the extruded and ECAP-processed alloys by measuring the strain rate sensitivity(SRS) index(m-value). While the highest m-value for the extruded alloy was measured to be 0.24 at 673 K, the ECAP-processed alloy exhibited much higher m-values of 0.41 and 0.52 at 598 and 623 K, respectively,delineating the occurrence of superplastic flow. Based on the calculated average activation energy of 118 kJ mol^(-1) and m-values close to 0.5, the deformation mechanism for superplastic flow at the temperatures of 598 and 623 K for the ECAP-processed alloys was recognized to be grain boundary sliding(GBS) assisted by grain boundary diffusion.
基金Projects(2010CB731701,2012CB619502) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(CX2012B043) supported by Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate,ChinaProject(51021063) supported by Creative Research Group of National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The hot workability of 7085 aluminum alloys with different initial microstructures （as-homogenized and as-solution treated） was studied by isothermal compression tests at the deformation temperature ranging from 300 to 450 ℃ and the strain rate ranging from 0.0001 to 1 s 1. The strain rate sensitivity of the alloy was evaluated and used for establishing the power dissipation maps and instability maps on the basis of the flow stress data. The results show that the efficiency of power dissipation for the as-homogenized alloy is lower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. The deformation parameters of the dynamic recrystallization for the as-homogenized and as-solution treated alloy occur at 400 ℃, 0.01 s i and 450 ℃, 0.001 s-1, respectively. The flow instability region of the as-homogenized alloy is narrower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. These differences of the alloys with two different initial microstructures on the processing maps are mainly related to the dynamic precipitation characteristics.
