MAXIMAL NILPOTENT IDEALS AND ISOMORPHISMS OF LARGE SUBALGEBRAS OF NEST ALGEBRAS

Let N be a nest of projections on a Hilbert space H and T(N) be the corresponding nest algebra. Let A be a large subalgebra of T(N). It is proved that any maximal n-nilpotent ideal of A is in the form of A∩R F,where F is a finite subnest of N and R F is the Jacobson radical of T(F).Using this result can prove that two large subalgebras are isomorphic if and only if the corresponding nests are similar.

GENERALIZED DERIVATIONS ON PARABOLIC SUBALGEBRAS OF GENERAL LINEAR LIE ALGEBRAS

Let P be a parabolic subalgebra of a general linear Lie algebra gl（n,F） over a field F, where n ≥ 3, F contains at least n different elements, and char（F） ≠ 2. In this article, we prove that generalized derivations, quasiderivations, and product zero derivations of P coincide, and any generalized derivation of P is a sum of an inner derivation, a central quasiderivation, and a scalar multiplication map of P. We also show that any commuting automorphism of P is a central automorphism, and any commuting derivation of P is a central derivation.

Linear Commuting Maps on Parabolic Subalgebras of Finite-dimensional Simple Lie Algebras

A map φ on a Lie algebra g is called to be commuting if [φ(x), x] = 0 for all x ∈ g. Let L be a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0, P a parabolic subalgebra of L. In this paper, we prove that a linear mapφon P is commuting if and only if φ is a scalar multiplication map on P.

Dynamical Soliton Wave Structures of One-Dimensional Lie Subalgebras via Group-Invariant Solutions of a Higher-Dimensional Soliton Equation with Various Applications in Ocean Physics and Mechatronics Engineering

Having realized various significant roles that higher-dimensional nonlinear partial differ-ential equations(NLPDEs)play in engineering,we analytically investigate in this paper,a higher-dimensional soliton equation,with applications particularly in ocean physics and mechatronics(electrical electronics and mechanical)engineering.Infinitesimal generators of Lie point symmetries of the equation are computed using Lie group analysis of differen-tial equations.In addition,we construct commutation as well as Lie adjoint representation tables for the nine-dimensional Lie algebra achieved.Further,a one-dimensional optimal system of Lie subalgebras is also presented for the soliton equation.This consequently enables us to generate abundant group-invariant solutions through the reduction of the understudy equation into various ordinary differential equations(ODEs).On solving the achieved nonlinear differential equations,we secure various solitonic solutions.In conse-quence,these solutions containing diverse mathematical functions furnish copious shapes of dynamical wave structures,ranging from periodic,kink and kink-shaped nanopteron,soliton(bright and dark)to breather waves with extensive wave collisions depicted.We physically interpreted the resulting soliton solutions by imploring graphical depictions in three dimensions,two dimensions and density plots.Moreover,the gained group-invariant solutions involved several arbitrary functions,thus exhibiting rich physical structures.We also implore the power series technique to solve part of the complicated differential equa-tions and give valid comments on their results.Later,we outline some applications of our results in ocean physics and mechatronics engineering.

Frattini Subalgebras and Nonimbedding Theorem of n-Lie Algebras

In this paper, we prove the nonimbedding theorem in nilpotent n-Lie algebras which is an analogue to the nonimbedding theorem of Burnsids in groups of prime power order. We also study the properties of Frattini subalgebras of n-Lie algebras over the field with characteristic zero, and prove that the Frattini subalgebra of any k-solvable （k ≥2） n-Lie algebra is zero.

On Centralizer Subalgebras of Group Algebras

Let G be a finite group, H ≤ G and R be a commutative ring with an identity 1R. Let CRG（H）={α ∈ RG｜αh = hα for all h ∈ H）, which is called the centralizer subalgebra of H in RG. Obviously, if H=G then CRG（H） is just the central subalgebra Z（RG） of RG. In this note, we show that the set of all H- conjugacy class sums of G forms an R-basis of CRG（H）. Furthermore, let N be a normal subgroup of G and γthe natural epimorphism from G to G to G/N. Then γ induces an epimorphism from RG to RG, also denoted by % We also show that if R is a field of characteristic zero, then γ induces an epimorphism from CRG（H） to CRG（H）, that is, 7（CRG（H）） = CRG（H）.

Non-linear Invertible Maps that Preserve Staircase Subalgebras

Let g be the general linear Lie algebra consisting of all n x n matrices over a field F and with the usual bracket operation {x, y} =xy - yx. An invertible map φ ： g →g is said to preserve staircase subalgebras if it maps every staircase subalgebra to some staircase subalgebra of the same dimension. In this paper, we devote to giving an explicit description on the invertible maps on g that preserve staircase subalgebras.

The Properties of Rational Modules and Coideal Subalgebras

In this paper, we first prove that the dual module of a rational module is still a rational module, and maximum rational modules keep their exac t properties. Then, we give the Maschke theorem of the coideal subalgebra of qua si-Frobenius algebra, and give some equivalent conditions for the ideal subcoal gebra.

Applications of cnoidal and snoidal wave solutions via optimal system of subalgebras for a generalized extended (2+1)-D quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation with power-law nonlinearity in oceanography and ocean engineering

The nonlinear evolution equations have a wide range of applications,more precisely in physics,biology,chemistry and engineering fields.This domain serves as a point of interest to a large extent in the world’s mathematical community.Thus,this paper purveys an analytical study of a generalized extended(2+1)-dimensional quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation with power-law nonlinearity in oceanography and ocean engineering.The Lie group theory of differential equations is utilized to compute an optimal system of one dimension for the Lie algebra of the model.We further reduce the equation using the subalgebras obtained.Besides,more general solutions of the underlying equation are secured for some special cases of n with the use of extended Jacobi function expansion technique.Consequently,we secure new bounded and unbounded solutions of interest for the equation in various solitonic structures including bright,dark,periodic(cnoidal and snoidal),compact-type as well as singular solitons.The applications of cnoidal and snoidal waves of the model in oceanography and ocean engineering for the first time,are outlined with suitable diagrams.This can be of interest to oceanographers and ocean engineers for future analysis.Furthermore,to visualize the dynamics of the results found,we present the graphic display of each of the solutions.Conclusively,we construct conservation laws of the understudy equation via the application of Noether’s theorem.

Maximal subalgebras of the general linear Lie algebra containing Cartan subalgebras

Let gl,,（R） be the general linear Lie algebra of all n×n matrices over a unital commutative ring R with 2 invertible, dn（R） be the Cartan subalgebra of gln（R） of all diagonal matrices. The maximal subalgebras of gln（R） that contain dn（F：） are classified completely.

Subalgebras of Nilpotent Matrices

In this note we describe explicitly the subalgebras of nilpotent matrices and obtain some interesting results.

Engel Subalgebras of n-Lie Algebras

Engel subalgebras of finite-dimensional n-Lie algebras are shown to have similar properties to those of Lie algebras. Using these, it is shown that an n-Lie algebra, all of whose maximal subalgebras are ideals, is nilpotent. A primitive 2-soluble n-Lie algebra is shown to split over its minimal ideal, and all the complements to its minimal ideal are conjugate. A subalgebra is shown to be a Cartan subalgebra if and only if it is minimal Engel, provided that the field has sufficiently many elements. Cartan subalgebras are shown to have a property analogous to intravariance.

Nonlinear Maps Satisfying Derivability on the Parabolic Subalgebras of the Full Matrix Algebras

Let F be a field of characteristic 0, Mn（F） the full matrix algebra over F, t the subalgebra of Mn（F） consisting of all upper triangular matrices. Any subalgebra of Mn（F） containing t is called a parabolic subalgebra of Mn（F）. Let P be a parabolic subalgebra of Mn（F）. A map φ on P is said to satisfy derivability if φ（x·y） = φ（x）·y＋x·φ（y） for all x,y ∈ P, where φ is not necessarily linear. Note that a map satisfying derivability on P is not necessarily a derivation on P. In this paper, we prove that a map φ on P satisfies derivability if and only if φ is a sum of an inner derivation and an additive quasi-derivation on P. In particular, any derivation of parabolic subalgebras of Mn（F） is an inner derivation.

ON SUBALGEBRAS OF CHEVALLEY ALGEBRAS CONCERNING SUBFIELDS

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Conjugation-uniqueness of exact Borel subalgebras

It is proved that the exact Borel subalgebras of a basic quasi-hereditary algebra are conjugate to each other. Moreover, the inner automorphism group of a basic quasi-hereditary algebra acts transitively on the set of its exact Borel subalgebras.

Hereditary C~*-subalgebras and comparison of positive elements

Characterizations of hereditary subalgebras generated by subsets of a C*-algebra are given through open projections.Using these results,we give some equivalent conditions of comparison of positive elements.

Strong conjugation actions induced by flags of exact Borel subalgebras

Let A be a quasi-hereditary algebra with a strong exact Borel subalgebra. It is proved that for any standard semisimple subalgebra T there exists an exact Borel subalgebra B of A such that T is a maximal semisimple subalgebra of B. It is shown that the maximal length of flags of exact Borel subalgebras of A is the difference of the radium and the rank of Grothendic group of A plus 2. The number of conjugation-classes of exact Borel subalgebras is 1 if and only if A is basic; the number is 2 if and only if A is semisimple. For all other cases, this number is 0 or no less than 3. Furthermore, it is shown that all the exact Borel subalgebras are idempotent-conjugate to each other, that is, for any exact Borel subalgebras B and C of A, there exists an idempotent e of A, and an invertible element u of A, such that eBe = u-1eCeu.

Borel Subalgebras of the Witt Algebra

Let F be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p 〉 3, and g be the Witt algebra over F. Let N be the nilpotent cone of g. An explicit description of N is given, so that the conjugacy classes of Borel subalgebras of g under the automorphism group of g are determined. In contrast with only one conjugacy class of Borel subalgebras in a classical simple Lie algebra, there are two conjugacy classes of Borel subalgebras in g. The representatives of conjugacy classes of Borel subalgebras, i.e.,the so-called standard Borel subalgebras, are precisely given.

Homological behavior of idempotent subalgebras and Ext algebras

Let A be a(left and right) Noetherian ring that is semiperfect. Let e be an idempotent of A and consider the ring Γ :=(1-e)A(1-e) and the semi-simple right A-module Se := e A/e rad A. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the global dimensions of A and Γ, by using the homological properties of Se. More precisely, we consider the Yoneda ring Y(e) := Ext_A~*(Se, Se) of e. We prove that if Y(e) is Artinian of finite global dimension, then A has finite global dimension if and only if so does Γ. We also investigate the situation where both A and Γ have finite global dimension. When A is Koszul and finite dimensional, this implies that Y(e) has finite global dimension. We end the paper with a reduction technique to compute the Cartan determinant of Artin algebras. We prove that if Y(e) has finite global dimension, then the Cartan determinants of A and Γ coincide. This provides a new way to approach the long-standing Cartan determinant conjecture.

Maximal von Neumann subalgebras arising from maximal subgroups

Ge(2003)asked the question whether LF∞can be embedded into LF2 as a maximal subfactor.We answer it affirmatively with three different approaches,all containing the same key ingredient:the existence of maximal subgroups with infinite index.We also show that point stabilizer subgroups for every faithful,4-transitive action on an infinite set give rise to maximal von Neumann subalgebras.By combining this with the known results on constructing faithful,highly transitive actions,we get many maximal von Neumann subalgebras arising from maximal subgroups with infinite index.