Preliminary Design of Poloildal Field Power Supply for HT-7U Super-conducting Tokamak

This paper presents the preliminary design of poloidal field power supply system of HT-7U super-conducting tokamak. With an emphasis on AC/DC power converter, DC circuit breaker, quench protection, harmonic suppression and static var. compensation, and AC power system, the design principle and features are introduced, the design scheme and R & D progress are described, the simulation studies and laboratory test are presented too.

Entangled States in a Single-Qubit Structure with SQUID Coupled with a Super-conducting Resonator

In this paper, the number-phase quantization scheme of the mesoscopic circuit, which consists of a singlequbit structure with superconducting quantum interference device coupled with a super-conducting resonator, is given. By introducing a unitary matrix and by means of spectral decomposition, the Hamiltonian operator of the system is exactly formulated in compact forms in spin-l/2 notation. The eigenvalues and the eigenstates of the system are investigated. It is found that using this system the entangled states can not only be prepared, but also be manipulated by tuning the magnetic flux through the super-conducting loop.

Appearance of Spatial-Temporal Noise in Super-conducting Junction and Its Effect on Transport of Electron Pairs

Transport of electron pairs in super-conducting junction with spatial-temporal noise is investigated. We show that the spatial-temporal noise can produce the current of the electron pairs, which stems from a symmetry breaking of the system induced by the correlation of the spatial-temporal noise with the phase difference. It is found that there is a positive current for the electron pairs, exhibiting a peak with increasing the values of some parameters of the noises. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the further investigation of the super-conducting junction.

Why the Central Monster in M87 Should Be a Massive DEO Rather than a SMBH?

In this paper, we show that massive envelopes made of highly compressed normal matter surrounding dark objects (DEOs) can curve the surrounding spacetime and make the systems observationally indistinguishable from their massive black hole counterparts. DEOs are new astrophysical objects that are made up of entropy-free incompressible supranuclear dense superfluid (SuSu-matter), embedded in flat spacetimes and invisible to outside observers, practically trapped in false vacua. Based on highly accurate numerical modelling of the internal structures of pulsars and massive neutron stars, and in combination with using a large variety of EOSs, we show that the mass range of DEOs is practically unbounded from above: it spans those of massive neutron stars, stellar and even supermassive black holes: thanks to the universal maximum density of normal matter, , beyond which normal matter converts into SuSu-matter. We apply the scenario to the Crab and Vela pulsars, the massive magnetar PSR J0740 6620, the presumably massive NS formed in GW170817, and the SMBHs in Sgr A* and M87*. Our numerical results also reveal that DEO-Envelope systems not only mimic massive BHs nicely but also indicate that massive DEOs can hide vast amounts of matter capable of turning our universe into a SuSu-matter-dominated one, essentially trapped in false vacua.

A Study of High-Power Thyristor Switch of Poloidal-Field Power Supply System in HT-7U Super-Conductive Tokamak

Through theoretical analysis of thyristor switch, criterion of turn-off was derived for the design of thyristor switch. The expression of parameter design and its math model during the turn-off were deduced. The simulation and experiment have been accomplished to validate the analysis.

Why the Energy Density of the Universe Is Lower and Upper-Bounded? Relaxing the Need for the Cosmological Constant

Recently, it was argued that the energy density of the supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars must have reached the , beyond which supranuclear dense matter becomes incompressible entropy-free gluon-quark superfluid. As this matter is also confined and embedded in flat spacetime, it is Lorentz invariant and could be treated as vacuum. The lower bound of matter in the universe may be derived using the following observational constraints: 1) The average energy density of the observable universe is erg/cc, 2) The observable universe is remarkably flat, and 3) the Hubble constant is a slowly decreasing function of cosmic time. Based thereon, I argue that the energy density in nature should be bounded from below by the average density of our vast and flat parent universe, , which is, in turn, comparable to the vacuum energy density , and amounts to erg/cc. When the total energy density is measured relative to , then both GR and Newtonian field equations may consistently model the gravitational potential of the parent universe without invoking cosmological constants. Relying on the recently proposed unicentric model of the observable universe, UNIMOUN, the big bang must have warped the initially flat spacetime into a curved one, though the expansion of the fireball doomed the excited energy state to diffuse out and return back to the ground energy state that governs the flat spacetime of our vast parent universe.

Hubble Tension versus the Cosmic Evolution of Hubble Parameter in the Unicentric Model of the Observable Universe

Recently, a unicentric model of the observable universe (UNIMOUN) was proposed. Accordingly, big bangs are common events in our infinitely large, flat, homogeneous and isotropic parent universe. Their progenitors are clusters of cosmically dead and massive neutron stars that merged after reaching the ultimate lowest quantum energy state, where the matter is in an incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluid state and zero-entropy, hence granting the resulting progenitors measurable sizes and immunity to collapsing into black holes. Our big bang happened to occur in our neighbourhood, thereby enduing the universe, the observed homogeneity and isotropy. As the enclosed mass of the progenitor was finite, the dynamically expanding curved spacetimes embedded the fireball started flattening to finally diffuse into the flat spacetime of the parent universe. By means of general relativistic numerical hydrodynamical calculations, we use the H-metric to follow the time-evolution of the spacetime embedding the progenitor during the hadronization and the immediately following epochs. Based thereon, we find that the kinetic energy of newly created normal matter increases with distance in a self-similar manner, imitating thereby outflows of nearly non-interacting particles. On cosmic time scales, this behaviour yields a Hubble parameter, H(t), which decreases slowly with the distance from the big bang event. Given the sensitivity of the data of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) from Planck to the underlying cosmological model, we conclude that UNIMOUN is a viable alternative to ΛCMD-cosmologies.

Foundation of the Unicentric Model of the Observable Universe—UNIMOUN

In view of the growing difficulties of ΛCDM-cosmologies to compete with recent highly accurate cosmological observations, I propose the alternative model: the Unicentric Model of the Observable UNiverse (UNIMOUN). The model relies on employing a new time-dependent -metric for the GR field equations, which enables reversible phase transitions between normal compressible fluids and incompressible quantum superfluids, necessary for studying the cosmic evolution of the observable universe. The main properties of UNIMOUN read: 1) The observable universe was born in a flat spacetime environment, which is a tiny fraction of our infinitely large and flat parent universe, 2) Our big bang (BB) happened to occur in our neighbourhood, thereby endowing the universe the observed homogeneity and isotropy, 3) The energy density in the universe is upper-bounded by the universal critical density , beyond which matter becomes purely incompressible, rendering formation of physical singulareties, and in particular black holes, impossible, 4) Big bangs are neither singular events nor invoked by external forces, but rather, they are common self-sustaining events in our parent universe, 5) The progenitors of BBs are created through the merger of cosmically dead and inactive neutron stars and/or through “supermassive black holes” that are currently observed at the centres of most massive galaxies, 6) The progenitors are made up of purely incompressible entropy-free superconducting gluon- quark superfluids with (SuSu-matter), which endows these giant objects measurable sizes, 7) Spacetimes embedding SuSu-matter are conformally flat. It is shown that UNIMOUN is capable of dealing with or providing answers to several fundamental open questions in astrophysics and cosmology without invoking inflation, dark matter or dark energy.

The EOSs and the Blatant Discrepancy in Modelling Massive Neutron Stars: Origin and a Possible Solution Method

Exploring the state of ultra-cold supranuclear dense matter that makes up the cores of massive neutron stars is one of the greatest unresolved problems in modern physics. In this letter, we show that when the interiors of pulsars are made of compressible and dissipative normal matter, the commonly used solution procedures combined with the known EOSs yield widely scattered solutions and poorly determined radii. A remarkable agreement emerges, however, if pulsars harbour cores that are made of incompressible entropy-free superfluids (SuSu-matter) embedded in flat spacetimes. Such supranuclear dense matter should condensate to form false vacua as predicated by non-perterbative QCD vacuum. The solutions here are found to be physically consistent and mathematically elegant, irrespective of the object’s mass. Based thereon, we conclude that the true masses of massive NSs may differ significantly from those revealed by direct observation.

Evidence for False Vacuum States inside the Cores of Massive Pulsars and the Ramification on the Measurements of Their True Masses

Based on the theory and observations of glitching pulsars, we show that the ultra-cold supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive pulsars should condensate in vacua, as predicated by non-perturbative QCD. The trapped matter here forms false vacuums embedded in flat spacetimes and completely disconnected from the outside world. Although the vacuum expectation value here vanishes, the masses and sizes of these incompressible superfluid cores are set to grow with cosmic times, in accord with the Onsager-Feynman superfluidity analysis. We apply our scenario to several well-studied pulsars, namely the Crab, Vela, PSR J0740+6620 and find that the trapped mass-contents in their cores read {0.15,0.55,0.64}, implying that their true masses are {1.55,2.35,2.72} , respectively. Based thereon, we conclude that: 1) The true masses of massive pulsars and neutron stars are much higher than detected by direct observations and, therefore, are unbounded from above, 2) The remnant of the merger event in GW170817 should be a massive NS harbouring a core with 1.66 .

An Advanced FMRL Controller for FACTS Devices to Enhance Dynamic Performance of Power Systems

The parameters of power system slowly change with time due to environmental effects or may change rapidly due to faults. It is preferable that the control technique in this system possesses robustness for various fault conditions and disturbances. The used flexible alternating current transmission system （FACTS） in this paper is an advanced super-conducting magnetic energy storage （ASMES）. Many control techniques that use ASMES to improve power system stability have been proposed. While fuzzy controller has proven its value in some applications, the researches applying fuzzy controller with ASMES have been actively reported. However, it is sometimes very difficult to specify the rule base for some plants, when the parameters change. To solve this problem, a fuzzy model reference learning controller （FMRLC） is proposed in this paper, which investigates multi-input multi-output FMRLC for time-variant nonlinear system. This control method provides the motivation for adaptive fuzzy control, where the focus is on the automatic online synthesis and tuning of fuzzy controller parameters （i.e., using online data to continually learn the fuzzy controller that will ensure that the performance objectives are met）. Simulation results show that the proposed robust controller is able to work with nonlinear and nonstationary power system （i.e., single machine-infinite bus （SMIB） system）, under various fault conditions and disturbances.

Giant-Resonance for a Four-Dimensionally Coupled System with Dichotomous Noise

In this paper, we investigate a four-dimensionally coupled system driven by dichotomous noise. A new kind of stochastic resonance is found, for which the response of the system to the input signal can be hugely intensified.

The Origin of Power and Acceleration of High-Redshift Galaxies in the Unicentric Model of the Universe

Recently, a unicentric model of our observable universe was proposed. Accordingly, the big bang was neither a singular event nor invoked by external forces, but rather a frequent event in cosmic life cycles that occur sequentially or in parallel at the same and/or in different locations of our infinitely large, flat, homogeneous, and isotropic parent universe. The progenitor of our big bang is predicted to have been of a measurable size and happened to be in our neighbourhood. Based on theoretical arguments and general relativistic numerical calculations, it is argued that: 1) The surface of the progenitor is most appropriate for the hadron flash to run away;2) The structure of the progenitor is immune to self-collapse into a hyper-massive black hole;and 3) The power and acceleration of high-redshift galaxies may be connected to the BB-explosion. We conclude that the currently observed high-redshift galaxies must have been old and inactive in older times, but turned into life through matter and momentum transfer from the fireball and the collision of the locally curved spacetime embedding the galaxy with the expanding one embedding the fireball. With the present scenario, the origin of the monstrous black hole candidates with MBH ≥109Me , that are believed to have resided at the centre of galaxies when the observable universe was 400 Myr old, could be straightforwardly explained. This implies that QSOs with ever higher redshifts should exist, though their detection becomes increasingly harder.

A FeSe-based superconductor (C_2H_8N_2)_xFeSe with only ethylenediamine intercalated

A new FeSe-based superconductor （C2H8N2）x FeSe with ethylenediamine intercalated into FeSe was suc- cessfully synthesized by the solvothermal method, which is the first superconducting instance by metal-free organic molecule intercalation. Elemental analysis and TG-IR-GC/MS data re- veal that the ethylenediamine molecules in the interlayer space are separate and intact. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） pattern indicates that the intercalation compound is an orthorhombic lattice rather than a tetragonal lattice applying to almost all the previous FeSe-based superconductors at room tempera- ture. The magnetism measurements display a sharp super- conducting transition at -10 K which is assigned to （C2H8N2）xFeSe, and a tiny drop in susceptibility at -30 K.

PRODUCTION, ISOLATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE ENDOHEDRAL FULLERENE Sc_2@C_(80)(I-III)

The isolation of multiple-isomers of Sc2@C80 (I, II, III) endohedral metallofullerenes is reported for the first time. The new C80-based Sc-metallofullerenes are characterized by UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy and detailed chromatographic retention time data. A close relationship between the isomer structure and the corresponding HPLC retention time of the metallofullerenes is presented.