AIM To investigate the distribution and function of interstitialcells of Cajal(ICCs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive(PDGFRα+) cells in the proximal and distal colon.METHODS The comparison of c...AIM To investigate the distribution and function of interstitialcells of Cajal(ICCs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive(PDGFRα+) cells in the proximal and distal colon.METHODS The comparison of colonic transit in the proximal and distal ends was performed by colonic migrating motor complexes(CMMCs). The tension of the colonic smooth muscle was examined by smooth muscle spontaneous contractile experiments with both ends of the smooth muscle strip tied with a silk thread. Intracellular recordings were used to assess electrical field stimulation(EFS)-induced inhibitory junction potentials(IJP) on the colonic smooth muscle. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of ICCs and PDGFRα in the colonic smooth muscle.RESULTS Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride(L-NAME) significantly increased the CMMC frequency and spontaneous contractions, especially in the proximal colon, while treatment with MRS2500 increased only distal CMMC activity and smooth muscle contractions. Both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions were markedly inhibited by NPPB, especially in the proximal colon. Accordingly, CyPPA sharply inhibited the distal contraction of both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions. Additionally, the amplitude of stimulationinduced nitric oxide(NO)/ICC-dependent slow IJPs(sIJPs) by intracellular recordings from the smooth muscles in the proximal colon was larger than that in the distal colon, while the amplitude of electric field stimulationinduced purinergic/PDGFRα-dependent fast IJPs(fIJPs) in the distal colon was larger than that in the proximal colon. Consistently, protein expression levels of c-Kit and anoctamin-1(ANO1) in the proximal colon were much higher, while protein expression levels of PDGFRα and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3(SK3) in the distal colon were much higher.CONCLUSION The ICCs are mainly distributed in the proximal colon and there are more PDGFRα+ cells are in the distal colon, which generates a pressure gradient between the two ends of the colon to propel the feces to the anus.展开更多
In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a syncytium.This distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical deb...In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a syncytium.This distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical debate between Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal on the wiring principle of the nervous system over a century ago(Cimino,1999).At that neuron-centric era,the Cajal advocated the cell theory that considered the nervous system to be made up of discrete individual cells.Golgi on the other hand favored the reticular theory that viewed the nervous system as a singular continuing network system.Nevertheless,regardless of the difference in their viewpoints,both theories were intended to postulate an anatomical blueprint of neural circuitry,with no attention given to neuroglia.It was until the 1950s,the distinct membrane borders between synapses were revealed by electron microscopy,which means that neurons are indeed discrete individual cells.This declared Ramon y Cajal’s cell theory the victor in the debate,while Golgi’s reticular theory was disregarded.However,the existence of a“low-resistance pathway”between neuroglia was soon identified in the optic nerve in the 1960s(Kuffler et al.,1966),which we now know to be gap junction coupling that connects the cytoplasm of astrocytes into a syncytial network.Ever since,decades of studies clearly demonstrated that syncytial coupling into the network is a most prominent feature of astrocytes and these glial networks are intimately interwoven with the neuronal circuits running across the entire central nervous system(Giaume et al.,2010).Surprisingly,the question of whether a reticular system exists in parallel with the neuronal circuits has received a little research attention to this day.Interestingly,the wiring pattern of astrocyte syncytium is reminiscent of the reticular theory postulated by Golgi.In this perspective,the“revived”use of“reticular theory”is solely dedicated to the brain reticular system established by astrocytes.展开更多
The assays for bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) induced syncytium formation and BIV long terminal repeat (LTR) directed luciferase (Luc) gene expression were applied to screen and evaluate anti AIDS drugs. Frequen...The assays for bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) induced syncytium formation and BIV long terminal repeat (LTR) directed luciferase (Luc) gene expression were applied to screen and evaluate anti AIDS drugs. Frequency of the syncytium formation and BIV LTR directed Luc activity were in proportion to the number of input BIV infected cells. AZT inhibited the syncytium formation and the BIV LTR directed Luc gene expression level. Its inhibitory effects were dosedependent with the IC 50 being 0.24 and 0.052 mmol / L, respectively.展开更多
大豆孢囊线虫是大豆产区病虫害防治策略的重要目标之一,大豆孢囊线虫的防控也一直是线虫领域研究热点之一。大豆孢囊线虫侵染不仅会造成大豆地下部分损伤,也使得地上部分受损从而影响其产量,因此需对大豆孢囊线虫的抗性机制进行分析以...大豆孢囊线虫是大豆产区病虫害防治策略的重要目标之一,大豆孢囊线虫的防控也一直是线虫领域研究热点之一。大豆孢囊线虫侵染不仅会造成大豆地下部分损伤,也使得地上部分受损从而影响其产量,因此需对大豆孢囊线虫的抗性机制进行分析以达到防控的目的。大豆孢囊线虫成功寄生宿主植物需对其细胞壁进行降解融合,形成为其生长发育提供唯一营养来源的合胞体。而阻碍大豆孢囊线虫移动和合胞体建立的细胞壁抗性是大豆抵御大豆孢囊线虫的关键,其中木质素是细胞壁发挥抗性的重要成分。木质素的生物合成主要包括莽草酸代谢途径、苯丙烷代谢途径和木质素合成的特异途径,4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate-Coenzyme A ligase,4CL)作为连接苯丙烷代谢途径和木质素特异合成途径的重要转折酶,决定了木质素的合成,其很可能是响应大豆孢囊线虫胁迫的重要调控因子。本文从线虫入侵需要细胞壁降解融合建立合胞体出发,围绕木质素导致的细胞壁抗性展开讨论,分析了4CL在细胞壁抗性中的响应机制,为进一步探索大豆孢囊线虫胁迫机制提供科学依据。展开更多
The biological features of most foamy viruses(FVs) are poorly understood, including bovine foamy virus(BFV). BFV strain 3026(BFV3026) was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an infected cow in Zhan...The biological features of most foamy viruses(FVs) are poorly understood, including bovine foamy virus(BFV). BFV strain 3026(BFV3026) was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an infected cow in Zhangjiakou, China. A full-length genomic clone of BFV3026 was obtained from BFV3026-infected cells, and it exhibited more than 99% amino acid(AA) homology to another BFV strain isolated in the USA. Upon transfection into fetal canine thymus cells, the full-length BFV3026 clone produced viral structural and auxiliary proteins, typical cytopathic effects, and virus particles. These results demonstrate that the full-length BFV3026 clone is fully infectious and can be used in further BFV3026 research.展开更多
Objective Although HIV-1 infection is prevalent in many regions in China, it remains largely unknown on the biological characteristics of dominant circulating isolates. This study was designed to isolate the circulati...Objective Although HIV-1 infection is prevalent in many regions in China, it remains largely unknown on the biological characteristics of dominant circulating isolates. This study was designed to isolate the circulating viral strains from different prevalent regions and to characterize their biological properties and neutralization sensitivity. Methods Primary viruses were isolated from fresh PBMCs using the traditional co-culture method and their capacity of inducing syncytium was tested in MT-2 cells. Meanwhile, their coreceptor usage was determined with two cell lines: Magi and GHOST (3) stably expressing CD4 and the chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4. Furthermore, the sensitivity of these viruses to neutralization by HIV-1-infected patients’ plasma which were highly active to neutralize SF33 strain, was quantified in GHOST cell-based neutralization assay. Results Six primary viral strains were isolated from 4 separated regions. Isolates LTG0213,LTG0214 and XVS032691 induced syncytia in MT-2 cells, and used CXCR4 as coreceptor. Isolates XJN0021, XJN0091, or SHXDC0041 did not induce syncytia, and used CCR5 as coreceptor. Overall neutralization sensitivity differed among four representative strains: HIV-1 XVS032691>LTG0214>XJN0091≈SHXDC0041. Conclusion The neutralization sensitivity of HIV isolates is linked with the phenotype of isolates, in which syncytium-inducing (SI) or CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses are more easily neutralized than non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) or CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses. The genetic subtypes based on the phylogeny of env sequences are not classical neutralization serotypes.展开更多
基金Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31671192 and No.31571180Foundation of Xin Hua Hospital,No.JZPI201708
文摘AIM To investigate the distribution and function of interstitialcells of Cajal(ICCs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive(PDGFRα+) cells in the proximal and distal colon.METHODS The comparison of colonic transit in the proximal and distal ends was performed by colonic migrating motor complexes(CMMCs). The tension of the colonic smooth muscle was examined by smooth muscle spontaneous contractile experiments with both ends of the smooth muscle strip tied with a silk thread. Intracellular recordings were used to assess electrical field stimulation(EFS)-induced inhibitory junction potentials(IJP) on the colonic smooth muscle. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of ICCs and PDGFRα in the colonic smooth muscle.RESULTS Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride(L-NAME) significantly increased the CMMC frequency and spontaneous contractions, especially in the proximal colon, while treatment with MRS2500 increased only distal CMMC activity and smooth muscle contractions. Both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions were markedly inhibited by NPPB, especially in the proximal colon. Accordingly, CyPPA sharply inhibited the distal contraction of both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions. Additionally, the amplitude of stimulationinduced nitric oxide(NO)/ICC-dependent slow IJPs(sIJPs) by intracellular recordings from the smooth muscles in the proximal colon was larger than that in the distal colon, while the amplitude of electric field stimulationinduced purinergic/PDGFRα-dependent fast IJPs(fIJPs) in the distal colon was larger than that in the proximal colon. Consistently, protein expression levels of c-Kit and anoctamin-1(ANO1) in the proximal colon were much higher, while protein expression levels of PDGFRα and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3(SK3) in the distal colon were much higher.CONCLUSION The ICCs are mainly distributed in the proximal colon and there are more PDGFRα+ cells are in the distal colon, which generates a pressure gradient between the two ends of the colon to propel the feces to the anus.
基金sponsored by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke RO1NS062784,R56NS097972
文摘In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a syncytium.This distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical debate between Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal on the wiring principle of the nervous system over a century ago(Cimino,1999).At that neuron-centric era,the Cajal advocated the cell theory that considered the nervous system to be made up of discrete individual cells.Golgi on the other hand favored the reticular theory that viewed the nervous system as a singular continuing network system.Nevertheless,regardless of the difference in their viewpoints,both theories were intended to postulate an anatomical blueprint of neural circuitry,with no attention given to neuroglia.It was until the 1950s,the distinct membrane borders between synapses were revealed by electron microscopy,which means that neurons are indeed discrete individual cells.This declared Ramon y Cajal’s cell theory the victor in the debate,while Golgi’s reticular theory was disregarded.However,the existence of a“low-resistance pathway”between neuroglia was soon identified in the optic nerve in the 1960s(Kuffler et al.,1966),which we now know to be gap junction coupling that connects the cytoplasm of astrocytes into a syncytial network.Ever since,decades of studies clearly demonstrated that syncytial coupling into the network is a most prominent feature of astrocytes and these glial networks are intimately interwoven with the neuronal circuits running across the entire central nervous system(Giaume et al.,2010).Surprisingly,the question of whether a reticular system exists in parallel with the neuronal circuits has received a little research attention to this day.Interestingly,the wiring pattern of astrocyte syncytium is reminiscent of the reticular theory postulated by Golgi.In this perspective,the“revived”use of“reticular theory”is solely dedicated to the brain reticular system established by astrocytes.
文摘The assays for bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) induced syncytium formation and BIV long terminal repeat (LTR) directed luciferase (Luc) gene expression were applied to screen and evaluate anti AIDS drugs. Frequency of the syncytium formation and BIV LTR directed Luc activity were in proportion to the number of input BIV infected cells. AZT inhibited the syncytium formation and the BIV LTR directed Luc gene expression level. Its inhibitory effects were dosedependent with the IC 50 being 0.24 and 0.052 mmol / L, respectively.
文摘大豆孢囊线虫是大豆产区病虫害防治策略的重要目标之一,大豆孢囊线虫的防控也一直是线虫领域研究热点之一。大豆孢囊线虫侵染不仅会造成大豆地下部分损伤,也使得地上部分受损从而影响其产量,因此需对大豆孢囊线虫的抗性机制进行分析以达到防控的目的。大豆孢囊线虫成功寄生宿主植物需对其细胞壁进行降解融合,形成为其生长发育提供唯一营养来源的合胞体。而阻碍大豆孢囊线虫移动和合胞体建立的细胞壁抗性是大豆抵御大豆孢囊线虫的关键,其中木质素是细胞壁发挥抗性的重要成分。木质素的生物合成主要包括莽草酸代谢途径、苯丙烷代谢途径和木质素合成的特异途径,4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate-Coenzyme A ligase,4CL)作为连接苯丙烷代谢途径和木质素特异合成途径的重要转折酶,决定了木质素的合成,其很可能是响应大豆孢囊线虫胁迫的重要调控因子。本文从线虫入侵需要细胞壁降解融合建立合胞体出发,围绕木质素导致的细胞壁抗性展开讨论,分析了4CL在细胞壁抗性中的响应机制,为进一步探索大豆孢囊线虫胁迫机制提供科学依据。
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31070135, 31370182)the Tianjin Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology (12JCQNJC06100)New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-10-0508)
文摘The biological features of most foamy viruses(FVs) are poorly understood, including bovine foamy virus(BFV). BFV strain 3026(BFV3026) was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an infected cow in Zhangjiakou, China. A full-length genomic clone of BFV3026 was obtained from BFV3026-infected cells, and it exhibited more than 99% amino acid(AA) homology to another BFV strain isolated in the USA. Upon transfection into fetal canine thymus cells, the full-length BFV3026 clone produced viral structural and auxiliary proteins, typical cytopathic effects, and virus particles. These results demonstrate that the full-length BFV3026 clone is fully infectious and can be used in further BFV3026 research.
文摘Objective Although HIV-1 infection is prevalent in many regions in China, it remains largely unknown on the biological characteristics of dominant circulating isolates. This study was designed to isolate the circulating viral strains from different prevalent regions and to characterize their biological properties and neutralization sensitivity. Methods Primary viruses were isolated from fresh PBMCs using the traditional co-culture method and their capacity of inducing syncytium was tested in MT-2 cells. Meanwhile, their coreceptor usage was determined with two cell lines: Magi and GHOST (3) stably expressing CD4 and the chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4. Furthermore, the sensitivity of these viruses to neutralization by HIV-1-infected patients’ plasma which were highly active to neutralize SF33 strain, was quantified in GHOST cell-based neutralization assay. Results Six primary viral strains were isolated from 4 separated regions. Isolates LTG0213,LTG0214 and XVS032691 induced syncytia in MT-2 cells, and used CXCR4 as coreceptor. Isolates XJN0021, XJN0091, or SHXDC0041 did not induce syncytia, and used CCR5 as coreceptor. Overall neutralization sensitivity differed among four representative strains: HIV-1 XVS032691>LTG0214>XJN0091≈SHXDC0041. Conclusion The neutralization sensitivity of HIV isolates is linked with the phenotype of isolates, in which syncytium-inducing (SI) or CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses are more easily neutralized than non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) or CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses. The genetic subtypes based on the phylogeny of env sequences are not classical neutralization serotypes.
