Extensive research work including multiple methodologies and numerous simulations have been completed in order to determine the economic effectiveness of employing CHP at commercial and residential sites. In contrast ...Extensive research work including multiple methodologies and numerous simulations have been completed in order to determine the economic effectiveness of employing CHP at commercial and residential sites. In contrast to the above, very few attempts have been made to develop methodologies to study the feasibility of CHP systems at industrial manufacturing facilities. As a result, practical opportunities for CHP at industrial sites are often not realized or even investigated. It follows that there is a need in the CHP related literature for an analysis that is explicit and yet general enough to determine the economic viability and potential for success of CHP systems at industrial manufacturing facilities. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clearly outline a methodology to determine the economic effectiveness of installation and operation of a CHP system at industrial facilities that have a need for space or process heating in the form of steam. The effect on the CHP system economic performance of several parameters, such as the project payback, internal rate of return, net present value, etc., are considered in the proposed methodology. The applicability and generality of the methodology is illustrated by examples including four different manufacturing facilities. The effects of the variability of factors such as annual facility operational hours during which both process heat and electricity are needed, facility average hourly thermal load, cost of utility supplied electricity, and CHP fuel type and associated fuel cost, on the outcome of the economic analysis are also examined.展开更多
The state-of-the-art solar power system technologies are presented. Various methods of capturing solar energy using solar collectors such as parabolic trough collectors and dish collectors are reviewed. Combined heat ...The state-of-the-art solar power system technologies are presented. Various methods of capturing solar energy using solar collectors such as parabolic trough collectors and dish collectors are reviewed. Combined heat and power （CHP） systems driven by concentrating solar absorbers and supplemented by biomass boilers are proving to be the most promising methods of domestic power generation, μCHP systems eliminate losses associated with power distribution and transmission opposed to the large scale power generation methods. The systems can utilize about 75% of solar energy to provide electric and thermal energy direct to end users. The driving potential behind μCHP systems is the thermal efficiency the systems can achieve and their market significance. Despite huge potential market for μCHP systems, the systems are yet to be seen available in commercial market. Hence the authors of this paper are currently developing such type of CHP system with electricity production being of prime importance.展开更多
The design of a feasible Combined Heat and Power plant for a small community is presented. Of the many alternatives solid-waste disposal methods available, incineration of solid waste is recommended due to its potenti...The design of a feasible Combined Heat and Power plant for a small community is presented. Of the many alternatives solid-waste disposal methods available, incineration of solid waste is recommended due to its potential energy recovery of the heat released during solid waste incineration and recovery of valuable by-products that can either be reused, re- cycled or marketed, among other advantages. Hence, an attempt is made to use the heat energy released during incin- eration of solid waste to produce steam in a boiler, which in turn powers a turbine for eventual generation of electricity. The two processes involved in the generation of electricity for in-plant use or for a small community via a steam turbine-generator combination and a gas compressor-gas turbine-generator are presented. The analysis of the amount of energy produced from the solid waste energy-conversion system using an incinerator-boiler-steam turbine-electric generator combination with a capacity of 4.5 tons/day is also presented. The net electric power for a small community was found to be 148.24 kW with an overall efficiency of about 21% having taken cognisance of the process power needs and unaccounted process heat losses. Moreover, exergy analysis of the proposed CHP plant was carried out whereby the respective energy and exergy efficiencies of 83.2% and 62.1% were obtained.展开更多
Present-day conditions of the Lake Kenon ecosystem are determined by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. We have estimated the effects of a complex of factors on the condition of the abiotic environmen...Present-day conditions of the Lake Kenon ecosystem are determined by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. We have estimated the effects of a complex of factors on the condition of the abiotic environment and on specific biological components in the lake ecosystem. Change in biogenic load has caused an increase in the role of phytoplankton in the general balance of organic matter during the high-water period. Charophytes are the main dominants of bottom vegetation. Anthropogenic load has caused a decrease in both fish species and fish capacity. The lake application as a water reservoir-cooler has influenced the average annual water mineralization （from 420 mg/L to 530.0 mg/L with a maximum 654 mg/L in 1993） and fluctuations in its hydrochemical composition. The present composition of the lake is sulfate-hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium-sodic-magnesium in character. S（Y44 content is twice as much as the maximum permissible concentration in fishery waters. Water drainage from an ash disposal area to the lake has caused an increase in chemical-element concentrations including the heavy metals. Hg concentration in Perca fluviatilis muscles is 0.5 9g/g dry wt. Thus, understanding directions in the ecosystem of the water reservoir-cooler under changing hydrological conditions will let us forecast the consequences of new combined heat and power plant operation.展开更多
In Mongolia,the numbers of herders who own more than 1,000 herds have been increasing year by year.Some of the herder families are operating small agricultural factories as well.The appropriate power supply systems ar...In Mongolia,the numbers of herders who own more than 1,000 herds have been increasing year by year.Some of the herder families are operating small agricultural factories as well.The appropriate power supply systems are not being developed yet in their farms.At the farms,mostly 4-10 herder families work together and the monthly power consumption of one farm reaches to 11.8-14.9 kWh.Currently,the gasoline,diesel,solar and wind power are being used as a source of energy production.In addition,the small-scale CHP(Combined Heat and Power)system is not introduced to the farms for their sustainable operation.There are abundant biomass resources in the rural area of Mongolia.In this paper,we conduct experimental studies on biomass gasification system and suggest small-scale CHP system for rural farms in Mongolia.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to present the preliminary experimental analysis results carried out on the commercial internal combustion engine set in a CHP （combined heat and power） mode, fueled by renewable hydrogen an...The aim of this paper is to present the preliminary experimental analysis results carried out on the commercial internal combustion engine set in a CHP （combined heat and power） mode, fueled by renewable hydrogen and methane mixtures. The hydrogen is produced by an alkaline electrolyser fed by a 5.8 kWp grid connected PV （photovoltaic） plant. The acceptance test conducted with hydrogen percentages ranging from 0%-10% has been carried out at partial load： 45 kW^l instead of the full power of 60 kWe~. In order to evaluate the CHP energy consumption and environmental performance （NOx and CO）, the analysis was conducted for 240 h, using a portable flue gas analyser and two mass flow meters for hydrogen and methane. Without engine parameters optimization--relative equivalence ratio （2） and spark advance--increasing hydrogen addition rate, a slight enhancement in electrical efficiency occurs. Furthermore, due to the engine control system and lower blends LHV （lower heating value）, the methane consumption decreases disproportionately to the hydrogen amount in the mixture. Finally, referring to standard operating condition, the environmental results show that using enrichment of 10%, running the engine with 18 degrees spark advance and 2 of 1.4, CO and NOx emissions are reduced by 6.3% and 27% respectively.展开更多
斜温层蓄热罐可以提高热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组在供热期间的调峰能力,因此逐渐向大型化发展,但设计参数对蓄热罐的性能影响较大,且采用目前的性能评估方法效率较低。为此,建立大型蓄热罐的物理模型及数学模型,研究蓄...斜温层蓄热罐可以提高热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组在供热期间的调峰能力,因此逐渐向大型化发展,但设计参数对蓄热罐的性能影响较大,且采用目前的性能评估方法效率较低。为此,建立大型蓄热罐的物理模型及数学模型,研究蓄热过程中斜温层的形成及变化过程,提出斜温层等效容积的概念,同时分析结构参数及运行参数对斜温层等效容积的影响。结果表明:形成稳定斜温层后,随着蓄热量的增加,斜温层厚度变化不大,采用斜温层等效容积可以更高效的评估蓄热罐的性能。比较不同工况下蓄热罐等效容积的相对变化量可知,不同影响因素对斜温层等效容积的影响从高到低排序依次为布水器布置、蓄热流量、高径比和冷热水温差。研究成果为大型蓄热罐的性能评估提供了一种新参考。展开更多
热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组与虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)结合,可以有效提高能源利用效率,增强电力系统运行的可靠性及稳定性。为保证CHP-VPP灵活、低碳、经济运行,文中提出一种聚合风电、光伏、CHP机组、锅炉...热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组与虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)结合,可以有效提高能源利用效率,增强电力系统运行的可靠性及稳定性。为保证CHP-VPP灵活、低碳、经济运行,文中提出一种聚合风电、光伏、CHP机组、锅炉、碳捕集设备、燃气轮机、燃料电池、储能及电、热负荷的综合能源VPP,并在参与电-热-旋转备用-碳等多市场下,研究其低碳经济协同调度问题。首先,以各时刻VPP在多市场下整体净收益最大为目标,建立其CHP-VPP两阶段鲁棒优化调度模型;然后,考虑新能源出力、市场价格及负荷的不确定性,利用蒙特卡洛法进行场景削减,从而降低系统风险,增强其鲁棒性;最后,采用列与约束生成算法对模型进行求解,得到最恶劣场景下系统运行的经济性最优调度方案。仿真结果表明:所提综合能源VPP结构合理,可通过动态调整碳捕集设备及储能电池,达到平抑新能源出力波动的效果,从而实现碳排放的大幅降低;所提调度策略可有效保证源-荷-储多侧电、热资源的协同优化运行,提高VPP的灵活性、经济性和低碳性。展开更多
文摘Extensive research work including multiple methodologies and numerous simulations have been completed in order to determine the economic effectiveness of employing CHP at commercial and residential sites. In contrast to the above, very few attempts have been made to develop methodologies to study the feasibility of CHP systems at industrial manufacturing facilities. As a result, practical opportunities for CHP at industrial sites are often not realized or even investigated. It follows that there is a need in the CHP related literature for an analysis that is explicit and yet general enough to determine the economic viability and potential for success of CHP systems at industrial manufacturing facilities. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clearly outline a methodology to determine the economic effectiveness of installation and operation of a CHP system at industrial facilities that have a need for space or process heating in the form of steam. The effect on the CHP system economic performance of several parameters, such as the project payback, internal rate of return, net present value, etc., are considered in the proposed methodology. The applicability and generality of the methodology is illustrated by examples including four different manufacturing facilities. The effects of the variability of factors such as annual facility operational hours during which both process heat and electricity are needed, facility average hourly thermal load, cost of utility supplied electricity, and CHP fuel type and associated fuel cost, on the outcome of the economic analysis are also examined.
文摘The state-of-the-art solar power system technologies are presented. Various methods of capturing solar energy using solar collectors such as parabolic trough collectors and dish collectors are reviewed. Combined heat and power （CHP） systems driven by concentrating solar absorbers and supplemented by biomass boilers are proving to be the most promising methods of domestic power generation, μCHP systems eliminate losses associated with power distribution and transmission opposed to the large scale power generation methods. The systems can utilize about 75% of solar energy to provide electric and thermal energy direct to end users. The driving potential behind μCHP systems is the thermal efficiency the systems can achieve and their market significance. Despite huge potential market for μCHP systems, the systems are yet to be seen available in commercial market. Hence the authors of this paper are currently developing such type of CHP system with electricity production being of prime importance.
文摘The design of a feasible Combined Heat and Power plant for a small community is presented. Of the many alternatives solid-waste disposal methods available, incineration of solid waste is recommended due to its potential energy recovery of the heat released during solid waste incineration and recovery of valuable by-products that can either be reused, re- cycled or marketed, among other advantages. Hence, an attempt is made to use the heat energy released during incin- eration of solid waste to produce steam in a boiler, which in turn powers a turbine for eventual generation of electricity. The two processes involved in the generation of electricity for in-plant use or for a small community via a steam turbine-generator combination and a gas compressor-gas turbine-generator are presented. The analysis of the amount of energy produced from the solid waste energy-conversion system using an incinerator-boiler-steam turbine-electric generator combination with a capacity of 4.5 tons/day is also presented. The net electric power for a small community was found to be 148.24 kW with an overall efficiency of about 21% having taken cognisance of the process power needs and unaccounted process heat losses. Moreover, exergy analysis of the proposed CHP plant was carried out whereby the respective energy and exergy efficiencies of 83.2% and 62.1% were obtained.
基金Supported by the RFBR No.14-05-98013"Siberia"(2014–2016)the Project of SB of the RAS VIII.79.1.2."Dynamics of natural and natural-anthropogenic systems in the conditions of climate change and anthropogenic pressures(on the example of Transbaikalia)"(2012–2017)
文摘Present-day conditions of the Lake Kenon ecosystem are determined by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. We have estimated the effects of a complex of factors on the condition of the abiotic environment and on specific biological components in the lake ecosystem. Change in biogenic load has caused an increase in the role of phytoplankton in the general balance of organic matter during the high-water period. Charophytes are the main dominants of bottom vegetation. Anthropogenic load has caused a decrease in both fish species and fish capacity. The lake application as a water reservoir-cooler has influenced the average annual water mineralization （from 420 mg/L to 530.0 mg/L with a maximum 654 mg/L in 1993） and fluctuations in its hydrochemical composition. The present composition of the lake is sulfate-hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium-sodic-magnesium in character. S（Y44 content is twice as much as the maximum permissible concentration in fishery waters. Water drainage from an ash disposal area to the lake has caused an increase in chemical-element concentrations including the heavy metals. Hg concentration in Perca fluviatilis muscles is 0.5 9g/g dry wt. Thus, understanding directions in the ecosystem of the water reservoir-cooler under changing hydrological conditions will let us forecast the consequences of new combined heat and power plant operation.
文摘In Mongolia,the numbers of herders who own more than 1,000 herds have been increasing year by year.Some of the herder families are operating small agricultural factories as well.The appropriate power supply systems are not being developed yet in their farms.At the farms,mostly 4-10 herder families work together and the monthly power consumption of one farm reaches to 11.8-14.9 kWh.Currently,the gasoline,diesel,solar and wind power are being used as a source of energy production.In addition,the small-scale CHP(Combined Heat and Power)system is not introduced to the farms for their sustainable operation.There are abundant biomass resources in the rural area of Mongolia.In this paper,we conduct experimental studies on biomass gasification system and suggest small-scale CHP system for rural farms in Mongolia.
文摘The aim of this paper is to present the preliminary experimental analysis results carried out on the commercial internal combustion engine set in a CHP （combined heat and power） mode, fueled by renewable hydrogen and methane mixtures. The hydrogen is produced by an alkaline electrolyser fed by a 5.8 kWp grid connected PV （photovoltaic） plant. The acceptance test conducted with hydrogen percentages ranging from 0%-10% has been carried out at partial load： 45 kW^l instead of the full power of 60 kWe~. In order to evaluate the CHP energy consumption and environmental performance （NOx and CO）, the analysis was conducted for 240 h, using a portable flue gas analyser and two mass flow meters for hydrogen and methane. Without engine parameters optimization--relative equivalence ratio （2） and spark advance--increasing hydrogen addition rate, a slight enhancement in electrical efficiency occurs. Furthermore, due to the engine control system and lower blends LHV （lower heating value）, the methane consumption decreases disproportionately to the hydrogen amount in the mixture. Finally, referring to standard operating condition, the environmental results show that using enrichment of 10%, running the engine with 18 degrees spark advance and 2 of 1.4, CO and NOx emissions are reduced by 6.3% and 27% respectively.
文摘斜温层蓄热罐可以提高热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组在供热期间的调峰能力,因此逐渐向大型化发展,但设计参数对蓄热罐的性能影响较大,且采用目前的性能评估方法效率较低。为此,建立大型蓄热罐的物理模型及数学模型,研究蓄热过程中斜温层的形成及变化过程,提出斜温层等效容积的概念,同时分析结构参数及运行参数对斜温层等效容积的影响。结果表明:形成稳定斜温层后,随着蓄热量的增加,斜温层厚度变化不大,采用斜温层等效容积可以更高效的评估蓄热罐的性能。比较不同工况下蓄热罐等效容积的相对变化量可知,不同影响因素对斜温层等效容积的影响从高到低排序依次为布水器布置、蓄热流量、高径比和冷热水温差。研究成果为大型蓄热罐的性能评估提供了一种新参考。
文摘热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组与虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)结合,可以有效提高能源利用效率,增强电力系统运行的可靠性及稳定性。为保证CHP-VPP灵活、低碳、经济运行,文中提出一种聚合风电、光伏、CHP机组、锅炉、碳捕集设备、燃气轮机、燃料电池、储能及电、热负荷的综合能源VPP,并在参与电-热-旋转备用-碳等多市场下,研究其低碳经济协同调度问题。首先,以各时刻VPP在多市场下整体净收益最大为目标,建立其CHP-VPP两阶段鲁棒优化调度模型;然后,考虑新能源出力、市场价格及负荷的不确定性,利用蒙特卡洛法进行场景削减,从而降低系统风险,增强其鲁棒性;最后,采用列与约束生成算法对模型进行求解,得到最恶劣场景下系统运行的经济性最优调度方案。仿真结果表明:所提综合能源VPP结构合理,可通过动态调整碳捕集设备及储能电池,达到平抑新能源出力波动的效果,从而实现碳排放的大幅降低;所提调度策略可有效保证源-荷-储多侧电、热资源的协同优化运行,提高VPP的灵活性、经济性和低碳性。
