A Study on Inflation Theories and Turkey’s Inflation Problem

In the Turkish Economy,with the policies of opening up to the outside world and transition to a free market economy in the 1980s,there have been radical changes in the structure of the economy and the prices of all goods and services have begun to be determined by the market under market conditions.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process to a free market economy and open economy,on the one hand,efforts were made to privatize state institutions in order to withdraw the state from economic life and to ensure that the prices of goods and services were determined under free market conditions,while on the other hand,efforts were made to grant freedom to foreign trade.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and an export-based growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this opening up and liberalization process was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989.With the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,we can say that economic growth and development was attempted to be achieved through hot money inflows rather than direct foreign investments.This orientation made the economy more vulnerable to crises,and for the first time,a crisis occurred in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis was attempted to be overcome by providing state guarantees for bank deposits and applying high interest rates.Thus,it is noteworthy that high inflation was experienced in the period leading up to the 2001 economic crisis.Indeed,while the increase in the wholesale price index rarely remained below 30%on an annual basis between 1980 and 1990,increases of 50%and 60%began to be seen.However,the period between 1990 and 2000 was a period in which higher inflation rates were encountered.As a result of the environment created in the 1990s,we can say that the financial crisis experienced in 2001 deepened into an economic crisis and that this crisis had economic and political effects.Although there have been many economic crises in the history of the Republic,this crisis is considered to be the most deeply effective.While the crisis was overcome with the stand-by agreement made by the IMF and the announced Transition to a Strong Economy program,the economy began to grow rapidly with the ease of use of foreign resources,and the existence of political stability seems to have ensured that this economic growth process continued uninterruptedly except for 2009.A decrease was also experienced in inflation rates.After 2015,inflation rates began to rise again,and although negative economic growth rates were experienced between the 3rd quarter of 2018 and the 3rd quarter of 2019 during the exchange rate shock period in 2018,we can say that this was not effective enough to turn annual average growth rates into negatives.The exchange rate shock experienced in November 2021 both caused changes in economic policies and the adoption of new policies,and seems to have led to an economic crisis wave caused by the large increase in inflation rates.Within this framework,a post-Keynesian policy of combating inflation has been implemented,and with the new economic policies announced in June 2023,the Central Bank has gradually increased policy interest rates and started to implement tight monetary policy in cooperation with the Ministry of Treasury and Finance,and we can say that a new phase has been entered in the post-Keynesian policy of combating inflation.However,in our opinion,it is necessary to determine well where inflation originates from and what ensures its continuation.In this context,Turkey’s inflation problem will be analyzed by utilizing the views of post-Keynesians on inflation and the profit-push inflation approach.

Chinese Education Modernization:A Case Study on Ideological and Political Theories Teaching in All Courses with Organic Integration of Cultural Literacy and Political Education

Chinese education modernization is integral to Chinese modernization,and is of leading significance to the further advancement of Chinese modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.In this paper,taking ideological and political theories teaching in all courses as an example,an attempt is made to organically integrate cultural literacy and political education under the vision of Chinese education modernization,and“gathers knowledge heritage in the dissemination of value and leads the values in the dissemination of knowledge,”thereby training students into highcaliber talents with good and all-round moral,intellectual,physical,aesthetical,and labor grounding.

Special Relativity’s “Newtonization” in Complex “Para-Space”: The Two Theories Equivalence Question

Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.

Similarities and Differences of Chinese Translation Theories And Western Translation Theories

Translation theories are based on the different languages and cultures.The difference is not clearly defined,so there is a place of mutual integration that can be used interchangeably.Theyall regard author’s meaning and style as a core to translate a good product.Comparatively,Chinese theories focus on expressing the general meaning of the author,but Western theory emphasizes equivalence of details on translation and response of reader.In the translation practice,according to different theoretical texts and different stages of the translation process,the Chinese and Western translation theories are combined to apply them for making up for each other's deficiencies,which can help our translators to solve the problems in the process of translation improve the construction of Chinese theories.

The Fate of Supersymmetry in Quantum Field Theories

We analyze the significance of supersymmetry in two topological models and the standard model (SM). We conclude that the two topological field theory models favor hidden supersymmetry. The SM superpartners, instead, have not been found.

Dual Instinct and Structural Theories: DSM-5-TR

The genetic based Dual Instinct Theory is determined by evolutionary history. Aggression is required for survival and sex for propagation of species. Aggressive and sexual drive derivatives with their corresponding defence mechanisms are combined with biologically based stages of infant/child development and the functional entity of Structural Theory. This model of human nature is the applied to the diagnostic categories of DSM-5-TR. Objectives: To follow the innate Dual Instinct Theory from life to death and through Artificial Intelligence;connect it with biological stages of development of the Structural Theory and illustrate its manifestations in DSM-5-TR classifications. Method: Review of selected published literature. Applying the principle of focus and cognition of informed clinical observation of innate drive derivatives in conjunction with The Structural Theory. Both theories are functional entities with no structures involved. Sigmund Freud’s biologically based stages of development;oral, anal, genital pubic, adult, and geriatric along with a variety of unconscious, automatic, and persistent defense mechanisms are selectively folded into diagnosis listed in the manual.

A Brief Review of the Studies on Theories of Foreign Language Writing in China

The 1980s and the 1990s witnessed a slow development of studies on the theories of foreign language writing, English writing namely, in China. At the beginning of 21st century, the development takes a great step forward with more relevant articles published in all kinds of magazines. This review focuses on the articles published in the most important periodicals of foreign language teaching and research since the 1980s. In order to get an over-all understanding of the theories, the author classifies them into two aspects basic theories of foreign language writing and theories of teaching foreign language writing.

Brief Introduction to Chinese Translation Theories

Translation,as an activity in human history,has been discussing heatedly.In general,since mankind started translation activities,the study of translation has never ceased.Discussions about translation have become so frequent that various translation theories have been formed gradually in Chinese.The thesis gives a brief introduction to Chinese translation theories and the reasons of their existing.At last,as to the issue of establishing the Chinese translation theories,the author agrees to establish Chinese translatology.

On the Study of the Translator's Position in Traditional Translation Theories

In traditional translation theories, the author and the translator, the original text and the translated text are in the binary oppositions. Both author-centeredness and text-centeredness are in authoritative positions. Moreover, there are some incorrect viewpoints about the translator's position in the traditional translation theories. In this case, this paper will analyze the translator's position in the traditional translation theories comprehensively.

Remarks to Gravitation Theories

Gravitation is one of the most significant phenomena which attract the attention of humankind for ages. There are twomost influential theories of the Gravitation at the current time being (summer 2019), namely, the Isaac Newton’s Theory ofGravitation and Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, which includes an explanation of the gravitation. However, both ofthem are incommensurate — so far — with plenty of quantum theories of the World. In this contribution, there is outlined a strategyfor unifying the current approaches to the Gravitation. Namely, that the gravitation/gravity should be considered as a consequence ofinteraction — a “pinning effect” — of the Spacetime with the non-integral spin of the Fermions, to saturate/add/ the missing part ofthem. It might induce a deformation/curvature of the Spacetime and known effects on moving material objects, as well aselectromagnetic radiation, including light, and other types of radiation, and properties/parameters of transformations of fields,described in the General Theory of Relativity and another. It is Gravitation which modifies/creates Spacetime curvature and itsfeatures and not vice versa.

Linguistic Theories in Foreign Language Teaching:An Overview

It is universally acknowledged that linguistics studies not any particular language but it studies languages as a whole.The generally defined language teaching theories refer to teaching methods and approaches.Therefore,this dissertation makes a brief review and analysis on major methodologists in foreign language teaching which contribute most to L2 teaching.By doing so,we can get insight into the relationship between linguistic theories and language teaching practice better so as to make foreign language teaching more efficient and acceptable.

A Brief Introduction to SLA Theories

There are a large number of theories,models or hypotheses in the history of SLA research.A brief introduction is made in this paper on several typical ones which have a great influence on foreign language teaching and it is hoped to be useful for the study of SLA research and foreign language teaching.

Integrity of Four Theories on Natural Selection Unit

[Objective] The aim was to study the internal relationship of the four theories on natural selection unit. [Method] The value field of fitness of heterozygote was investigated by constructing mathematical models, to clarify the internal relations of the four theories on natural selection unit. [Result] According to mathematical modes constructed in the study, only the mutated genes meet the requirements of natural selection on heterozygous and homozygous aspects, as well as show high fitness in heterozygous condition, could the mutated genes be kept, giving consideration to both individual and population adaptation. Thus, this methodology theoretically inte- grates the theories of individual selection, collective selection, and genetic selection as well as Kimura＇s neutral theory of health information. [Conclusion] The result of this study suggested that the four theories on natural selection unit can co-exist, and share common premises.

Wall Effect of Underwater Explosion Load Based on Wave Motion Theories

Owing to the existence of the flow field boundary, the shock wave load near the boundary is different from the freefield shock wave load. In the present paper, the hull plate load subjected to underwater shock wave is investigated based onwave motion theories; in addition, the experimental study of the hull plate load is carried out. According to the theoreticalanalysis of the hull plate pressure, we find that the hull plate pressure oscillates repeatedly and decays rapidly with timepassing, the maximum hull plate pressure is 2/（1＋n） times the maximum free field pressure, where n is the ratio ofimpedance, and the impulse is much smaller than the free field impulse. Compared with the experimental study, thetheoretical results agree well with the experimental data.

Present state,basic theories,methods and progresses of investigation and assessment on marine hazardous geology in China

The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazardous geology, a newly developing branch of geoscience, are well expatiated. Several often confused concepts and theories are explained and redefined here. The comment on the means of investigations, assessment of marine hazardous geology, as well as its evolution, innovation, existing questions and future tasks are also introduced and presented. The concepts of 'hazard geology', geohazard', 'map of marine hazard geology', 'integrated evaluaton on seafloor stablity' are respectively discussed, including their definition, research objects, methods and contents. The types and classification of marine hazardous geology, principles and methods of marine hazardous geology map compilation, the assessment methods and models of marine hazardous geology environment and seafloor stability and so on are also discussed.

Off-shell BRST-VSUSY Superalgebra for D = 4 BF Theories in Superconnection Formalism

We propose the supereonneetion formalism to construct the off-shell BRST-VSUSY superalgebra for D = 4 BF theories. The method is based on the natural introduction of physical fields as well as auxiliary fields via supereon- neetions and their associated supereurvatures defined on a superspaee. We also give a prescription to build the off-shell BRST-VSUSY exact quantum action.

Ordered Rate Constitutive Theories for Non-Classical Thermoviscoelastic Fluids with Internal Rotation Rates

The paper presents constitutive theories for non-classical thermoviscoelastic fluids with dissipation and memory using a thermodynamic framework based on entirety of velocity gradient tensor. Thus, the conservation and the balance laws used in this work incorporate symmetric as well as antisymmetric part of the velocity gradient tensor. The constitutive theories derived here hold in coand contra-variant bases as well as in Jaumann rates and are derived using convected time derivatives of Green’s and Almansi strain tensors as well as the Cauchy stress tensor and its convected time derivatives in appropriate bases. The constitutive theories are presented in the absence as well as in the presence of the balance of moment of moments as balance law. It is shown that the dissipation mechanism and the fading memory in such fluids are due to stress rates as well as moment rates and their conjugates. The material coefficients are derived for the general forms of the constitutive theories based on integrity. Simplified linear (or quasi-linear) forms of the constitutive theories are also presented. Maxwell, Oldroyd-B and Giesekus constitutive models for non-classical thermoviscoelastic fluids are derived and are compared with those derived based on classical continuum mechanics. Both, compressible and incompressible thermoviscoelastic fluids are considered.

Theories and Methods of Landscape Architecture Heritage Protection

This paper firstly made an overview of foreign and domestic theories and methods of landscape architecture heritage protection.It studied the landscape architecture heritage from policies and regulations,investment management,talent cultivation,and popular science education.Then,it discussed problems of landscape architecture heritage protection in China:lack of legislation,weak awareness of heritage resources,overdevelopment of heritage resources,and vacancy in management and monitoring of heritage resources.Finally,it came up with recommendations that competent authorities of Chinese government should attach greater importance to heritage management,talent cultivation,and fund input,integrate with advanced management methods of developed countries,and exploring a landscape architecture heritage protection and management mode suitable for national conditions of China at levels of thought,methods,and technology.

Teaching Reform and Practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine Course Based on National Standard and Ideological and Political Theories Teaching in All Courses

Under the new situation,how to integrate the ideological and political theories teaching in all courses for Chinese medicine major and meet the requirements of national standards for teaching quality,improve the training quality of Chinese medicine talents and strengthen the connotative development of Chinese medicine higher education are urgent issues to be solved in Chinese medicine colleges.This paper introduces the practical experience of teaching reform of traditional Chinese medicine courses based on national standards of teaching quality and ideological and political theories teaching in all courses from the aspects of curriculum setting,teaching content,teaching methods and teaching practice,which can provide reference for teaching reform of other professional courses based on national standards of teaching quality and ideological and political theories teaching in all courses.

A Brief Comparison and Thought of the Mainstream Theories of SLA

Nativist theory of language acquisition centers on the existence of LAD/UG,for the fact that children can produce novel sentences that have never been heard.Environmentalist theories hold that an organism's experience is of greater signifi cance to the language development.Interactinists point out that neither the nativist nor the environmentalist theories are able to adequately account for SLA.The most comprehensive theory at present may be the interactionalist viewpoint,because it com bines previous theories with new ones to take into account innate and environmental influences as well as personal or cultural variables of language learners.