The hydrogen bond percentage and its temperature dependence of the three TPU samples synthesized from polytetrahydrofuran, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, N -methyl diethanol amine or 1,4-butane diol were stud...The hydrogen bond percentage and its temperature dependence of the three TPU samples synthesized from polytetrahydrofuran, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, N -methyl diethanol amine or 1,4-butane diol were studied by means of IR thermal analysis. The enthalpy and the entropy of the hydrogen bond dissociation were determined by the Van't Hoff plot.展开更多
A three-dimensional （3D） Keggin-type heteropolytungstate{Zn（phen）3}3[ZnW12O40]·9H2O 1 （phen = 1,10-phenanthroline） has been synthesized through a conventional hydrothermal synthesis and was characterized by...A three-dimensional （3D） Keggin-type heteropolytungstate{Zn（phen）3}3[ZnW12O40]·9H2O 1 （phen = 1,10-phenanthroline） has been synthesized through a conventional hydrothermal synthesis and was characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis, X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, IR, UV-DRS, thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）, thermal-dependent 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy （2D-COS IR） and Raman spectrum. Crystal data for compound 1： trigonal system, space group R3 with a = b = 25.268（4）, c = 17.462（5） A, ）, = 120°, V= 9655（4） A3 and Z = 3. Compound 1 is allomorphic to {Co（phen）3}3[CoW12O40]·9H2O 2, which has been reported by Feng Chai et al. In compound 2, its prominent feature is that the decisive role of water molecules （O-H…O） builds a 3D supramolecular structure. However, in the structure of compound 1, the interlayer space is filled by Zn（phen）3]2＋ cations which linked the layers via C-H…O hydrogen bonding interactions to construct a three-dimensional framework. Two compounds are different in weak interactions, so we identify them by Thermal-dependent 2D-COS IR. Moreover, the fluorescence of compound 1 was also described.展开更多
The diverse range of mechanisms driving the Arctic amplification and global climate are not completely understood and,in particular,the role of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4)in the Arctic warming remains unclear.Stro...The diverse range of mechanisms driving the Arctic amplification and global climate are not completely understood and,in particular,the role of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4)in the Arctic warming remains unclear.Strong sources of methane at the ocean seabed in the Barents Sea and other polar regions are well documented.Nevertheless,some of those publications suggest that negligible amounts of methane fluxed from the seabed enter the atmosphere,with roughly 90%of the methane consumed by bacteria.Most in situ observations are taken during summer,which is favorable for collecting data but also characterized by a stratified water column.We present perennial observations of three Thermal IR space-borne spectrometers in the Arctic between 2002 and 2020.According to estimates derived from the data synthesis ECCO(Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean),in the ice-free Barents Sea the stratification in winter weakens after the summer strong stability.The convection,storms,and turbulent diffusion mix the full-depth water column.CH4 excess over a control area in North Atlantic,measured by three sounders,and the oceanic Mixed Layer Depth(MLD)both maximize in winter.A significant seasonal increase of sea-air exchange in ice-free seas is assumed.The amplitude of the seasonal methane cycle for the Kara Sea significantly increased since the beginning of the century.This may be explained by a decline of ice concentration there.The annual CH4 emission from the Arctic seas is estimated as 2/3 of land emission.The Barents/Kara seas contribute between 1/3 and 1/2 into the Arctic seas annual emission.展开更多
SAfter leached from municipal solid waste landfill was treated by recirculation, the concentration of pollutants decreases greatly, and the moisture content of the solid waste in landfill site was increased and waste ...SAfter leached from municipal solid waste landfill was treated by recirculation, the concentration of pollutants decreases greatly, and the moisture content of the solid waste in landfill site was increased and waste stabilization rate was accelerated. Compared with traditional treatment methods, this method offers more important practical values, including short investment, enhanced treatment efficiency and facilitated operation and management. The experimental results indicated that a 99.9% removal of ammonia nitrogen and an 80.5% removal of COD were obtained, when hydraulic power surface load is 15.92 L/m^2·d, and organic surface load is 25.54 g/m^2·d.展开更多
The thermal decomposition of ammonium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate monohydrate[NH4（NTO）·H2O] was studied by means of thermal analysis-MS coupling and the combination technique of in situ thermolysis cell with ...The thermal decomposition of ammonium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate monohydrate[NH4（NTO）·H2O] was studied by means of thermal analysis-MS coupling and the combination technique of in situ thermolysis cell with rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that there are two endothermic steps and one exothermic step in the decomposition process of NH4（NTO）·H2O. The detected gas products consist of NH3, H2O, N2, CO2, CO, and NO2.展开更多
Representative coal samples were collected from different coal seams of the Chirimiri coalfield which covered the entire stratigraphic sequence. These samples were tested for Chemical analysis, Crossing Point Temperat...Representative coal samples were collected from different coal seams of the Chirimiri coalfield which covered the entire stratigraphic sequence. These samples were tested for Chemical analysis, Crossing Point Temperature (CPT), Petrography, Infrared studies (IR) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). All the test results vindicated that the aforesaid parameters had a definite relationship with the stratigraphic disposition or the ranks of coal. The low rank coals found as younger seams in the stratigraphic sequence were more prone to spontaneous combustion whereas the higher rank coals found at the bottom of stratigraphic sequence were less prone to spontaneous combustion. Through combustibility characterisation by different tests, it was found that the upper Duman and Kaperti seams placed as younger seams in the stratigraphic sequence are highly prone to spontaneous combustion whereas the lower Karakoh and Sonawani seams seem to be least prone to spontaneous combustion.展开更多
Chemical modification of lignin was carried out by reacted it with HI acid, then the modified lignin treated with calcium hydroxide to prepare calcium-lignin chelating complex, this derivative was examined as thermal ...Chemical modification of lignin was carried out by reacted it with HI acid, then the modified lignin treated with calcium hydroxide to prepare calcium-lignin chelating complex, this derivative was examined as thermal stabilizer for PVC, thermal degradation of PVC neat as blank and containing three weight percents (1, 2, and 4) into polymer was accelerated by heat treatment at 190°C for 2 hr. then PVC films were casting from THF solvent with thickness 0.03 mm. Thermal stabilization activity of this derivative was investigated by using infrared spectroscopy, according to the results obtained calcium-lignin complex have suitable activity to increased PVC stability at low concentration depending on it’s ability to reaction with HCl as well as the chemical structure of lignin that contain phenolic properties.展开更多
Composites consisting of carbopol (CP) and ceramic titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 have been investigated. The CP-TiO2, organic-inorganic hybrid composites have been prepared in DMF by heating the mixture with a ...Composites consisting of carbopol (CP) and ceramic titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 have been investigated. The CP-TiO2, organic-inorganic hybrid composites have been prepared in DMF by heating the mixture with a constant rate of 1。C/min, up to 30。C, 45。C, 60。C, 80。C, 100。C and 120。C. Proprieties such as absorption, structure and external aspect of the obtained materials were investigated by Uv-vis, FTIR, DRX and SEM analyses. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed that the TiO2 nanoparticles maintained their original tetragonal anatase-type crystalline structure in the composites. The chemical structure of the obtained materials was determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal proprieties of carbopol matrix was investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the carbopol matrix was considerably increased by the presence of ceramic feller nanoparticles and its thermal stability was significantly improved. Furthermore the water loss which represents 7.56% of the weight loss in pure CP at 100。C was avoided in the CP-TiO2 nanocomposites at this same temperature. This important finding revealed that ceramic fellers blocked the water loss in the modified carbopol nanocomposites, which stayed stable till 200。C.展开更多
A simple experiment is described where the IR (infrared) radiation level is kept constant while the temperature of an IR absorbing and a non-absorbing solid object are changed. The two objects, made from black-painted...A simple experiment is described where the IR (infrared) radiation level is kept constant while the temperature of an IR absorbing and a non-absorbing solid object are changed. The two objects, made from black-painted and highly polished Al foil envelopes, respectively, are placed in a chamber where the temperature is controlled. When heated by the surrounding air the black object becomes about 40% colder than the non-IR absorbing object! However, when the two objects are cooled by the surrounding air, the black becomes ca. 40% warmer than the non-IR absorbing object (and the surrounding air). This effect was surprising to us, and it gave us an opportunity to quantify the relationship between IR radiation flow and thermal energy flow. The unexpected large value of the (Fourier) thermal conductivity coefficient was found to be the reason for the reduced warming/cooling of the black object. The interaction between radiative and thermal energy transfer, when an IR absorbing object (like the surface of the Earth) is warmed, should be included in the climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), since the global land temperature is measured in the air above Earth’s surface. This leads to ca. 15% of the temperature increase predicted by the climate models.展开更多
Therapeutic irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new technique for targeted tumor ablation. Needle electrodes are placed into or around the targeted region to deliver a series of brief electric pulses th...Therapeutic irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new technique for targeted tumor ablation. Needle electrodes are placed into or around the targeted region to deliver a series of brief electric pulses that disrupt cell membrane integrity, killing cells in a non-thermal manner that does not affect the extracellular matrix or sensitive structures such as major vasculature and bile ducts;making IRE an advantageous technique, especially for tumors that are unresectable or ineligible for thermal ablation. Here, we present on the imaging findings from IRE liver tumor treatments from ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography. Imaging aids planning and implementing treatments by visualizing the targeted volume and guiding electrode placement. Immediate changes to the affected IRE region may be observed to verify complete ablation of the tumor with margin during the procedure, and permits follow-up evaluation of clinical outcome. In particular, we present tumor treatments in regions adjacent to sensitive structures that contraindicate thermal therapies.展开更多
Knowledge about thermal radiation of the atmosphere is rich in hypotheses and theories but poor in empiric evidence. Thereby, the Stefan-Boltzmann relation is of central importance in atmosphere physics, and holds the...Knowledge about thermal radiation of the atmosphere is rich in hypotheses and theories but poor in empiric evidence. Thereby, the Stefan-Boltzmann relation is of central importance in atmosphere physics, and holds the status of a natural law. However, its empirical foundation is little, tracing back to experiments made by Dulong and Petit two hundred years ago. Originated by Stefan at the end of the 19th century, and theoretically founded afterwards by Boltzmann, it delivers the absolute temperature of a blackbody—or rather of a solid opaque body (SOB)—as a result of the incident solar radiation intensity, the emitted thermal radiation of this body, and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. Thereby, a similar character of the blackbody radiation—describable by the expression σ·T4—and the atmospheric counter-radiation was assumed. But this appears quite abstruse and must be questioned, not least since no pressure-dependency is provided. Thanks to the author’s recently published work—proposing novel measuring methods—, the possibility was opened-up not only to find an alternative approach for the counter-radiation of the atmosphere, but also to verify it by measurements. This approach was ensued from the observation that the IR-radiative emission of gases is proportional to the pressure and to the square root of the absolute temperature, which could be bolstered by applying the kinetic gas theory. The here presented verification of the modified counter-radiation term A·p·T0.5 in the Stefan-Boltzmann relation was feasible using a direct caloric method for determining the solar absorption coefficients of coloured aluminium-plates and the respective limiting temperatures under direct solar irradiation. For studying the pressure dependency, the experiments were carried out at locations with different altitudes. For the so-called atmospheric emission constant A an approximate value of 22 Wm-2 bar-1 K-0.5 was found. In the non-steady-state, the total thermal emission power of the soil is given by the difference between its blackbody radiation and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. This relation explains to a considerable part the fact that on mountains the atmospheric temperature is lower than on lowlands, in spite of the enhanced sunlight intensity. Thereto, the so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon-dioxide do not have any influence.展开更多
基金Supported by the Key Subject Construction Project of Shanghai Educational Com mittee(No. 13980 70 2 )
文摘The hydrogen bond percentage and its temperature dependence of the three TPU samples synthesized from polytetrahydrofuran, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, N -methyl diethanol amine or 1,4-butane diol were studied by means of IR thermal analysis. The enthalpy and the entropy of the hydrogen bond dissociation were determined by the Van't Hoff plot.
基金supported by the NNSFC(No.21473030,1371033)Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2013J01042)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry(20130015)
文摘A three-dimensional （3D） Keggin-type heteropolytungstate{Zn（phen）3}3[ZnW12O40]·9H2O 1 （phen = 1,10-phenanthroline） has been synthesized through a conventional hydrothermal synthesis and was characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis, X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, IR, UV-DRS, thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）, thermal-dependent 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy （2D-COS IR） and Raman spectrum. Crystal data for compound 1： trigonal system, space group R3 with a = b = 25.268（4）, c = 17.462（5） A, ）, = 120°, V= 9655（4） A3 and Z = 3. Compound 1 is allomorphic to {Co（phen）3}3[CoW12O40]·9H2O 2, which has been reported by Feng Chai et al. In compound 2, its prominent feature is that the decisive role of water molecules （O-H…O） builds a 3D supramolecular structure. However, in the structure of compound 1, the interlayer space is filled by Zn（phen）3]2＋ cations which linked the layers via C-H…O hydrogen bonding interactions to construct a three-dimensional framework. Two compounds are different in weak interactions, so we identify them by Thermal-dependent 2D-COS IR. Moreover, the fluorescence of compound 1 was also described.
文摘The diverse range of mechanisms driving the Arctic amplification and global climate are not completely understood and,in particular,the role of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4)in the Arctic warming remains unclear.Strong sources of methane at the ocean seabed in the Barents Sea and other polar regions are well documented.Nevertheless,some of those publications suggest that negligible amounts of methane fluxed from the seabed enter the atmosphere,with roughly 90%of the methane consumed by bacteria.Most in situ observations are taken during summer,which is favorable for collecting data but also characterized by a stratified water column.We present perennial observations of three Thermal IR space-borne spectrometers in the Arctic between 2002 and 2020.According to estimates derived from the data synthesis ECCO(Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean),in the ice-free Barents Sea the stratification in winter weakens after the summer strong stability.The convection,storms,and turbulent diffusion mix the full-depth water column.CH4 excess over a control area in North Atlantic,measured by three sounders,and the oceanic Mixed Layer Depth(MLD)both maximize in winter.A significant seasonal increase of sea-air exchange in ice-free seas is assumed.The amplitude of the seasonal methane cycle for the Kara Sea significantly increased since the beginning of the century.This may be explained by a decline of ice concentration there.The annual CH4 emission from the Arctic seas is estimated as 2/3 of land emission.The Barents/Kara seas contribute between 1/3 and 1/2 into the Arctic seas annual emission.
基金the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Hubei Province(No.2002AA301C102)
文摘SAfter leached from municipal solid waste landfill was treated by recirculation, the concentration of pollutants decreases greatly, and the moisture content of the solid waste in landfill site was increased and waste stabilization rate was accelerated. Compared with traditional treatment methods, this method offers more important practical values, including short investment, enhanced treatment efficiency and facilitated operation and management. The experimental results indicated that a 99.9% removal of ammonia nitrogen and an 80.5% removal of COD were obtained, when hydraulic power surface load is 15.92 L/m^2·d, and organic surface load is 25.54 g/m^2·d.
文摘The thermal decomposition of ammonium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate monohydrate[NH4（NTO）·H2O] was studied by means of thermal analysis-MS coupling and the combination technique of in situ thermolysis cell with rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that there are two endothermic steps and one exothermic step in the decomposition process of NH4（NTO）·H2O. The detected gas products consist of NH3, H2O, N2, CO2, CO, and NO2.
文摘Representative coal samples were collected from different coal seams of the Chirimiri coalfield which covered the entire stratigraphic sequence. These samples were tested for Chemical analysis, Crossing Point Temperature (CPT), Petrography, Infrared studies (IR) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). All the test results vindicated that the aforesaid parameters had a definite relationship with the stratigraphic disposition or the ranks of coal. The low rank coals found as younger seams in the stratigraphic sequence were more prone to spontaneous combustion whereas the higher rank coals found at the bottom of stratigraphic sequence were less prone to spontaneous combustion. Through combustibility characterisation by different tests, it was found that the upper Duman and Kaperti seams placed as younger seams in the stratigraphic sequence are highly prone to spontaneous combustion whereas the lower Karakoh and Sonawani seams seem to be least prone to spontaneous combustion.
文摘Chemical modification of lignin was carried out by reacted it with HI acid, then the modified lignin treated with calcium hydroxide to prepare calcium-lignin chelating complex, this derivative was examined as thermal stabilizer for PVC, thermal degradation of PVC neat as blank and containing three weight percents (1, 2, and 4) into polymer was accelerated by heat treatment at 190°C for 2 hr. then PVC films were casting from THF solvent with thickness 0.03 mm. Thermal stabilization activity of this derivative was investigated by using infrared spectroscopy, according to the results obtained calcium-lignin complex have suitable activity to increased PVC stability at low concentration depending on it’s ability to reaction with HCl as well as the chemical structure of lignin that contain phenolic properties.
文摘Composites consisting of carbopol (CP) and ceramic titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 have been investigated. The CP-TiO2, organic-inorganic hybrid composites have been prepared in DMF by heating the mixture with a constant rate of 1。C/min, up to 30。C, 45。C, 60。C, 80。C, 100。C and 120。C. Proprieties such as absorption, structure and external aspect of the obtained materials were investigated by Uv-vis, FTIR, DRX and SEM analyses. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed that the TiO2 nanoparticles maintained their original tetragonal anatase-type crystalline structure in the composites. The chemical structure of the obtained materials was determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal proprieties of carbopol matrix was investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the carbopol matrix was considerably increased by the presence of ceramic feller nanoparticles and its thermal stability was significantly improved. Furthermore the water loss which represents 7.56% of the weight loss in pure CP at 100。C was avoided in the CP-TiO2 nanocomposites at this same temperature. This important finding revealed that ceramic fellers blocked the water loss in the modified carbopol nanocomposites, which stayed stable till 200。C.
文摘A simple experiment is described where the IR (infrared) radiation level is kept constant while the temperature of an IR absorbing and a non-absorbing solid object are changed. The two objects, made from black-painted and highly polished Al foil envelopes, respectively, are placed in a chamber where the temperature is controlled. When heated by the surrounding air the black object becomes about 40% colder than the non-IR absorbing object! However, when the two objects are cooled by the surrounding air, the black becomes ca. 40% warmer than the non-IR absorbing object (and the surrounding air). This effect was surprising to us, and it gave us an opportunity to quantify the relationship between IR radiation flow and thermal energy flow. The unexpected large value of the (Fourier) thermal conductivity coefficient was found to be the reason for the reduced warming/cooling of the black object. The interaction between radiative and thermal energy transfer, when an IR absorbing object (like the surface of the Earth) is warmed, should be included in the climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), since the global land temperature is measured in the air above Earth’s surface. This leads to ca. 15% of the temperature increase predicted by the climate models.
文摘Therapeutic irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new technique for targeted tumor ablation. Needle electrodes are placed into or around the targeted region to deliver a series of brief electric pulses that disrupt cell membrane integrity, killing cells in a non-thermal manner that does not affect the extracellular matrix or sensitive structures such as major vasculature and bile ducts;making IRE an advantageous technique, especially for tumors that are unresectable or ineligible for thermal ablation. Here, we present on the imaging findings from IRE liver tumor treatments from ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography. Imaging aids planning and implementing treatments by visualizing the targeted volume and guiding electrode placement. Immediate changes to the affected IRE region may be observed to verify complete ablation of the tumor with margin during the procedure, and permits follow-up evaluation of clinical outcome. In particular, we present tumor treatments in regions adjacent to sensitive structures that contraindicate thermal therapies.
文摘Knowledge about thermal radiation of the atmosphere is rich in hypotheses and theories but poor in empiric evidence. Thereby, the Stefan-Boltzmann relation is of central importance in atmosphere physics, and holds the status of a natural law. However, its empirical foundation is little, tracing back to experiments made by Dulong and Petit two hundred years ago. Originated by Stefan at the end of the 19th century, and theoretically founded afterwards by Boltzmann, it delivers the absolute temperature of a blackbody—or rather of a solid opaque body (SOB)—as a result of the incident solar radiation intensity, the emitted thermal radiation of this body, and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. Thereby, a similar character of the blackbody radiation—describable by the expression σ·T4—and the atmospheric counter-radiation was assumed. But this appears quite abstruse and must be questioned, not least since no pressure-dependency is provided. Thanks to the author’s recently published work—proposing novel measuring methods—, the possibility was opened-up not only to find an alternative approach for the counter-radiation of the atmosphere, but also to verify it by measurements. This approach was ensued from the observation that the IR-radiative emission of gases is proportional to the pressure and to the square root of the absolute temperature, which could be bolstered by applying the kinetic gas theory. The here presented verification of the modified counter-radiation term A·p·T0.5 in the Stefan-Boltzmann relation was feasible using a direct caloric method for determining the solar absorption coefficients of coloured aluminium-plates and the respective limiting temperatures under direct solar irradiation. For studying the pressure dependency, the experiments were carried out at locations with different altitudes. For the so-called atmospheric emission constant A an approximate value of 22 Wm-2 bar-1 K-0.5 was found. In the non-steady-state, the total thermal emission power of the soil is given by the difference between its blackbody radiation and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. This relation explains to a considerable part the fact that on mountains the atmospheric temperature is lower than on lowlands, in spite of the enhanced sunlight intensity. Thereto, the so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon-dioxide do not have any influence.
