Review of Thermal Design of SiC Power Module for Motor Drive in Electrical Vehicle Application

In the current vehicle electric propulsion systems,the thermal design of power modules heavily relies on empirical knowledge,making it challenging to effectively optimize irregularly arranged Pinfin structures,thereby limiting their performance.This paper aims to review the underlying mechanisms of how irregularly arranged Pinfins influence the thermal characteristics of power modules and introduce collaborative thermal design with DC bus capacitor and motor.Literature considers chip size,placement,coolant flow direction with the goal of reducing thermal resistance of power modules,minimizing chip junction temperature differentials,and optimizing Pinfin layouts.In the first step,algorithms should efficiently generating numerous unique irregular Pinfin layouts to enhance optimization quality.The second step is to efficiently evaluate Pinfin layouts.Simulation accuracy and speed should be ensured to improve computational efficiency.Finally,to improve overall heat dissipation effectiveness,papers establish models for capacitors,motors,to aid collaborative Pinfin optimization.These research outcomes will provide essential support for future developments in high power density motor drive for vehicles.

SIMULATION IN THERMAL DESIGN FOR ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT OF ELECTRONIC UNIT PUMP

The high working junction temperature of power component is the most common reason of its failure. So the thermal design is of vital importance in electronic control unit （ECU） design. By means of circuit simulation, the thermal design of ECU for electronic unit pump （EUP） fuel system is applied. The power dissipation model of each power component in the ECU is created and simulated. According to the analyses of simulation results, the factors which affect the power dissipation of components are analyzed. Then the ways for reducing the power dissipation of power components are carried out. The power dissipation of power components at different engine state is calculated and analyzed. The maximal power dissipation of each power component in all possible engine state is also carried out based on these simulations. A cooling system is designed based on these studies. The tests show that the maximum total power dissipation of ECU drops from 43.2 W to 33.84 W after these simulations and optimizations. These applications of simulations in thermal design of ECU can greatly increase the quality of the design, save the design cost and shorten design time

Thermal Design and Optimization of Heat Pipe Radiator for Satellites

Satellite＇s thermal control subsystem （TCS） has to maintain components and structure within their specified temperature limits during satellite service life. TCS designers have to face the challenge of reducing both the weight of the system and required heater power while keeping components temperature within their design range. For a space based heat pipe radiator system, several researchers have published different approaches to reach such goal. This paper presents a thermal design and optimization of a heat pipe radiator applied to a practical engineering design application. For this study, a prospective communication satellite payload panel with applied passive thermal control techniques was considered. The thermal passive techniques used in this design mainly include multilayer insulation （MLI） blankets, optical solar reflectors （OSR）, selected thermal coatings, interface fillers and constant conductance heat pipes. The heat pipe network is comprised of some heat pipes embedded in the panel and some mounted on inner surface of the panel. Embedded heat pipes are placed under high heat dissipation equipments and their size is fixed; minimum weight of the radiator is achieved by a minimum weight of the mounted heat pipes. Hence, size of the mounted heat pipes is optimized. A thermal model was built and parameterized for transient thermal analysis and optimization. Temperature requirements of components in both worst case conditions （Hot case and cold case） were satisfied under optimal sizing of mounted heat pipes.

Thermal Design of Power Transformers via CFD

At Siemens, an in-house CFD （computational fluid dynamics） code UniFlow is used to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer in oil-immersed and dry-type transformers, as well as transformer components like windings, cores, tank walls, and radiators. This paper outlines its physical models and numerical solution methods. Furthermore, for oil-immersed transformers, it presents an application to a HV （high voltage） winding in a traction transformer of locomotives, cooled by synthetic ester.

Thermal resistance matrix representation of thermal effects and thermal design of microwave power HBTs with two-dimensional array layout

Based on the thermal network of the two-dimensional heterojunction bipolar transistors(HBTs) array, the thermal resistance matrix is presented, including the self-heating thermal resistance and thermal coupling resistance to describe the self-heating and thermal coupling effects, respectively.For HBT cells along the emitter length direction, the thermal coupling resistance is far smaller than the self-heating thermal resistance, and the peak junction temperature is mainly determined by the self-heating thermal resistance.However, the thermal coupling resistance is in the same order with the self-heating thermal resistance for HBT cells along the emitter width direction.Furthermore, the dependence of the thermal resistance matrix on cell spacing along the emitter length direction and cell spacing along the emitter width direction is also investigated, respectively.It is shown that the moderate increase of cell spacings along the emitter length direction and the emitter width direction could effectively lower the self-heating thermal resistance and thermal coupling resistance,and hence the peak junction temperature is decreased, which sheds light on adopting a two-dimensional non-uniform cell spacing layout to improve the uneven temperature distribution.By taking a 2 × 6 HBTs array for example, a twodimensional non-uniform cell spacing layout is designed, which can effectively lower the peak junction temperature and reduce the non-uniformity of the dissipated power.For the HBTs array with optimized layout, the high power-handling capability and thermal dissipation capability are kept when the bias voltage increases.

A Review on Thermal Design of Liquid Droplet Radiator System

Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR) system is regarded as a quite promising waste heat rejection system for aerospace engineering.A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of LDR system was carried out.The thermal design considerations of crucial components such as working fluid,droplet generator and collector,intermediate heat exchanger,circulating pump and return pipe were reviewed.The state-of-the-art of existing mathematical models of radiation and evaporation characteristics of droplet layer from literatures were summarized.Furthermore,thermal designs of three LDR systems were completed.The weight and required planform area between the rectangular and triangular LDR systems were respectively compared and the evaporation models for calculating the mass loss were evaluated.Based on the review,some prospective studies of LDR system were put forward in this paper.

Design of Rural Residence Based on Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Chengdu Area

With the improvement of living standards, peasants have attached increasing attention to quality of living environment, indoor thermal comfort of rural residence has become a functional need of new countryside residence. Chengdu is a foggy area with shorter sunshine hours, humid air, more foggy but fewer windy days, so local residence is likely to be muggy, which influences comfort of residents seriously. According to relevant researches, most rural residences in Chengdu use only natural ventilation, and the indoor thermal comfort is poor. In view of this, this paper tried to improve indoor thermal comfort and quality of living environment from the perspective of residence functional design.

Thermal Dissipation Modelling and Design of ITER PF Converter Alternating Current Busbar

Because the larger metallic surrounds are heated by the eddy current, which is generated by the AC current flowing through the AC busbar in the International Thermonuclear ExperimentM Reactor （ITER） poloidal field （PF） converter system, shielding of the AC busbar is required to decrease the temperature rise of the surrounds to satisfy the design requirement. Three special types of AC busbar with natural cooling, air cooling and water cooling busbar structure have been proposed and investigated in this paper. For each cooling scheme, a 3D finite model based on the proposed structure has been developed to perform the electromagnetic and thermal analysis to predict their operation behavior. Comparing the analysis results of the three different cooling patterns, water cooling has more advantages than the other patterns and it is selected to be the thermal dissipation pattern for the AC busbar of ITER PF converter unit. The approach to qualify the suitable cooling scheme in this paper can be provided as a reference on the thermal dissipation design of AC busbar in the converter system.

Thermal insulation design of subsea vertical X-mas tree

Temperature drop is commonly observed in subsea vertical X-mas trees during shutdown.The presence of a huge temperature difference between internal crude oil and external seawater can cause severe equipment degradation of the oil flow channel(e.g.,hydrate precipitation),which can block the oil flow channel and interrupt the production process.The most vulnerable parts of a subsea vertical X-mas tree tend to be components with high convective heat transfer rates,such as production modules and short joints.We proposed an innovative approach for the insulation design of underwater equipment under a shutdown condition.First,we obtained a heat transfer analysis of the tree under working conditions through computational fluid dynamics to ascertain the initial temperature condition for an unsteadystate analysis.Second,we investigated the unsteady heat transfer characteristics of the tree with an insulation layer in the shutdown state and derived the relationships between insulation duration and thickness by data analysis.We used data analysis to identify the relationship between insulation duration and thickness.Finally,we derived the empirical formula of insulation thickness for underwater equipment given the effect of environmental factors on the heat preservation effect.We performed the experiment with an oil pipeline,and the results showed that the internal oil of the equipment did not hydrate within 8 h under the shutdown condition with insulation layers.

Selection of Weather Parameters for Air-Conditioning System Design for Buildings with Long Thermal Lag

Two building factors-a longer thermal lag of more than one hour for building envelops and a lag of indoor radiation to convert into cooling load-have impact on the instantaneous heat input and instantaneous cooling load.So the two factors should be taken into account when selecting the weather parameters for air-conditioning system design.This paper developed a new statistic method for the rational selection of coincident solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures.The method was applied to historic weather records of 25 years in Hong Kong to generate coincident design weather data.And the results show that traditional design solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures may be significantly overestimated in many conditions,and the design weather data for the three different constructions is not kept constant.

Excel as an Educational Platform for Design Analyses of Fluid-Thermal Systems

Equipped with its Solver and-in and VBA, Microsoft Excel makes an ideal educational platform for design analyses of fluid-thermal systems. This paper illustrates this capability by considering a common type of these systems;which is the double-pipe heat exchanger. While Solver is used for the optimisation analysis, VBA is used for the development of a user-defined function (UDF) that determines the optimum standard-pipe size for the system.

卫星有源相控阵高热流微尺度器件热设计与验证

为解决卫星有源相控阵高热流微尺度器件散热和热试验验证难题,首先,提出T/R模块低温共烧陶瓷热设计优化方案,选择热通孔面积比为11.4%,并建立尺度比为800∶1的跨尺度热模型;其次,进行地面常压热平衡试验,利用红外热像仪测量器件温度;再基于热参数敏感性分析方法评估自然对流、热辐射和热传导有关参数对器件温度的影响,结果表明:对于特征长度为600μm的典型器件,接触热导对散热影响最大,而自然对流和热辐射影响均低于2%;基于常压热平衡试验数据修正热模型后的仿真与试验数据吻合良好,最大温度偏差1.7℃;高热流微尺度器件接触热导为16200 W/(m^(2)·K),预示真空下器件的最高温度为73.2℃,满足工程要求。研究结果可为卫星高热流微尺度器件热设计和验证提供参考。

垂直腔面发射激光器阵列的热设计研究进展

垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)通常采用由小尺寸发光单元并联的2维阵列结构来提高输出光功率、改善激光光束质量,然而随着芯片尺寸不断缩小以及阵列集成度不断提高,由VCSEL单元自身功耗引起的自加热效应及各单元之间的热耦合效应将导致VCSEL阵列结温急剧上升,在热-光-电反馈作用下,将严重制约VCSEL阵列的光学性能及热可靠性,对VCSEL阵列热设计提出了迫切要求。在阐明VCSEL阵列产热机理的基础上,从热-光-电模型建立、热设计方法两方面归纳总结了VCSEL阵列热设计最新进展,并对热设计发展趋势进行了展望。

中药雾化熏洗配合特定电磁波谱照射在肛瘘患者术后的应用效果

目的探讨中药雾化熏洗配合特定电磁波谱(TDP)照射在肛瘘患者术后干预的临床效果。方法选取2022年10月至2023年10月九江市第一人民医院120例肛瘘患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方法不同分为观察组(59例)与对照组(61例)。两组均采用肛瘘切除术治疗,对照组术后采用高锰酸钾溶液外洗联合TDP照射,观察组术后采用中药雾化熏洗配合TDP照射。比较两组的临床总有效率、术后创面恢复时间、未治疗、治疗下创面分泌物、红肿问题、肉芽形态、炎症因子、疼痛、并发症。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后疼痛消失时间、水肿消失时间、渗血消失时间、便血消失时间、创面愈合时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组患者创面分泌物评分、肉芽形态评分、红肿程度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肛瘘患者在术后干预中采用中药雾化熏洗配合TDP照射的效果较显著,不仅可以有效缩短其术后创面恢复时间,改善创面分泌物、肉芽形态及红肿情况,还可以减轻其疼痛程度和炎症反应,减少并发症的发生。

Evaluation of Thermal Effect of PCM Wallboards by Coupling Simplified Phase Change Model with Design Tool

A simplified PCM wallboard model is coupled to an existing design-oriented model of multi-zone buildings. Using a reference model and a basic simulation configuration, the accuracy of the resulting PCM wallboard-building thermal design tool is evaluated. A new performance indicator, called PCM utilization factor, is then proposed in order to estimate the thermal efficiency of using PCM wallboards in buildings. Using this PCM Utilization factor and a degrees-hours indicator, the ability of the PCM wallboard-building thermal design tool to evaluate the effect of PCM wallboards on heating loads and summer thermal comfort in the early design phase of a project is examined in two real case studies: a family house project and an existing office building. The user-friendliness of this design tool, and the short calculation times it leads to when performing a year-long simulation using a standard office computer, make it a well-adapted tool for sensibility studies or multi-criterion optimization for buildings that contain PCM wallboards.

功率型锂原电池安全性设计研究

安全性设计是功率型锂原电池应用研究的重要内容。针对“热失控”这一引发电池安全性问题的直接因素,从单体电池安全性设计和电源系统安全性设计两方面进行了研究。单体电池安全性设计包括N/P比设计、隔膜及电解液选用,电源系统安全性设计包括自主模式和“人在回路”模式下电池使用安全性设计。

熔盐堆下舱室非能动冷却系统的优化设计

熔盐堆下舱室非能动冷却系统是确保反应堆安全运行的重要保障,其结构设计是热工水力设计中的重要一环,其功能是保证熔盐堆下堆舱所有设备在反应堆正常运行时不超温,同时在事故工况下,能够最大程度地导出堆芯衰变热。基于一种热功率为153 MWt的百兆瓦级熔盐堆的概念设计,建立了熔盐堆下堆舱的1/4结构模型,使用ANSYS FLUENT 20.1软件进行下堆舱三维流场与温度场的数值模拟,通过优化下舱室非能动冷却系统的结构布局、空气环腔的结构尺寸、隔热板上保温棉厚度以及进风管的入口位置,使得下舱室内双通道非能动空冷系统的热屏蔽效果最好,且在事故工况下导出堆芯衰变热最多。结果表明:改变空冷系统中空气环腔的结构尺寸对下堆舱热屏蔽结果的影响很小;在空冷系统的中间隔板上增加保温棉可以显著降低侧面混凝土墙的温度;冷却系统的进风管入口位置距离空冷环腔顶端越近热屏蔽效果越好。据此最终设计出了一种新型的下舱室内双通道非能动空冷系统,达到了153 MWt熔盐堆下堆舱的屏蔽冷却的设计要求。为未来大功率熔盐堆下舱室内非能动余热排出系统的工程优化设计提供了重要参考。