Electron G-Factor Anomaly and the Charge Thickness

The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.

Study of the Electrical Parameters of a Silicon Solar Cell (n+/p/p+) under the Effect of Temperature by Optimization of the Base Thickness and the Doping Rate

In this work, we propose an approach to model the basic parameters of a silicon solar cell (n+/p/p+) by optimizing the doping rate and the thickness of the base using Matlab Simulink. This technique applies to electrical parameters such as the short-circuit current (Jcc) and the open-circuit voltage (Vco). These parameters are mainly related to the variations in the doping rate and the thickness of the solar cell. So, optimizing these parameters could offer the possibility of better taking into account the influence of temperature and improving the quality of the solar cell. This technique consists of determining the optimum thickness and the optimum doping rate. And this allowed us to observe using graphs the behavior of the solar cell under different values of temperature.

Absolute Wall Thickness Measurement of Conducting Plates Using Pulsed Eddy Currents

The method using pulsed eddy currents to determine the thickness of a conduction plate is extended to enable the simultaneous measurement of the plate thickness and material properties. For optimal performance, a probe must be designed depending on the thickness range that should be accessible. The need for a calibration of the material properties of a conducting plate to enable the measurement of its thickness has been removed. All that is needed is a probe with known dimensions and suitable hardware to create a current pulse and measure a transient magnetic induction.

Comparative Analysis of Statistical Thickness Models for the Determination of the External Specific Surface and the Surface of the Micropores of Materials: The Case of a Clay Concrete Stabilized Using Sugar Cane Molasses

In this work, four empirical models of statistical thickness, namely the models of Harkins and Jura, Hasley, Carbon Black and Jaroniec, were compared in order to determine the textural properties (external surface and surface of micropores) of a clay concrete without molasses and clay concretes stabilized with 8%, 12% and 16% molasses. The results obtained show that Hasley’s model can be used to obtain the external surfaces. However, it does not allow the surface of the micropores to be obtained, and is not suitable for the case of simple clay concrete (without molasses) and for clay concretes stabilized with molasses. The Carbon Black, Jaroniec and Harkins and Jura models can be used for clay concrete and stabilized clay concrete. However, the Carbon Black model is the most relevant for clay concrete and the Harkins and Jura model is for molasses-stabilized clay concrete. These last two models augur well for future research.

Determination of the Series Resistance of a Series Vertical-Junction Silicon (N+/P/P+) Solar Cell under Polychromatic Illumination and Magnetic Field: Effect of Optimum Thickness

By solving the magneto-transport equation for excess minority charge carriers in the base of the series vertical-junction silicon cell, the phenomenological parameters of the cell can be determined from the boundary conditions. Photocurrent density and photovoltage are determined for each value of applied magnetic field and corresponding optimum thickness, to establish the current-voltage characteristic (Jph(Sf, Sb, z, B, Hop)-Vph(Sf, Sb, z, B, Hop) of the silicon cell under polychromatic illumination. This study will make it possible to reduce the material used (by reducing the optimum thickness), which will help to lower prices. It will also enable us to reduce betting effects (lower series resistance), thereby boosting solar cell efficiency.

Analysis of the Risk of Water Breakout in the Bottom Plate of High-Intensity Mining of Extra-Thick Coal Seams

In order to clarify the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate of extra-thick coal seam mining, 2202 working face of a mine in the west is taken as the research object, and it is proposed to use the on-site monitoring means combining borehole peeping and microseismic monitoring, combined with the theoretical analysis to analyze the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate. The results show that: 1) the theoretically calculated maximum damage depth of the bottom plate is 27.5 m, and its layer is located above the Austrian ash aquifer, which has the danger of water breakout;2) the drill hole peeping at the bottom plate of the working face shows that the depth of the bottom plate fissure development reaches 26 m, and the integrity of the water barrier layer has been damaged, so there is the risk of water breakout;3) for the microseismic monitoring of the anomalous area, the bottom plate of the return air downstream channel occurs in the field with a one-week lag, which shows that microseismic monitoring events may reflect the water breakout of the underground. This shows that the microseismic monitoring events can reflect the changes of the underground flow field, which can provide a reference basis for the early warning of water breakout. The research results can provide reference for the prediction of sudden water hazard.

Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia

AIM:To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular thickness in the amblyopic eye with that in the sound eye of children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS:A prospective, nonrandom, intraindividual comparative cohort study includes 72 children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia in a single center. Macular thickness, macular foveola thickness, and peripapillary RNFL thickness were compared between the amblyopia eyes and the contralateral sound eyes. ·RESULTS:There were 38 male and 34 female patients, with a mean age as 9.7 ±1.9 years (range, 5-16 years). Hyperopic was +3.62±1.16D (range +2.00D to +6.50D) in the amblyopic eyes, which was significantly higher in the control eyes with +0.76±0.90D (range 0D to +2.00D) (P 【 0.01). The mean peripapillary RNFL thickness was 113.9± 7.2μm and 109.2 ±6.9μm in the amblyopic eye and the normal eye, respectively, reaching statistical significance (P = 0.02). The mean macular foveola thickness was significantly thicker in the amblyopic eyes than the contralateral sound eyes (181.4±14.2μm vs 175.2±13.3μm, P 【0.01), but the 1mm, 3mm or 6mm macular thickness central macular thickness was not significantly different. Degree of anisometropia in the contralateral eyes was not significantly correlated with differences of peripapillary RNFL, macular foveola thickness or central macular thickness. CONCLUSION:Eyes with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia are found thicker macular foveola and peripapillary RNFL than the contralateral eyes in children.

Preliminary Studies on Thickness of Nondestructive Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Leaf Blade

Two varieties, Yuexinzhan and Guangchao 3, were used to study leaf thickness in rice in this experiment. The thickness of the leaf blade was measured by the nondestructive leaf thickness instrument, which was modified from the thickness instrument for steel objects （John Bull, England）. The contacting area between the leaf and the probe of the instrument was 0.5 cm^2. There was no significant difference between the thickness of steel materials measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the micrometer. The correlation between the thickness of the rice leaf blade measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the specific leaf weight （SLW） was significant （P 〈 0.05 or P〈 0.01）. The results also showed that the rice leaf thickness was uneven and asymmetric. The thickness and SLW of flag leaf tended to increase from the base to the tip of the leaf blade. The middle part of the second and third top leaf was the thickest, but no significant difference in thickness between the basal part and the fore part was found. Drawing a line on the main vein in the top three leaves, the left part was thinner than the right part. The thickness of the lower leaves （6/0-9/0） on the main culm tended to increase with increasing positions of the leaves in the early and middle stages, but the tendency was not the same for the higher leaves （10/0 upwards）, although the higher leaves （10/0 upward） were thicker than the lower leaves （9/0 or downward）. Furthermore, different CO2 concentrations （550±30, 460 ± 30 μmol mol^-1） in the growth boxes had no effect on the thickness of rice leaf blades. It can be concluded that the measurement of rice leaf thickness using the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument is simple, precise, and nondestructive.

Effect of Mg-Film Thickness on the Formation of Semiconductor Mg_2Si Films Prepared by Resistive Thermal Evaporation Method

Mg films of various thicknesses were deposited on Si（111） substrates at room temperature by resistive thermal evaporation method, and then the Mg/Si samples were annealed at 40 ℃ for 4 h. The effects of Mg film thickness on the formation and structure of Mg2Si films were investigated. The results showed that the crystallization quality of Mg2Si films was strongly influenced by the thickness of Mg film. The XRD peak intensity of Mg2Si （220） gradually increased initially and then decreased with increasing Mg film thickness. The XRD peak intensity of Mg2Si （220） reached its maximum when the Mg film of 380 um was used. The thickness of the Mg2Si film annealed at 400℃ for 4 h was approximately 3 times of the Mg film.

Analysis of thickness-shear and thickness-twist modes of AT-cut quartz acoustic wave resonator and filter

The thickness-shear （TS） and thickness-twist （TT） vibrations of partially electroded AT-cut quartz plates for acoustic wave resonator and filter applications are theoretically studied. The plates have structural variations in one of the two in-plane directions of the plates only. The scalar differential equations derived by Tiersten and Smythe for electroded and unelectroded AT-cut quartz plates are used, resulting in free vibration resonant frequencies and mode shapes for both fundamental and overtone fam- ilies of modes. The trapped modes with vibrations, mainly confined in the electroded areas, are found to exist in both the resonator and the filter structures. The numerical results for the trapped modes are presented for different aspect ratios of electrodes and material properties, providing a reference to the design and optimization of quartz acous- tic wave resonators and filters.

Measurement of Retinal Thickness in Normal Subjects with Retinal Thickness Analyzer

The retinal thickness at posterior pole of normal subjects was mea-sured by using retinal thickness analyzer (RTA) to determine the values of retinal thickness and to establish map of retinal thickness in normal subjects. The retina of 6 mm× 6 mm in size (approximately 20°, centered on the macula) at the poste-rior pole was scanned by using RTA to obtain images of 116 normal eyes of 77cases of various age group. The irnages were processed by a computer to obtain the retinal thickness values and the thickness map of this location. The data were analyzed with SAS software package. The mean retinal thickness was 171. 77±26. 13 pm with no significant difference among the various age groups (P>0. 05).The thickness maps of the retina of 6 mm× 6 mm size at the posterior pole around the macula rendered a 'U'-shaped pattern, extending from the disc to the superior and inferior of the fovea. The retina was found to be thin at temporal side of the fovea, with the thinnest area being at the macula central fovea. The U-shaped pattern of the retinal thickness maps was well in agreement with the topography of the ganglion cells and the retinal nerve fibers in human retina. The measurement of the retinal thickness by RTA reflected the changes in the layers of ganglion cells and the retinal nerve fiber. Each scanning session of RTA examination can yield multiple optical cross-section images of the retina and obtain retinal thickness maps of posterior pole of living eyes.

Cluster倾斜子范畴导出的Abel范畴的recollement和thick子范畴

设T是三角范畴D的cluster倾斜子范畴.首先,如果D具有一个关于三角范畴D′和D″的recollement,且满足i*i*(T)T,j*j*(T)T,则给出了这个recollement诱导Abel范畴D/T关于Abel范畴D′/(i*T)和D″/(j*T)的recollement的充分必要条件;其次,如果H是D的thick子范畴,i*表示自然嵌入函子i*:H→D的左伴随函子,且i*TT,那么Abel范畴A′=H/(i*T)是Abel范畴A=D/T的thick子范畴.

Numerical evaluation of an autofrettaged thick-walled cylinder under dynamically applied axially non-uniform internal service pressure distribution

A dynamical moving pressure structural numerical calculation model using the internal ballistics calculation pressure-time results was constituted and the vicinity of the internal ballistics and quasiinternal ballistics structural model was checked. The Von Mises stresses obtained by the dynamical structural numerical model calculations and the Von Mises stresses calculated from the shot test strain measurements were compared. The difference for the worse case was 20% and for the best case was 0.1%.Furthermore, the model gave better agreement for the higher charge masses. The numerical structural quasi-internal ballistics computation model created was verified for the top charge mass which represents the highest stress condition and used in a gun barrel design.

Novel attributes and design considerations of effective oxide thickness in nano DG MOSFETs

Impacts of effective oxide thickness on a symmetric double-gate MOSFET with 9-nm gate length are studied, using full quantum simulation. The simulations are based on a self-consistent solution of the two-dimensional （2D） Poisson equation and the Schr6dinger equation within the non-equilibrium Green＇s function formalism. Oxide thickness and gate dielectric are investigated in terms of drain current, on-off current ratio, off current, sub-threshold swing, drain induced barrier lowering, transconductance, drain conductance, and voltage. Simulation results illustrate that we can improve the device performance by proper selection of the effective oxide thickness.

Preliminary Studies on the Application of Retinal Thickness Analyzer in the Diagnosis of Glaucoma

The patients with glaucoma underwent the examination of retinal thickness analyzer (RTA) to explore the diagnostic value of RTA in glaucoma. The retina of 6 mm×6 mm size (approximately 20°, centered on the macula) at the posterior pole was scanned by using RTA to obtain the images in 35 eyes of 22 patients with glaucoma. The images were processed by using SAS software package. The retinal thickness in the patients with glaucoma showed diffuse or local thinning. Twenty seven eyes was definitely diagnosed as having glaucoma. There was a very significant difference in retinal thickness measurements by RTA between normal group and glaucomatous group ( P =0.0012). Except the measurements at the detected point 6 having no difference, the measurements at the detected point 3 showed a significant difference and the remaining 7 detected points presented a very significant difference between the two groups. Of the detected 9 points, the changes at the points 4, 8, and 9 were the most obvious. The discrete analysis was performed on the glaucomatous patients by a discriminant function established through the data at the detected points 4, 8 and 9 and the accurate estimate rate for the diagnosis of glaucoma was up to 80.77 %. The measurements of RTA examination was consistent with the results of the vision field test. It was suggested that diffuse or local thinning of retinal thickness exists in the patients with glaucoma. The temporal inferior arcuate fibers and the papillomacular bundle between the macular and optic nerve heads showed a serious damage. The sensitivity of RTA examination was higher than visual field test.

Dependence of dynamic contour and Goldmann applanation tonometries on peripheral corneal thickness

AIM：To determine the effects of peripheral corneal thickness（PCT）on dynamic contour tonometry（DCT）and Goldmann applanation tonometry（GAT）.METHODS：A cross-sectional study.We created a software which calculates the corneal contour（CC）as a function of the radius from the corneal apex to each pixel of the contour.The software generates a central circumference with a radius of 1 mm and the remainder of the cornea is segmented in 5 rings concentric with corneal apex being its diameter not constant around the corneal circumference as a consequence of the irregular CC but keeping constant the diameter of each ring in each direction of the contour.PCT was determined as the mean thickness of the most eccentric ring.Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing（LOWESS）regression was used to determine the pattern of the relationship between PCT and both DCT and GAT respectively.Thereafter,two multivariable linear regression models were constructed.In each of them,the dependant variable was intraocular pressure（IOP）as determined using GAT and DCT respectively.In both of the models the predictive variable was PCT though LOWESS regression pattern was used to model the relationship between the dependant variables and the predictor one.Age and sex were also introduced control variables along with their first-degree interactions with PCT.Main outcome measures include amount of IOP variation explained through regression models（R2）and regression coefficients（B）.RESULTS：Subjects included 109 eyes of 109 healthy individuals.LOWESS regression suggested that a 2nd-degree polynomial would be suitable to model the relationshipbetween both DCT and GAT with PCT.Hence PCT was introduced in both models as a linear and quadratic term.Neither age nor sex nor interactions were statistically significant in both models.For GAT model,R2was 17.14%（F=9.02;P=0.0002）,PCT linear term B was-1.163（95%CI：-1.163,-0.617）.PCT quadratic term B was 0.00081（95%CI：0.00043,0.00118）.For DCT model R2was 14.28%（F=9.29;P=0.0002）,PCT linear term B was-0.712（95%CI：-1.052,-0.372）,PCT quadratic term was B=0.0005（95%CI：0.0003,0.0007）.CONCLUSION：DCT and GAT measurements are conditioned by PCT though this effect,rather than linear,follows a2nd-degree polynomial pattern.

Three-Dimensional Stress Fields in Finite Thickness Plate with Hole Under Shear Load

The theoretical solutions are obtained for the three-dimensional(3-D)stress field in an infinite isotropic elastic plate with a through-the-thickness circular hole subjected to shear load at far field by using Kane and Mindlin′s assumption based on the stress function method.Based on the present solutions,the characteristics of 3-D stress field are analyzed and the emphasis is placed on the effects of the plate thickness and Poisson′s ratio on the deviation of the present 3-D in-plane stress from the related plane stress solutions,the stress concentration and the out-of-plane constraint.The present solutions show that the stress concentration factor reaches its peak value of about 8.9% which is higher than that of the plane stress solutions.As expected,the out-of-plane stress constraint factor can reach 1on the surface of the hole when the plate is a very thick one.

Study on Flow Unit of Heavy Oil Bottom Water Reservoir with Over-Limited Thickness in Offshore Oilfield

The upper Ming section of L oilfield is a typical offshore heavy oil bottom-water reservoir with thick fluvial layers. All horizontal wells are developed by natural energy. Due to the few drilling holes and influence by the resolution of seismic data, it is difficult to describe reservoirs with thickness over 20 meters. In this paper, seismic resonance amplitude inversion technology is introduced to restore the real response of thick reservoirs and interbeds by drilling and drilling verification, and the geological bodies with different thickness are displayed by frequency division RGB three primary colors. Flow units of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water are divided according to the three major factors of interlayer, lithologic internal boundary and water-oil thickness ratio which have the greatest influence on horizontal well development, thick sand bodies are divided into 10 different flow units in three levels, each unit is separated from each other, and the reservoir structure, water-cut characteristics and water-flooding characteristics are different. The reliability of the research is improved by using the dynamic data of horizontal wells and newly drilled passing wells, which provides a basis for tapping the potential of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water.

Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric submucosal tumors arising from the muscularis propria layer

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and feasibility of endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) for the treatment of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria.

Ultra-lightweight Ti3C2Tx MXene modified separator for Li–S batteries:Thickness regulation enabled polysulfide inhibition and lithium ion transportation

The practical application of lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries is limited by the easy dissolution of polysulfides in the electrolyte,resulting in the lithium polysulfide(LPS)shuttle effect.Several two-dimensional(2D)materials with abundant active binding sites and high surface-to-volume ratios have been developed to prepare functional separators that suppress the diffusion of polysulfides.However,the influence of modified layer thickness on Li+transport has not been considered.Herein,we synthesized individual and multilayered 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets and used them to fabricate a series of Ti3C2Tx-PP modified separators.The separators had mass loadings ranging from 0.16 to 0.016 mg cm-2,which is the lowest value reported for 2D materials to the best of our knowledge.The corresponding reductions in thickness ranged from 1.2μm to 100 nm.LPS shuttling was effectively suppressed,even at the lowest mass loading of 0.016 mg cm-2.Suppression was due to the strong interaction between LPS intermediates and Ti atoms and hydroxyl functional groups on the separator surface.The lithium-ion diffusion coefficient increased with the reduction of Ti3C2Tx layers on the separator.Superior cycling stability and rate performance were attained when the separator with a Ti3C2Tx-PP mass loading of 0.016 mg cm-2 was incorporated into a Li–S battery.Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)were introduced into the separators to further improve the electrical and Li+ionic conductivity in the cross-plane direction of the 2D Ti3C2Txlayers.With the ultralightweight Ti3C2Tx/CNTs modified PP separator,the cell maintained a capacity of 640 m Ah g-1after 200cycles at 1C with a capacity decay of only 0.079%per cycle.