Electrochemical migration behavior and mechanism of PCB-ImAg and PCB-HASL under adsorbed thin liquid films

The electrochemical migration（ECM） behavior and mechanism of immersion silver processing circuit board（PCB-ImAg）and hot air solder leveling circuit board（PCB-HASL） under the 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 absorbed thin liquid films with different thicknesses were investigated using stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.Meanwhile,the corrosion tendency and kinetics rule of metal plates after bias application were analyzed with the aid of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）and scanning Kelvin probe（SKP）.Results showed that under different humidity conditions,the amount of migrating corrosion products of silver for PCB-ImAg was limited,while on PCB-HASL both copper dendrites and precipitates such as sulfate and metal oxides of copper/tin were found under a high humidity condition（exceeding 85%）.SKP results indicated that the cathode plate of two kinds of PCB materials had a higher corrosion tendency after bias application.An ECM model involving multi-metal reactions was proposed and the differences of ECM behaviors for two kinds of PCB materials were compared.

Low Temperature Coating of Anatase Thin Films on Silica Glass Fibers by Liquid Phase Deposition

Uniform crystalline TiO2 thin films were coated on silica glass fibers by liquid phase deposition from aqueous solution of ammonium hexafluorotitanate at low temperature. TiO2 thin films and nanopowders were prepared by adding H3BO3 into （NH4）2TiF6 solution supersaturated with anatase nano-crystalline TiO2 at 40 ℃. The effects of the deposition conditions on the surface morphology, section morphology, thickness of the deposited TiO2 thin films were investigated. The results indicate that the growth rate and particle size of the thin films were controlled by both the deposition conditions and the amount of anatase nano-crystalline TiO2.

COMPENSATION EFFECT OF POLYIMIDE THIN FILMS ON NORMALLY WHITE TWISTED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

The disadvantages of Normally White Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display (NW-TN-LCD) were discussed. The reason that the negative birefringent polyimide thin films were used to compensate NW-TN-LCD to decrease off-axis leakage, improve contrast ratios and enlarge viewing angles was explained in this paper. A certain polyimide thin film was taken as an example to show compensation effect on NW-TN-LCD.

Molecular dynamics of dewetting of ultra-thin water films on solid substrate

Molecular dynamics simulation is applied to study the instability and rupture process of ultra-thin water films on a solid substrate. Results show the small disturbance of the film will develop linearly due to the spinodal instability, whereas the interaction between solid and liquid has less influences on the initial growth. Then the rupture occurs and the rim recedes with a dynamic contact angle. The radius of the rim. varies with time as the square root of t, which is consistent with the macroscopic theory available. Stronger interaction between solid and liquid will postpone rupture time decline the dynamic contact angle and raise the density of water near the interface between solid and liquid.

Thin-Thick Film Transitions on a Planar Solid Surface： A Density Functional Study

A weighted density functional theory is proposed to predict the surface tension and thin-thick film transition of a Lennard-Jones fluid on a planar solid surface. The underlying density functional theory for the Lennard-Jones fluid at low temperature is based on a modified fundamental measure theory for the hard-core repulsion, a Taylor expansion around zero-bulk-density for attraction, and a correlation term evaluated by the weighted density approximation with a weight function of the Heaviside step function. The predicted surface tension and thin-thick film transition agree well with the results from the Monte Carlo simulations, better than those from alternative approaches. For the Ar/CO2 system, the prewetting line has been calculated. The predicted reduced surface critical temperature is about 0.97, and the calculated wetting temperature is below the triple-point temperature. This is in agreement with the experimental observation.

Liquid Film on Unsteady Stretching Sheet with General Surface Temperature and Viscous Dissipation

We study the effects of viscous dissipation on flow and heat transfer in a thin liquid film on an unsteady stretching sheet. A general surface temperature is taken into consideration. The velocity and temperature fields are solved using the homotopy analysis method. The results show that the increasing values of the Eckert number can increase temperature distribution and the heat transfer rate.

TiO_2 thin film photocatalyst

It is well known that the photocatalytic activity of TiO_2 thin filmsstrongly depends on the preparing methods and post-treatment conditions, since they have a decisiveinfluence on the chemical and physical properties of TiO_2 thin films. Therefore, it is necessary toelucidate the influence of the preparation process and post-treatment conditions on thephoto-catalytic activity and surface microstructures of the films. This review deals with thepreparation of TiO_2 thin film photo-catalysts by wet-chemical methods (such as sol-gel,-reversemicellar and liquid phase deposition) and the comparison of various preparation methods as well astheir advantage and disadvantage. Furthermore, it is discussed that the advancement ofphotocatalytic activity, super-hydrophilicity and bactericidal activity of TiO_2 thin filmphotocatalyst in recent years.

Electro–optic response in thin smectic C* film with chevron structures

The effects in electrostatic models of chevron surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals are investigated through numerical modeling. To study smectic C＊ director distribution within the cell, we consider two nonlinear approaches： the chevron interface does not interplay with the electric field; the electric field interplays with the chevron interface. The obtained results of the director field distribution are compared with the earlier linearized studies. We find that whether or not the electric field interplays with the chevron interface, the electro-optic response requires a generalized approach for its description. The threshold electric field, which is necessary for switching between two stable director states in the chevron cell is evaluated. This study suggests that, in many cases of practical interest, electro-optic response to the electric field and the threshold electric field can be precisely estimated. We argue that, beside being numerically efficient, our approach provides a convenient and a novel standpoint for looking at the electro-optic response problem.

Capillary Forces between Submillimeter Spheres and Flat Surfaces at Constant Liquid Volumes

We investigate the capillary forces between submillimeter spheres and flat surfaces at constant liquid volumes theoretically and experimentally. An iterative method is used to estimate the capillary force with contact angles as the boundary conditions and the constant volume as a constraint. The theoretical analysis shows that the maximum capillary force between them decreases with the increase of the liquid bridge volume at small contact angles. The experimental results show that the force is smaller than the theoretical values at the initial separation distances. It is also observed that the force first increases and then decreases with an increasing separation distance in some cases. These phenomena of capillary forces hysteresis are explained according to the wetting hysteresis.

Static Threshold Pressure Gradient Characteristics of Liquid Influenced by Boundary Wettability

We propose an experimental setup to measure the threshold pressure gradient （TPG） of microchannels with different wettability surfaces by the static method in microchannels with diameters from 20 μm to 320 μm, and compare the TPG of microchannels with adsorption of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） with that without CTAB adsorption. The results show the existence of TPG in microchannels. The TPG of microchannels increases with decreasing hydrodynamic diameter, and the relation between TPG and diameter is in agreement with the single-log normalization. The TPG of a microchannel with CTAB adsorption decreases obviously as compared with the microchannel without CTAB adsorption. The TPG of microchannels with different wettabilities of boundary surface are different, and the resistance of liquid flow can be reduced by changing the wettability of boundary surfaces.

Effects of dispersion forces in the instability of polymer films

Spontaneous rupture of some polymer films upon heating is commonplace. The very criterion for this instability is the system free energy possessing a negative curvature. Within the framework of full frequency-dependent theory of dispersion forces, we have derived the excess free energy of a typical system--polystyrene film deposited on the silicon substrate. The excess free energy, wavelengths and growth rates are calculate and a comparison is made between the accurate results and the approximate results. It is found that the stability of the fihn can be tuned by the variation of the thickness of the coating and the retardation effects can be significant sometimes.

Optical Properties of Aligned Nematic Liquid Crystals in Electric Field

In this study, the optical transmittance of aligned nematic liquid crystals (ANLCs) was investigated in terms of temperature variations through electrooptic effects under DC electric field. The optical transmittances of the planar and homeotropically aligned liquid crystal cells, which were prepared by conventional rubbing and photolithographic technique on the polyimide thin films for molecular alignment, were measured in their phase transition region. The results of measurement for both orientations, the distribution curve of the optical transmittance exhibits displacement toward to low level at the beginning and then to high level by the temperature variations, while the electric field increases. It was also observed that the domain structure of the materials were affected considerably by the applied electric field and phase transition region of the aligned structures had broader range than by the pure crystalline structure and its phase transition temperature was changed by the molecular anisotropy. Finally, in photolithographic method strong bonds between the molecules and the orienting surface were observed in high contrast to rubbing method.

Helix unwinding in ferroelectric liquid crystals induced by tilted electric field

Helix unwinding in ferroelectric liquid crystals induced by an electric field is theoretically studied on the basis of the continuum theory. By applying a weak electric field tilted to the smectic layers, the contribution of the dielectric interaction energy density to the total free energy density is increased. Approximation methods are used to calculate the free energy for different tilt angles between the electric field and the smectic layers. The obtained results suggest selecting the optimal number of pitches in the film that matches to the minimum of the free energy.

Can Heavier Liquid Float on Top of a Lighter One？

We report on a first observation of a floating- spherical Hg （density 13g/cm3） drop on top of a glycerin （density 1.26g/cm3） drop, the latter is hemispherical and about four times larger in volume. This observation is clearly against nature＇s gravity law and has never been reported before. Here we present spectacular high resolution photos that clearly demonstrate this remarkable floating phenomenon. Using milli-Q water, the Hg drop would stay down adhered at the triple line. Instead, the coincidental use of tap water displays the same phenomenon. Increasing the volume of the supporting liquid to a certain value causes the Hg drop to sink. A 5-M NaCl aqueous solution is found enough to show the same floating phenomenon. This floating mercury as a phenomenon is puzzling. On this length scale it seems that surface tension and curvature dominate over gravity.

Photoinduced Reorientation Process and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Ag Nanoparticle Doped Azo Polymer Films

Azobenzene polymer films doped with and without Ag nanoparticles are prepared. The photoinduced reorientation process is investigated by using an Nd：YVO4 pump beam at 532 nm and a low semiconductor laser beam at 650 nm. The reorientation rate of azo polymer films is enhanced in the presence of Ag nanoparticles, and the rate of the azo polymer film with Ag concentration of 2.2 μg/ml is larger than that of the azo polymer films with Ag concentrations of 1.1 μg/ml and 4.4 μg/ml. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of the Ag/azo composite film are obtained by the Z-scan technique at a wavelength of 532 nm, and the measured nonlinear refractive index is 9.258×10-9 esu. It is shown that the main mechanisms involved in the large nonlinear optical responses come from the local field enhancement of Ag nanoparticles and the nonlinear effect of the azo polymer matrix.

液态靶材磁控溅射技术研究进展

随着先进制造业的迅猛发展,对高性能涂层的需求日益增长。以经济高效的方式沉积高性能涂层成为了科学界研究的热点。液态靶材磁控溅射技术因兼备磁控溅射与蒸镀的优点,受到了研究者的广泛关注。从液态靶材磁控溅射技术的基本原理出发,深入分析了放电过程中的特点与等离子体特性,总结了其特点与优势以及在涂层沉积领域的具体应用,最后指出了该技术当前存在的不足之处,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。

模拟海洋大气环境下钛铝连接件的电偶腐蚀研究

目的探究海洋大气环境下飞机结构用钛铝连接件的电偶腐蚀行为,分析结构件各位置的电偶腐蚀差异,完善钛、铝金属间的电偶腐蚀机理。方法通过动电位极化曲线、零电阻电流(ZRA)及中性盐雾试验等,比较浸泡和薄液膜2种测试条件对腐蚀过程的影响。利用有限元模拟(FEM)表征电偶作用在钛铝表面的影响范围,并预测各位置的腐蚀程度,最后通过腐蚀形貌和失重试验加以验证。结果在模拟海洋大气环境下钛及铝合金的阴极反应速率相较于浸泡条件下有所提高,耦合后两金属间的电偶电流密度由浸泡时的1.52μA/cm^(2)提升至11.00μA/cm^(2),腐蚀形态由局部点蚀凹坑转变为连续网格状腐蚀条纹。另外,钛与铝金属间的电偶电位(Eg=-700 mV,vs.SCE)与阳极铝合金的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr,Al=-680 mV,vs.SCE)接近,两者间较低的电位差使得电偶作用在铝表面的影响距离只有10~15 mm。结论钛铝连接件的电偶腐蚀主要集中在与钛直接接触的铝合金交界处,但不同边界位置的腐蚀深度也可能相差4倍以上,这主要与电偶作用影响范围内的阴/阳极面积比有关。

润湿性影响薄液膜沸腾传热的分子动力学研究

纳米尺度下表面润湿性如何影响薄液膜沸腾传热仍是一个具有挑战性的研究. 本研究采用分子动力学 方法探讨壁面润湿性影响纳米尺度薄液膜沸腾换热的机制. 结果发现: 亲水表面能够显著地提升沸腾换热性 能, 有较早的沸腾起始时间, 较高的升温速率、热流密度和界面导热率, 以及较小的界面热阻. 通过建立二维 表面势能模型, 揭示表面润湿性影响纳米尺度沸腾换热的机理. 亲水壁面的表面势能为-0.34 eV, 而疏水壁面 的表面势能仅为-0.09 eV, 提升表面润湿性强化沸腾传热的本质原因是表面势能绝对值的提高. 此外, 通过计 算分子间的相互作用能, 揭示了纳米尺度下亲疏水壁面的成核机理. 水分子-亲水壁面、水分子-疏水壁面和 水分子内部的相互作用能分别为 1.57, 0.26 和 0.48 eV/nm^(2). 亲水表面的界面能大于水分子内部的相互作用 能, 因此亲水表面上气泡成核发生在水膜内部;疏水表面上的界面能比水分子内部的相互作用能弱, 疏水表 面的气泡成核发生在固/液界面处. 本研究揭示了表面润湿性如何影响纳米尺度薄液膜沸腾传热和气泡成核 的主要机制.

V形沟槽纳米线团簇表面的毛细抽吸-补液蒸发传热特性研究

利用V形沟槽纳米线团簇表面的毛细抽吸和补液特征,结合实验观测和建模分析对表面的薄液膜蒸发进行研究。探究了表面结构参数和沟槽液位对蒸发性能的影响,建立薄液膜蒸发模型求解纳米线团簇和V形沟槽中的液膜轮廓方程并分析传热性能。结果表明,随着纳米线直径减小和高度增大,薄液膜蒸发传热系数增大,最高可达369kW/(m_(2)·K)。团簇内液膜在毛细力驱动下具有极高的爬升速度,使得小持液量下液膜仍位于团簇顶端蒸发。沟槽液膜完全润湿沟槽且与团簇顶端液膜相连通,为团簇蒸发补液,沟槽液位下降不影响团簇顶端蒸发,能够延伸薄液膜长度并减薄沟槽侧壁液膜厚度,进一步强化传热。纳米线团簇中液膜宏观传热系数显著高于沟槽,证明了团簇在整体蒸发中的决定性贡献,阐明了V形沟槽纳米线团簇表面薄液膜蒸发微观机制。