河北省海水养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖尾水监测对比研究

以河北省黄骅地区海水工厂化和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾尾水为研究对象,检测这两种养殖模式下不同养殖阶段所排放的养殖尾水中化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)及活性磷酸盐(DIP)等指标的变化,利用单因子污染指数(P i)和内梅罗综合指数(P)对养殖尾水状况进行了评价。结果表明,尾水的主要污染因子为DIN与DIP;主要污染物浓度均值工厂化养殖模式高于池塘养殖模式,且工厂化养殖尾水主要污染物均超过《河北省海水养殖尾水污染物排放标准》一级排放限值;养殖尾水主要污染物浓度均随养殖时间的延长而增加;两种模式下养殖尾水的内梅罗综合指数P值均处于严重污染状等级。

A Transcriptome Analysis of Neural Tissue of Litopenaeus vannamei After Acute Exposure to Alexandrium pacificum

Alexandrium pacificum(A.pacificum)is a typical paralytic shellfish poisonous dinoflagellate.Harmful algal blooms(HABs)caused by this species can bring serious environmental problems and economic losses to the aquaculture industry.In this study,transcriptome sequencing and analyses were performed on the neural tissue of Litopenaeus vannamei(L.vannamei)after acute exposure to A.pacificum disrupted solution for 72 h,and differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified.The results showed that,compared with the control samples,300 DEGs were identified in the experimental group,of which 194 were up-regulated,and 106 down-regulated.The gene ontology(GO)functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the cortical cytoskeleton organization,troponin complex,amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase and thymidine phosphorylase.Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis found that DEGs were mainly enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation process,intercellular tight junctions and mitophagy.The results showed that the proteoglycans,signaling pathways,and various metabolic processes that regulate cell proliferation,differentiation,and apoptosis all played an essential role in the response of L.vannamei to A.pacificum toxins.

Insight into the quality deterioration induced by microorganisms in Litopenaeus vannamei during superchilling storage

Quality deterioration induced by microbial community in Litopenaeus vannamei during superchilling storage were demonstrated in this study.In this study,6 microorganisms were identified as the biomarkers by 16S rDNA sequencing and 71 differential metabolites were identified by untargeted metabolomics.The correlation analysis between microorganisms and differential metabolites revealed that Oceanicaulis,Aliihoeflea,Prauserella,Chelativorans and Pseudoalteromonas had the potential to be the important microorganisms of deterioration of superchilled shrimp.Moreover,the spearman correlation analysis revealed that lightness value had highly significant correlation with Shewanella(P<0.01),and thiobarbituric acid content,total viable count value,total sulfhydryl content,trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide and Ca2+-ATPase activity showed significantly correlation with Oceanicaulis,Prauserella,Chelativorans,Aliihoefl ea and Pseudoalteromonas(P<0.05).This study offers a better understanding for mechanisms behind quality degradation induced by microorganisms,which may help the quality maintaining of Pacific white shrimp during superchilling storage.

Effect of dietary supplement of inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M 17 on growth performance,immune response,disease resistance,and intestinal microbiota in Penaeus vannamei

Our previous study found that feeding with Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M17 could effectively affect the growth performance,immune response,and gut microbiota of Penaeus vannamei.However,high temperature and pressure during feed pelletizing is the main problem that can lead to a decrease in the activity of probiotics or cause their inactivation.Further investigation needs to investigate whether inactivated Ep-M17 can exert similar effects as live Ep-M17.Therefore,we evaluated the effects of inactivated L.plantarum Ep-M17 on growth performance,immune response,disease resistance,and gut microbiota in P.vannamei.Results show that adding inactivated Ep-M17 to the feed also promoted body weight gain and increased relative immune protection in shrimp.Also,histological examination revealed that the administration of inactivated Ep-M17 led to improvements in the density and distribution of microvilli in the intestines and enhancements in the abundance of B and R cells in the hepatopancreas.Additionally,the inactivated Ep-M17 supplementation resulted in increased activity levels of nutrient immune-related enzymes in both the shrimp hepatopancreas and intestines.Moreover,it stimulated the expression of Lvlec,PEN-3a,Crustin,LGBP,Lysozyme,and proPo genes in both the hepatopancreas and intestines.Furthermore,the inactivated Ep-M17 also increased bacterial diversity in the gut of shrimp and promoted the abundance of specific flora,facilitating the host organism’s metabolism and immunity to improve the disease resistance of shrimp.Therefore,supplementation of inactivated L.plantarum Ep-M17 in shrimp diets can exert similar effects as live L.plantarum Ep-M17 effectively improving growth performance,gut microbiota,immune response,and disease resistance in P.vannamei.

Insights into sensitizing and eliciting capacity of gastric and gastrointestinal digestion products of shrimp(Penaeus vannamei)proteins in BALB/c mice

Shrimp(Penaeus vannamei)proteins have been shown an allergenic potential;however,little information is available on the sensitizing and eliciting capacity of shrimp protein digestion products.In this study,a BALB/c mice model was used to explore the allergenicity of shrimp protein sample(SPS)and their gastric and gastrointestinal digestion products(GDS/GIDS).As compared with the SPS groups,the GDS/GIDS groups caused lower specific immunoglobulins(Ig E/Ig G1)levels(P<0.05),but higher than the control groups,indicating that the digestion products sensitized the mice.Meanwhile,spleen index,mouse mast cell protease-1(m MCP-1)concentration and proportion of degranulated mast cells were significantly reduced in the GDS/GIDS groups(P<0.05);simultaneously,allergic symptoms,vascular permeability and histopathological changes of tissues were alleviated.Nevertheless,the allergenicity of digestion products cannot be eliminated and still cause systemic allergic reactions in mice.The study showed that the digestion products of shrimp still had high sensitizing and eliciting capacity.

基于YOLOv8模型的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)摄食强度量化及分类方法研究

为实现凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)摄食强度量化及分类,克服投喂主观性,优化饲料利用率。实验采用YOLOv8模型对凡纳滨对虾进行识别和检测以及YOLOv8-segment模型对凡纳滨对虾的虾头进行分割,根据饲料区域内对虾的数量和虾头的像素面积,实现对虾摄食强度的量化,并利用Convnext模型将图像中对虾的摄食强度划分为强摄食、中摄食和低摄食3个级别。实验结果显示,迭代200次后,YOLOv8模型对饲料区域内对虾目标检测的mAP50达到了99.5%,YOLOv8-segment模型对虾头分割的mAP50达到了92.1%,展现了YOLOv8模型的强大性能。经实验验证发现,在不同摄食强度下饲料区域内对虾的数量和虾头的像素面积存在明显差异。Convnext模型对凡纳滨对虾3种摄食强度的图像分类准确率为98.8%。该方法可以客观有效地将对虾摄食强度进行量化,并将对虾的摄食强度进行分类,为实现对虾的精准投喂提供了理论基础和技术支撑。

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)野生群体与养殖群体的线粒体遗传变异分析

为研究凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的母系遗传背景以及遗传特性,运用线粒体基因(mtDNA)D-loop区分子标记技术,对凡纳滨对虾野生群体与养殖群体的遗传变异进行了比较分析。结果显示:野生群体与养殖群体的碱基组成一致,A+T的含量(81.52%)明显高于C+G的含量(18.48%);野生群体的单倍型多样性(H_(d))为0.960±0.017,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.104±0.051,明显高于养殖群体的(H_(d)=0.680±0.075,π=0.060±0.029)。经分子方差分析(AMOVA)发现,种群间的遗传变异率为13.09%,群体内的遗传变异率为86.91%,野生凡纳滨对虾群体与养殖群体的遗传分化存在显著差异(F_(st)=0.131,P<0.05)。本研究结果可为凡纳滨对虾的种质资源相关研究提供理论依据。

串联养殖模式下的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)与缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)生长特性、消化免疫及水生态效应

虾蛏串养模式作为海水围塘养殖坚持可持续发展、绿色发展的模式,已在福建沿海地区推广,取得明显效果,但目前适宜于该模式下的虾蛏数量配比尚不清楚。在实验室内,通过设立LP组(虾蛏数量配比1︰3)、MP组(1︰5)、HP组(1︰7),模拟虾蛏串联养殖模式,对虾和缢蛏分别投喂颗粒饲料、微绿球藻和角毛藻,并对虾蛏生长特性、养殖环境水质因子、消化与免疫指标、环境与蛏内脏团微生物群落进行探究。结果表明,LP组和MP组虾蛏增重率和特定生长率显著高于HP组。LP组和MP组对虾增重率分别为43.88%、41.91%,缢蛏增重率分别为29.30%、29.40%。水质营养盐浓度开始总体升高达到峰值后总体下降。虾蛏对环境反应不同,缢蛏中淀粉酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化显著,对虾则是胰蛋白酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性变化显著。RDA分析表明,总氮、活性磷酸盐是影响微生物群落关键因素。16S rRNA分析表明,虾蛏不同数量配比对养殖环境以及缢蛏内脏团有较大影响,与LP组相比,MP组和HP组微生物种类更多,且参与氮磷循环的微生物丰度增加。当虾蛏数量配比为1︰3或者1︰5时,虾蛏能良好生长且串养系统养殖环境能起到改善作用。研究结果有助于优化虾蛏串养模式,对今后虾蛏串养模式健康发展具有重要意义。

2种不同碳酸盐碱度养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉营养组成及游离氨基酸组成分析

为探究2种不同碳酸盐碱度养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉中基本营养成分和游离氨基酸组成的变化,将凡纳滨对虾饲养在碳酸盐碱度3 mmol·L^(-1)(LSW组)和10 mmol·L^(-1)(HSW组)水体中,饲养周期为42 d,检测2组凡纳滨对虾肌肉基本营养成分和游离氨基酸组成。结果显示:不同碳酸盐碱度对凡纳滨对虾肌肉中基本营养成分无显著影响(P>0.05),但对肌肉中游离氨基酸含量和组成有较大的影响。2组凡纳滨对虾肌肉中均检测到18种常见游离氨基酸,其中,甘氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量最高。高碳酸盐碱度(10 mmol·L^(-1))显著增加了肌肉中必需氨基酸含量(从2.426μg·g^(-1)上升到11.322μg·g^(-1))和其在游离氨基酸总量中的百分比(从9.91%上升到28.56%,P<0.05);非必需氨基酸含量显著增加(从15.646μg·g^(-1)上升到19.486μg·g^(-1)),但其在游离氨基酸总量中的百分比显著降低(从63.90%下降到49.15%),高碳酸盐碱度(10 mmol·L^(-1))显著提高了凡纳滨对虾肌肉中6种呈味氨基酸含量(从9.927μg·g^(-1)上升到17.017μg·g^(-1)),但其在游离氨基酸总量中的百分比比较恒定,仅从40.75%提高到42.92%。值得注意的是,LSW组的呈甘味氨基酸(甘氨酸和丙氨酸)含量占游离氨基酸总量和6种呈味氨基酸总量的百分比分别是37.16%和91.18%,而HSW组的对应值分别是31.12%和72.51%;可见高比例甘味氨基酸是凡纳滨对虾甘甜味的主要来源。高碳酸盐碱度(10 mmol·L^(-1))显著降低了甘味氨基酸在游离氨基酸总量中的百分比(P<0.05),也降低了凡纳滨对虾肌肉游离氨基酸的F值(从2.085下降到1.351)。研究结果为探索养殖碳酸盐碱度对凡纳滨对虾营养与品质特性的影响规律奠定了基础,丰富了盐碱水养殖凡纳滨对虾的营养和品质研究内容,有利于推动凡纳滨对虾盐碱水养殖业的健康发展。

Transcriptomes of Litopenaeus vannamei reveal modulation of antioxidant system induced by dietary archaeal carotenoids

Oxidative stress induced by factors such as ammonia nitrogen has become a major issue in shrimp farming.The effects of carotenoids on the growth and antioxidant capability of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles were investigated in this study using dietary archaeal carotenoids supplementation.For four weeks,shrimp were given diets containing 0 mg/kg(Ctrl)and 55.98 mg/kg(Car)archaeal carotenoids.Dietary archaeal carotenoids significantly enhanced the astaxanthin content in shrimp muscles and carapaces,as well as the superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity(P<0.05).The malonaldehyde(MDA)content in Car group significantly decreased(P<0.05).The transcriptome analysis was conducted to determine the molecular processes in response to archaeal carotenoids supplementation.A total of 1536 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were detected,including 538 upregulated DEGs and 998 downregulated DEGs.GO functional enrichment analysis between Ctrl and Car indicated that 26 GO terms including extracellular region,metabolic process,and proteolysis were enriched.The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism,cysteine and methionine metabolism,glycine serine and threonine metabolism,and amino acid biosynthesis were enriched.Archaeal carotenoids influenced the expression of several important genes involved in reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,Nrf2 signaling,and antioxidant enzymes.Seven DEGs were chosen to confirm the RNA-Seq data using qRT-PCR.The genes and pathways discovered in this work assist to elucidate the molecular processes through which archaeal carotenoid enhances L.vannamei antioxidative system.

Effects of Dietary Vitamin D_(3)on Growth Performance,Immune Status,and Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Litopenaeus vannamei Under Different Salinity Conditions

Vitamin D_(3)(VD_(3)) plays a vital role in various physiological processes in addition to its role in regulating the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus.The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary VD_(3) on growth performance,immune status and the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in Litopenaeus vannamei under the optimal salinity(25)and high salinity(35)conditions.Shrimp(2.1 g±0.1 g)were fed with experimental diets containing 0,1500,6000 and 12000IUkg^(−1)VD_(3) for 30 days under two salinity conditions respectively.The results showed that the growth performance and intestinal health were reduced,while oxidative stress was induced in the shrimp cultured at salinity 35 compared to those in the shrimp cultured at salinity 25.Interestingly,dietary supplementation of 1500 IU kg^(−1)VD_(3) at salinity 35 promoted the growth performance,improved the intestinal health,and enhanced the antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity in shrimp.In addition,the content of inorganic phosphorus in shrimp serum was affected by dietary VD_(3) independent of salinity.In contrast,the expressions of calcium transport-related genes,including calmodulin and Ca2+-ATPase,were regulated by salinity,instead of dietary VD_(3).In conclusion,an appropriate supplementation of dietary VD_(3) under high-salt condition can promote the growth,alleviate intestinal inflammation,enhance antioxidant capacity and immunity,and contribute to phosphorus metabolism in L.vannamei.

The dissolution of total suspended solids and treatment strategy of tailwater in a Litopenaeus vannamei recirculating aquaculture system

In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.

Extraction and Characterization of Litopenaeus vannamei’s Shell as Potential Sources of Chitosan Biopolymers

Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide,produced mainly as an industrial waste stream during crustacean processing.Chitin can be derived into chitosan through the deacetylation process.Conversion of shrimp waste into chitosan via the deacetylation process could be considered a practical approach for shell waste remediation.In this study,chitosan’s physicochemical characteristics extracted from two types of Pacific white leg shrimp,L.vannamei’s shell(i.e.,rough and smooth),were compared with commercial chitosan.The yield,moisture,ash,solubility,water and fat binding capacity were measured.The degree of deacetylation(DDA)was calculated using FTIR,and their chemical Structure was confirmed using XRD and SEM-EDS.Both extracted chitosan showed no significant difference in yield,moisture,ash,solubility and water binding capacity but showed a significant difference with commercial chitosan.Moreover,the fat binding capacity of commercial chitosan showed the lowest percentage(408.34±0.83%)as compared to extracted chitosan(smooth shell 549.59±12.48%;rough shell 500.55±12.10%).The DDA indicated that extracted chitosan from the smooth and rough shell was considered good chitosan as compared to commercial chitosan with 84.08±1.27%,80.78±0.79%and 74.99±1.48%,respectively.Additionally,the presence of hydroxyl and amino groups from FTIR and a good crystallinity index was recorded using XRD of extracted chitosan.Based on observed characteristics,shrimp shell waste from L.vannamei can achieve chitosan standard quality as a biopolymer and highly potential to be applied in various industrial applications.

烹饪方式对凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)脂质及挥发性物质的影响

为探究风味差异的形成机制,以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,研究蒸制和微波加热2种烹饪方式对脂质组成、脂质氧化水解程度及挥发性物质的影响。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾在烹饪后总脂和脂质组成(磷脂、甘油三脂及游离脂肪酸)含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。蒸制和微波加热的对虾,其脂质组成也有所差别,与蒸制相比,微波加热虾肉中的磷脂含量偏高,而游离脂肪酸含量偏低。鲜虾烹饪后饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降,不饱和脂肪酸含量显著上升(P<0.05),可能与磷脂的水解有关。蒸制和微波加热加速了脂质的氧化水解,酸价和硫代巴比妥酸反应物值均显著升高(P<0.05)。电子鼻分析结果显示鲜虾、蒸制和微波加热虾肉的气味特征有明显不同,且微波加热气味变化更大。采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱从虾肉中分离鉴定出25种挥发性物质,其中2,3-戊二酮、2-丁酮、2-甲基丁醛、己醛、1-辛烯-3-酮和戊醛等是熟虾肉主要的风味物质,且在微波加热的样品中含量更高。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,脂质的氧化水解对风味形成有重要贡献,游离脂肪酸中的C_(14:0)、C_(15:0)、C_(16:1)、C_(18:1n9c)、C_(18:2n6c)、C_(18:3n3)与虾肉特征气味形成密切相关。

一种低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗弧菌感染中的功能研究

低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP)是一类细胞表面蛋白,属于一种内吞性受体,其在调节脊椎动物血脂平衡中的作用已被广泛报道。前期在凡纳滨对虾弧菌抗性家系和敏感家系的比较转录组分析中发现一种低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白基因的转录表达存在明显差异,为明确该基因在对虾抗弧菌感染中的作用,我们对该基因进行了全长cDNA克隆、表达特征分析和功能的初步研究。该基因在凡纳滨对虾中存在两个转录本,分别命名为LvLRP1-1和LvLRP1-2。LvLRP1-1的cDNA序列全长为916bp,编码226个氨基酸;LvLRP1-2的cDNA全长为787bp,编码183个氨基酸。两个转录本的cDNA序列高度一致,唯一的差别在于LvLRP1-1的cDNA比LvLRP1-2多129 bp,多编码43个氨基酸。组织表达分析显示LvLRP1-1在对虾的眼柄、表皮、脑和心脏中高表达,而LvLRP1-2仅在眼柄和表皮中呈现高表达。在副溶血弧菌感染对虾后, LvLRP1-1和LvLRP1-2的转录表达变化趋势一致,均在感染后3h其转录水平明显升高,6h之后又恢复到正常水平。利用双链RNA技术对LvLRP1-1和LvLRP1-2同时干扰后对对虾进行弧菌感染,发现干扰后的对虾体内弧菌的载量明显提高,死亡率显著上升,说明其在对虾抵抗弧菌感染的过程中发挥着重要作用。

基于层次分析法优化凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)热风干燥工艺

为探究虾干的干燥温度和水分含量对其感官品质的综合影响,以凡纳滨对虾为原料,控制热风干燥温度(65~105℃),调节干燥时间,得到水分含量为13%~25%的虾干。对其头胸部和腹部色泽(L^(*)、a^(*)和b^(*)值)、质构特性(硬度和咀嚼性)、挥发性成分和菌落总数等指标进行测定,采用层次分析法构建虾干感官品质综合评价模型,得到适宜的干燥条件。结果表明,随着干燥温度上升和烘干时间延长,水分含量减少,虾干的硬度、咀嚼性与挥发性成分含量、种类和气味活性值逐渐增大,菌落总数减少。并通过层次分析法共构建1个准则层和4个指标层的判断矩阵,所有的判断矩阵均通过一致性检验。最终通过综合得分确定虾干工艺条件为:干燥温度85℃、虾干水分含量19%。在该干燥条件下,得到一种红黄色,虾肉紧密、柔韧、有嚼劲,虾香味浓郁,微生物指标合格,品质优良的虾干。

饲料中添加苯甲酸钠及其复配物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、体组成及抗氧化能力的影响

本研究旨在评估苯甲酸钠、甲酸钙和富马酸的混合物在水产饲料中的使用效果,在基础饲料(V1组)中分别添加0.05%(V2组)和0.10%(V3组)的苯甲酸钠,同时在0.05%苯甲酸钠基础上分别添加0.10%甲酸钙(V4组)和0.10%富马酸(V5组),配制成5种等氮(44%)等脂(8%)的试验饲料。分别投喂初始体重(0.78±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾8周。结果显示:添加苯甲酸钠及其与甲酸钙和富马酸的复配物对凡纳滨对虾成活率、生长性能及体组成均无显著影响(P>0.05)。V2~V5组的凡纳滨对虾血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别较对照V1组升高133.67%、109.78%、379.16%和165.69%(P<0.05)。V5组肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性较对照V1组升高148.70%(P<0.05)。与对照V1组相比,饲料中添加了苯甲酸钠与甲酸钙和富马酸复配物的V4组和V5组的肝胰腺丙二醛(MDA)含量分别显著降低了36.38%和40.80%(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加苯甲酸钠与甲酸钙和富马酸的复配物对改善对虾抗氧化能力的效果优于单一添加苯甲酸钠。

随机质心映射优化法提升生防乳酸菌Lac 9-3的粘附性及其对冷藏凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)菌群结构的影响

生防乳酸菌粘附是其在食品表面定植并发挥作用的第一步。为进一步提升乳酸菌Lac 9-3在凡纳滨对虾表面的粘附性,探究其对冷藏凡纳滨对虾腐败菌生长的影响,本研究采用随机质心映射优化法(Random-Centroid Optimization,RCO)优化了乳酸菌Lac 9-3的接种条件(包括接种液浓度、接种菌株生长阶段、浸泡时间与接种液pH)。同时,运用高通量测序技术,分析经乳酸菌Lac 9-3处理后的凡纳滨对虾在冷藏第0、8和14 d菌群多样性与组成的差异,探究乳酸菌Lac 9-3对冷藏凡纳滨对虾菌群结构的影响。结果表明,乳酸菌Lac 9-3的最佳接种条件为:接种液浓度为10^(8)CFU/mL、菌株生长阶段为14.1 h(对应稳定期初期),浸泡时间为17.41 min,接种液pH为6.51。在最佳接种条件下,乳酸菌Lac 9-3在凡纳滨对虾表面的粘附数量达到2.08×10^(9)CFU/g,较同浓度对照组增加72.65%。此外,菌相结果显示,乳酸菌Lac 9-3可通过抑制凡纳滨对虾表面优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、肉食杆菌属(Carnobacterium)、别弧菌属(Aliivibrio)与弧菌属(Vibrio)的生长繁殖,调节冷藏期间凡纳滨对虾的菌群结构。乳酸菌Lac 9-3粘附性的提升增加了其在凡纳滨对虾表面的粘附数量,从而调控冷藏过程中凡纳滨对虾的菌群结构并影响其腐败进程,揭示了乳酸菌Lac 9-3在水产品保鲜中的应用潜力。

不同糖源对南美白对虾Penaeus vannamei生长、成活率和虾体组成的影响

在饲料中分别添加w=20%的葡萄糖、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、蔗糖、糊精,饲养初始质量为(0 78±0 01)g的南美白对虾,经过56d的生长试验,观察不同糖源对于南美白对虾的生长、成活率、机体营养组成的影响。实验结果表明,南美白对虾对不同糖源的利用表现出差异性,蔗糖组的成活率、特定生长率、饲料效率均最高;其他各组差异不显著。不同糖源对南美白对虾生长的影响依次为蔗糖>玉米淀粉>小麦淀粉>糊精>葡萄糖>马铃薯淀粉;对南美白对虾成活率的影响依次为蔗糖>马铃薯淀粉>玉米淀粉>小麦淀粉>糊精>葡萄糖。不同糖源对南美白对虾全虾蛋白质含量和水分含量的影响差异不大,但是糊精和马铃薯淀粉组的全虾脂肪含量明显低于其他各组,蔗糖组的全虾灰分与其他各组都没有显著性差异,葡萄糖组最高,糊精组最低。

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)及虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)的荧光定量PCR检测

2013年,河北、天津等地区养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)育苗期出现死苗、出苗率低的情况,生产上,仔虾个体大小差异较大,造成了严重损失。本研究采用荧光定量PCR方法(Real-time PCR)对天津大港地区采集的108尾凡纳滨对虾仔虾样品进行单尾病原检测。结果显示,传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)和虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)均有检出。IHHNV阳性检出率100%,每微克对虾组织DNA的病毒拷贝数为10~3–10~7,且个体较大的样品(1.2–2.0 cm)携带病毒拷贝数偏高;EHP阳性检出率为49.1%,每微克对虾组织DNA的拷贝数为10~3–10~5,且集中于个体较小样品(0.7–1.1 cm)。对IHHNV和EHP阳性凡纳滨对虾样品进行生物学体长与病毒载量指数相关性分析,显示IHHNV载量指数与对虾生长速率呈正相关,虾组织IHHNV平均载量达8.51×10~4 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平;EHP的载量与对虾生长速率呈负相关关系,与较大个体阳性检出率较低相对应,虾组织EHP平均载量达到2.19×10~4 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平。由此,该批凡纳滨对虾仔虾患病为IHHNV和EHP的混合感染所致,本研究数据为IHHNV和EHP病原混合感染流行情况及其对养殖育苗期仔虾生长的影响提供科学依据。