2002:The extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation

Features of an extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia in 2002 and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation were studied through diagnosis on the atmospheric reanalysis data set. Results show that the winter of 2002 is of the warmest in the recent 54 years in North Asia, which was caused by both decadal scale and interannual scale variability. The interannual variability is proved to be as the main cause for the event, and it is related to the global scale atmospheric circulation anomalies, with the strongest of them in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the middle and high latitude region of the Southern Hemisphere.

The role of diminishing Arctic sea ice in increased winter snowfall over northern high-latitude continents in a warming environment

Large parts of North America, Europe, Siberia, and East Asia have experienced cold snaps and heavy snowfalls for the past few winters, which have been linked to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice. Although the role of reduction in Arctic sea ice in recent cold and snowy winters is still a matter of debate, there is considerable interest in determining whether such an emerging climate feedback will persist into the future in a warming environment. Here we show that increased winter snowfall would be a robust feature throughout the 21st century in the northeastern Europe, central and northern Asia and northern North America as projected by current-day climate model simulations under the medium mitigation scenario. We argue that the increased winter snowfall in these regions during the 21st century is due primarily to the diminishing autumn Arctic sea ice （largely externally forced）. Variability of the winter Arctic Oscillation （dominant mode of natural variability in the Northern Hemisphere）, in contrast, has little contribution to the increased winter snowfall. This is evident in not only the multi-model ensemble mean, but also each individual model （not model-dependent）. Our findings reinforce suggestions that a strong sea ice-snowfall feedback might have emerged, and would be enhanced in coming decades, increasing the chance of heavy snowfall events in northern high-latitude continents.

Impacts of Nighttime Warming on the Soil Nematode Community in a Winter Wheat Field of Yangtze Delta Plain, China

Changes in the soil nematode community induced by global warming may have a considerable influence on agro-ecosystem functioning. However, the impacts of predicted warming on nematode community in farmland （e.g., winter wheat field） have not been well documented. Therefore, a field experiment with free air temperature increase （FATI） was conducted to investigate the responses of the soil nematode community to nighttime warming in a winter wheat field of Yangtze Delta Plain, China, during 2007 to 2009. Nighttime warming （NW） by 1.8~C at 5-cm soil depth had no significant impact on the total nematode abundance compared to un-warmed control （CK）. However, NW significantly affected the nematode community structure. Warming favored the bacterivores and fungivores, such as Acrobeles, Monhystera, Rhabditis, and Rhabdontolaimus in bacterivores, and Filenchus in fungivores, while the plant-parasites were hindered, such as Helicotylenchus and Psilenchus. Interestingly, the carnivores/ omnivores remained almost unchanged. Hence, the abundances ofbacterivores and fungivores were significantly higher under NW than those under CK. Similarly, the abundances of plant-parasites were significantly lower under NW than under CK. Furthermore, Wasilewska index of the nematode community was significantly higher under NW than those under CK, indicating beneficial effect to the plant in the soil. Our results suggest that nighttime warming may improve soil fertility and decrease soil- borne diseases in winter wheat field through affecting the soil nematode community. It is also indicated that nighttime warming may promote the sustainability of the nematode community by altering genera-specific habitat suitability for soil biota.

Numerous experiments for the impact of warming climate on the phenology and grain yield of winter wheat

Based on the environmental and crop data at Zhenjiang City, in Jiangsu Province, middle east of China, the growing process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-Wheat model assuming the daily average temperature is 1℃ to 2℃ higher than at the present, which are mostly possible for the change of climate because of enrichment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The simulation results show that warming climate can promote development rate and shorten phenological stages of wheat, and the grain yield will be higher than present. Its impact on the kernel weight and grains per square meter were different for the plantings of various sowing dates. The results of this study suggest that substantial changes in agricultural production and management practices are needed to respond to the climatic changes expected to take place in China.

Hotpot Warms up Chilly Winter

ADJUSTING their diet to the chang- ing seasons is a way for Chinese people to preserve their health, asthey value the concept that eating habits should be in harmony with nature. Winter solstice is the day with the shortest daytime and longest night of the year. From the Winter Solstice, the wintry days start, which are divided into nine sessions with each one coverin9 a period of nine days.

A numerical study of the impact of SST anomaly in the warm pool area on atmospheric circulation in winter

In this paper the impacts of the anomalous SST in the warm pool area of the Western Equatorial Pacific on the winter time circulation and the East Asian monsoon are studied by using the NCAR CCM. It is found that the abnormal heating in the warm pool area will change the strength and the position of the Walker Cell in the Equatorial Pacific and the anti-Walker Cell in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Both the Walker and anti-Walker Cells are strengthened. The local Hadley Cells over two hemispheres near the warm pool are also strengthened. The subtropical highs in two hemispheres become stronger and move poleward slightly. The westerly jets in the extratropical regions have similar changes as the subtropical highs. The winter monsoon in South-East Asia is weakened by the abnormal heating in the warm pool. The experiment also show that there are wave trains emanating from surrounding areas of the warm pool to the high latitudes, causing various changes in circulations and local weather.

Impact of chilling accumulation and hydrogen cyanamide on floral organ development of sweet cherry in a warm region

The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry（Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng） from a warm winter climate（Shanghai） and cold winter climate（Tai＇an, Shandong Province, China） was conducted to explore the reason of low fruit set. The effect of hydrogen cyanamide（HCN） on floral development under warm winter conditions was also investigated. Trees grown in Shanghai with insufficient chilling accumulation exhibited little difference in the progression of microspore development compared to trees in Tai＇an that accumulated adequate chilling, but showed substantial delays in ovule and embryo sac development. The growth of nucelli did not proceed beyond the macrospore mother cell and macrospore stages with abortion rates of 13, 15 and 45% by 6, 3 and 0 d before full bloom, respectively. These abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac in the Shanghai-grown trees were eliminated by HCN application. These results suggest that chilling regulates the development of female floral organs in winter dormancy; therefore, insufficient chilling accumulation, causing abnormality of the female floral organs, restricts the cultivation of sweet cherry in warm winter regions. Interestingly, HCN application, which decreased the chilling requirements for Hongdeng, may be a potential strategy for sweet cherry cultivation in warm winter regions.

The exceptionally strong and persistent Arctic stratospheric polar vortex in the winter of 2019–2020

The Arctic stratospheric polar vortex was exceptional strong,cold and persistent in the winter and spring of 2019–2020.Based on reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research and ozone observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument,the authors investigated the dynamical variation of the stratospheric polar vortex during winter 2019–2020 and its influence on surface weather and ozone depletion.This strong stratospheric polar vortex was affected by the less active upward propagation of planetary waves.The seasonal transition of the stratosphere during the stratospheric final warming event in spring 2020 occurred late due to the persistence of the polar vortex.A positive Northern Annular Mode index propagated from the stratosphere to the surface,where it was consistent with the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation indices.As a result,the surface temperature in Eurasia and North America was generally warmer than the climatology.In some places of Eurasia,the surface temperature was about 10 K warmer during the period from January to February 2020.The most serious Arctic ozone depletion since 2004 has been observed since February 2020.The mean total column ozone within 60°–90°N from March to 15 April was about 80 DU less than the climatology.

Impact of Arctic amplification on East Asian winter climate

1.IntroductionThe Arctic region warms about twice as much as the global average,and this so-called Arctic amplification（AA）might increase the moisture flux towards Siberia（Cohen et al.2014）.Furthermore,because of strong radiative cooling over Siberia in winter,AA might enhance the snowfall in that region and reinforce cold spells in East Asia（Wu,Su,and Zhang 2011）.

Composite Simulation of Dynamic Water Content and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

In order to forecast the effect of climate warming on agriculture,ENWATBAL model was used to simulate evapotranspiration of winter wheat due to the change of air temperature and precipitation in the coming decades.The effect of climate warming on winter wheat yield in the future decades was speculated by the past yield and climate data in last decades,and the possible water use efficiency in the future decades was calculated.The results indicate that climate warming would increase winter wheat evapotranspiration,and decrease yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat.It shows that climate warming would intensify the water shortage in agriculture,and it is necessary to develop watersaving agriculture.

夏热冬暖地区大型体育场绿色低碳专项方案研究——以广州足球公园和南沙全民文化体育综合体为例

本文选取广州足球公园和南沙全民文化体育综合体作为半开放空间的绿色建筑建造示例,通过分析其设计理念、技术应用、绿色施工方法及环境影响,总结其成功经验和可复制性,为夏热冬暖地区的绿色建筑设计与建造提供参考。

暖冬及倒春寒天气对平欧杂种榛的影响及对策

平欧大榛子在我国栽培历史较短,由于品种多,栽培地域广泛,各地气候、土壤条件差异较大,加上种植者对各品种特性了解不足,生产上出现了各种各样的问题。该文就暖冬及倒春寒天气对平欧大榛子影响情况进行调查,并分析原因、提出应对的解决措施,希望能为种植户及拟发展该产业者提供帮助。

灌浆期开放式增温对不同小麦产量和品质的影响

为研究灌浆期开放条件下增温对不同小麦产量及品质的影响,采用开放式红外增温技术,以‘济麦22’和‘济麦44’为材料,于2020—2022年进行灌浆期白天增温来模拟未来气候变暖下温度升高对不同小麦产量及其构成因素和品质(主要是淀粉和蛋白质)的影响。在本试验条件下,增温处理的两种小麦千粒质量和产量均呈现下降趋势,千粒质量下降3.3%~5.7%,产量损失2.0%~5.0%。增温使两个品种的淀粉含量降低1.4%~2.4%,白度降低1.6%~1.8%,面筋指数降低0.4%~3.6%。灌浆期增温处理增加了小麦籽粒蛋白含量,增幅为1.1%~9.6%,沉降值增加0.8%~11.9%。另外增温处理对两种小麦面粉的淀粉糊化特性产生了不同的影响,‘济麦22’面粉的低谷黏度和峰值黏度显著上升,最终黏度、回生值和糊化温度差异不显著;‘济麦44’面粉的低谷黏度、峰值黏度和最终黏度显著下降,回生值和糊化温度差异不显著。综上,在其他生育进程不变的情况下,灌浆期增温将会导致小麦减产,同时小麦籽粒物质组成也将发生复杂的变化,从而影响到小麦的品质。

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑外遮阳百叶智能控制对比分析

随着建筑节能工作深入,建筑智能遮阳技术迅速发展,外遮阳智能控制系统成为有效降低建筑能耗、提高能源利用效率的新兴节能技术。通过建筑外遮阳百叶智能控制系统的对比设计,采用EnergyPlus的EMS模块进行模拟,比较东向百叶外遮阳不同智能控制方式对室内能耗的影响,对百叶最优倾角常开、入射角控制、冷负荷控制、综合控制进行能耗分析。研究结果发现:3种百叶控制方式与百叶最优倾角常开状态对比均有一定的节能效果,仅有入射角控制这一方式的总能耗最低,综合控制次之,仅有冷负荷控制的方式能耗最高。研究结果为建筑设计者提供了关于东向百叶外遮阳智能控制系统设置的参考,通过优化入射角控制设置降低能耗、提高建筑舒适性。

厦门地区典型羽毛球训练馆热环境实测分析

体育建筑类型众多,相较于大型比赛场馆,羽毛球训练馆作为大众运动项目的中小型训练馆之一,受众面广且使用频次高。以厦门地区典型羽毛球训练馆为研究对象,选取3个典型羽毛球训练馆进行过渡季和夏季的现场热环境实测分析及热舒适调查。研究结果表明:羽毛球训练馆室内受太阳辐射影响小,环境变化比室外稳定;在自然通风条件下室内环境较室外未得到明显改善,加设空调能改善夏季室内环境;不同的界面形式、材质都对室内环境有影响。综合来看,钢结构场馆在两季节中环境最佳,但其环境变化较大,易受到室外环境影响。钢筋混凝土结构场馆环境稍差,但其稳定的特征在恰当措施下能带来更佳的室内环境。基于以上研究结论,对羽毛球训练馆提出优化策略,对夏热冬暖地区羽毛球训练馆的热舒适环境合理设计及优化提供参考。

增温背景下不同土壤对冬小麦产量品质影响评价

利用冬小麦品种‘镇麦168’,以黄棕壤、砂礓黑土、风沙土、红壤、潮土、黑土、黄土、灰钙土、紫色土、砖红壤、盐碱土和棕壤共12种典型农田土壤为基质,在开放式增温系统开展模拟大气增温框栽试验。试验设置常温对照(CK)和增温1.5℃(eT)两个处理,增温处理为冬小麦全生育期增温。以成熟期冬小麦单穗粒数、千粒重等表征产量变化,籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及其组分等营养指标体现品质构成。结果表明:(1)全生育期增温分别使黄棕壤、风沙土、黑土、黄土、灰钙土和紫色土冬小麦较常温对照减产33.82%、20.96%、16.60%、55.92%、28.45%和21.19%,但潮土冬小麦增产16.13%(P<0.05),其他土壤条件下冬小麦产量无明显变化。(2)就冬小麦营养品质,直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量在增温作用下较常温对照存在不同程度下降,且直链淀粉降幅大于支链淀粉,在红壤、黑土、黄土、灰钙土、紫色土、盐碱土和棕壤条件下冬小麦总淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05)。籽粒蛋白质及其组分,清蛋白和球蛋白呈显著增加趋势,而醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白显著下降,且降幅大于前两者增幅,除红壤冬小麦总蛋白含量无显著变化以外,其他11种土壤条件下冬小麦总蛋白含量均较常温对照显著降低(P<0.05)。冬小麦可溶性总糖仅在潮土、灰钙土和紫色土条件下显示出显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。(3)利用隶属函数对常温对照和增温各处理进行综合品质排名,表现最好的为常温组黑土冬小麦(U=0.707),常温组中棕壤(U=0.691)、灰钙土(U=0.647)、紫色土(U=0.644)和黄土冬小麦(U=0.644)次之,品质最差的是常温下红壤冬小麦(U=0.364)和增温下红壤冬小麦(U=0.368)。除潮土冬小麦以外,其他11种土壤冬小麦品质均表现为增温劣于对照。(4)常温条件下冬小麦产量最大影响因素为单穗粒数,直接通径系数为0.630,其次为有效穗数和球蛋白,均体现为直接作用,直接通径系数分别为0.538和-0.118;增温条件下冬小麦产量最大影响因素也是单穗粒数,直接通径系数为0.603,其次为有效穗数、千粒重和总淀粉,有效穗数和总淀粉通过与单穗粒数的间接作用对冬小麦产量产生影响,间接通径系数分别为0.322和0.381。综合而言,增温通过对冬小麦产量构成和籽粒营养成分的综合作用影响品质,12种典型农田土壤中,潮土冬小麦对增温表现为正效应,其他土壤为负效应,冬小麦产量品质形成对气候变暖响应受到土壤类型的调控。

夏热冬暖地区公交站场类建筑近零能耗技术研究

城市公交站场建筑运行时间长,散热电气房间多,耗能水平高于其他公共建筑。梳理夏热冬暖地区公交站场类建筑实现近零能耗目标的劣势、优势,并针对典型项目,提出了被动式、主动式技术措施。基于EnergyPlus软件验证了该项目可实现近零能耗目标。

增温条件下生物炭和腐殖酸改良铜污染土壤对小麦吸持养分的影响

为了评价气候变暖条件下生物炭和腐殖酸对铜(Cu)污染土壤的改良效果,于2020年在河南省洛阳市,利用田间被动式夜间增温系统,以冬小麦为研究材料,设置了不同温度下[常温(NT)与夜间增温(HT)],Cu污染土壤中施用生物炭(CCu)、低用量腐殖酸(F1Cu)、高用量腐植酸(F2Cu)的双因素盆栽试验,研究了成熟期小麦的干物质积累与分配、氮(N)、磷(P)和铜(Cu)素的吸收利用和转运迁移规律。结果表明,田间被动式增温系统在小麦全生育期平均增温0.56℃,达到了良好的增温效果。Cu污染使得小麦的生长受到抑制,各部位生物量与总生物量显著降低22.3%~76.0%。HT处理提高了冬小麦生物量(22.3%~27.83%),一定程度缓解了Cu污染对小麦生长的抑制效应;HT处理降低了Cu污染土壤中小麦植株的N、P含量在各组织之间的变化幅度,但对平均含量无显著影响;在CK处理下,对于Cu素转运而言,HT显著提升了Cu素由地下部向地上部转运量的229.62%,且显著增加了小麦植株中N、P的积累量(11.1%~45.5%)。施用腐殖酸和生物炭均减轻了Cu污染对小麦生长的抑制作用,在总生物量中表现为F2Cu>F1Cu>CCu。施用腐殖酸(F1Cu、F2Cu)对小麦N、P积累量有提升趋势;相比Cu处理显著提升了小麦植株N积累量的22.2%~100%。添加改良剂均有利于Cu由茎向穗迁移(9.6%~79.8%),而以CCu处理对其转运的促进更加明显。综上,施用腐殖酸、生物炭均可不同程度减缓Cu污染对小麦生长的危害,有助于提升小麦抵御Cu污染胁迫的能力,但改良重金属Cu污染土壤的农业效果可能在未来气候条件下会发生改变。

近零能耗目标引导下的夏热冬暖地区超高层公共建筑BIPV技术应用研究

夏热冬暖地区超高层大型公共建筑仅依靠屋顶光伏系统无法满足近零能耗建筑对可再生能源利用率指标要求。如何借助建筑立面空间资源应用BIPV技术,是提高建筑光伏系统产能达到近零能耗目标的关键。文章阐述了近零能耗建筑及BIPV技术的概念及发展现状。结合案例分析了BIPV技术在超高层近零能耗建筑中的应用思路。以期为夏热冬暖地区超高层近零能耗建筑提供满足安全、产能、美观的BIPV技术应用策略。

夏热冬暖地区光伏驱动型光催化墙节能潜力研究

为延长Trombe墙系统的运行时间,充分利用太阳能,文章提出光伏驱动型光催化Trombe墙模型,研究系统在夏热冬暖地区全年运行状况,对系统发电量,净化空气量,总节约能量变化情况进行分析。结果表明,全年总发电量为1250.16 kWh,全年总净化空气量为104209.02 m^(3),全年总节约能量为1440.01 kWh,冬夏两季系统运行性能平均值与全年平均值相比波动在20%以内,系统具有全年运行的可行性。本研究为光伏驱动型光催化Trombe墙系统在夏热冬暖地区全年运行提供理论和基础。