ANALYSIS OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH A WARM-SECTOR RAINSTORM EVENT OVER SOUTH CHINA

With multiple meteorological data, including precipitation from automatic weather stations, integrated satellite-based precipitation (CMORPH), brightness temperature (TBB), radar echoes and NCEP reanalysis, a rainstorm event, which occurred on May 26, 2007 over South China, is analyzed with the focus on the evolution characteristics of associated mesoscale-β convective systems (Mβcss). Results are shown as follows. (1) The rainstorm presents itself as a typical warm-sector event, for it occurs within a surface inverted trough and on the left side of a southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ), which shows no obvious features of baroclinicity. (2) The heavy rainfall event is directly related to at least three bodies of Mβcss with peak precipitation corresponding well to their mature stages. (3) The Mβcss manifest a backward propagation, which is marked with a new form of downstream convection different from the more usual type of forward propagation over South China, i.e., new convective systems mainly form at the rear part of older Mβcss. (4) Rainstorm-causing Mβcss form near the convergence region on the left side of an 850-hPa southwesterly LLJ, over which there are dominantly divergent air flows at 200 hPa. Different from the typical flow pattern of outward divergence off the east side of South Asia High, which is usually found to be over zones of heavy rains during the annually first rainy season of South China, this warm-sector heavy rain is below the divergence region formed between the easterly and southerly flows west of the South Asian High that is moving out to sea. (5) The LLJ transports abundant amount of warm and moist air to the heavy rainfall area, providing advantageous conditions for highly unstable energy to generate and store at middle and high levels, where corresponding low-level warm advection may be playing a more direct role in the development of Mβcss. As a triggering mechanism for organized convective systems, the effect of low-level warm advection deserves more of our attention. Based on the analysis of surface mesoscale airflow in the article, possible triggering mechanisms for Mβcss are also discussed.

Impact of EnKF assimilating Himawari-8 all-sky infrared radiance on the forecasting of a warm-sector rainstorm event

Warm-sector rainstorms are highly localized events, with weather systems and triggering mechanisms are not obvious,leading to limited forecasting capabilities in numerical models. Based on the ensemble Kalman filter(PSU-En KF) assimilation system and the regional mesoscale model WRF, this study conducted a simulation experiment assimilating all-sky infrared(IR)radiance for a warm-sector rainstorm in East China and investigated the positive impact of assimilating the Himawari-8 moisture channel all-sky IR radiance on the forecast of the rainstorm. Results indicate that hourly cycling assimilation of all-sky IR radiance can significantly improve the forecast accuracy of this warm-sector rainstorm. There is a notable increase in the Threat Score(TS), with the simulated location and intensity of the 3-hour precipitation aligning more closely with observations. These improvements result from the assimilation of cloud-affected radiance, which introduces more mesoscale convective information into the model's initial fields. The adjustments include enhancements to the moisture field, such as increased humidity and moisture transport, and modifications to the wind field, including the intrusion of mid-level cold air and the strengthening of lowlevel convergent shear. These factors are critical in improving the forecast of this warm-sector rainstorm event.

Forecast Error and Predictability for the Warm-sector and the Frontal Rainstorm in South China

In south China, warm-sector rainstorms are significantly different from the traditional frontal rainstorms due to complex mechanism, which brings great challenges to their forecast. In this study, based on ensemble forecasting, the high-resolution mesoscale numerical forecast model WRF was used to investigate the effect of initial errors on a warmsector rainstorm and a frontal rainstorm under the same circulation in south China, respectively. We analyzed the sensitivity of forecast errors to the initial errors and their evolution characteristics for the warm-sector and the frontal rainstorm. Additionally, the difference of the predictability was compared via adjusting the initial values of the GOOD member and the BAD member. Compared with the frontal rainstorm, the warm-sector rainstorm was more sensitive to initial error, which increased faster in the warm-sector. Furthermore, the magnitude of error in the warm-sector rainstorm was obviously larger than that of the frontal rainstorm, while the spatial scale of the error was smaller. Similarly, both types of the rainstorm were limited by practical predictability and inherent predictability, while the nonlinear increase characteristics occurred to be more distinct in the warm-sector rainstorm, resulting in the lower inherent predictability.The comparison between the warm-sector rainstorm and the frontal rainstorm revealed that the forecast field was closer to the real situation derived from more accurate initial errors, but only the increase rate in the frontal rainstorm was restrained evidently.

Synergistic Effect of the Planetary-scale Disturbance, Typhoon and Meso-β-scale Convective Vortex on the Extremely Intense Rainstorm on 20 July 2021 in Zhengzhou

On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accumulated rainfall in Zhengzhou City exceeding 600 mm(“Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm”for short).The multi-scale dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms for this rainstorm are investigated based on station-observed and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets.The backward trajectory tracking shows that the warm,moist air from the northwestern Pacific was mainly transported toward Henan Province by confluent southeasterlies on the northern side of a strong typhoon In-Fa(2021),with the convergent southerlies associated with a weaker typhoon Cempaka(2021)concurrently transporting moisture northward from South China Sea,supporting the rainstorm.In the upper troposphere,two equatorward-intruding potential vorticity(PV)streamers within the planetary-scale wave train were located over northern Henan Province,forming significant divergent flow aloft to induce stronger ascending motion locally.Moreover,the converged moist air was also blocked by the mountains in western Henan Province and forced to rise so that a deep meso-β-scale convective vortex(MβCV)was induced over the west of Zhengzhou City.The PV budget analyses demonstrate that the MβCV development was attributed to the positive feedback between the rainfall-related diabatic heating and high-PV under the strong upward PV advection during the Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm.Importantly,the MβCV was forced by upper-level larger-scale westerlies becoming eastward-sloping,which allowed the mixtures of abundant raindrops and hydrometeors to ascend slantwise and accumulate just over Zhengzhou City,resulting in the record-breaking hourly rainfall locally.

Pore Characteristic Design Method of High-strength Pervious Concrete Based on the Mechanical Properties and Rainstorm Waterlogging Resistance

High-strength pervious concrete(HSPC) with porosity ranging from 0.08% to 2.011% was prepared. The mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance of HSPC were evaluated,and a design method of HSPC pore characteristics(porosity and pore diameter) based on the mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance was proposed. The results showed that the reduction of effective cross-sectional area caused by artificial channels was the main factor affecting flexural strength but had limited influence on compressive strength. Compared with the concrete matrix without artificial channels,the compressive strength of HSPC with porosity of 2.011% decreased by 7.4%, while the flexural strength decreased by 48.3%. The permeability coefficient of HSPC can reach 16.35 mm/s even at low porosity(2.011%).HSPC can meet the requirements of no rainstorm waterlogging, even if exposed to 100-year rainstorms. When the mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance are compromised, the recommended porosity ranges from 1.1% to 3.5%, and the recommended pore diameter ranges from 0.8 to 2.7 mm.

Analysis of Rainstorm Process over Henan Province of China in July 2021

Based on the data from the China National Meteorological Station and the fifth-generation reanalysis data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, we investigated and examined the precipitation, circulation, and dynamic conditions of the rainstorm in Henan in July 2021. The results show that: 1) This precipitation is of very heavy rainfall level, beginning on the 19th and lasting until the 21st, with a 3-hour cumulative precipitation of more than 200 mm at Zhengzhou station at 19:00 on the 20th. The major focus of this precipitation is in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, and it also radiates to Jiaozuo, Xinxiang, Kaifeng, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luoyang, Luohe, and other places. 2) The Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), typhoons “In-Fa” and “Cempaka”, as well as the less dynamic strengthening of the Eurasian trough ridge structure, all contributed to the short-term maintenance of the favorable large-scale circulation background and water vapor conditions for this rainstorm in Henan. 3) The vertical structure of low-level convergence and high-level dispersion near Zhengzhou, together with the topographic blocking and lifting impact, produced favorable dynamic lifting conditions for this rainstorm.

Observational and Mechanistic Analysis of a Nighttime Warm-Sector Heavy Rainfall Event Within the Subtropical High over the Southeastern Coast of China

In August 2021,a warm-sector heavy rainfall event under the control of the western Pacific subtropical high occurred over the southeastern coast of China.Induced by a linearly shaped mesoscale convective system(MCS),this heavy rainfall event was characterized by localized heavy rainfall,high cumulative rainfall,and extreme rainfall intensity.Using various observational data,this study first analyzed the precipitation features and radar reflectivity evolution.It then examined the role of environmental conditions and the relationship between the ambient wind field and convective initiation(CI).Furthermore,the dynamic lifting mechanism within the organization of the MCS was revealed by em-ploying multi-Doppler radar retrieval methods.Results demonstrated that the linearly shaped MCS,developed under the influence of the subtropical high,was the primary cause of the extreme rainfall event.High temperatures and humidity,coupled with the convergence of low-level southerly winds,established the environmental conditions for MCS develop-ment.The superposition of the convergence zone generated by the southerly winds in the boundary layer(925-1000 hPa)and the divergence zone in the lower layer(700-925 hPa)supplied dynamic lifting conditions for CI.Additionally,a long-term shear line(southerly southwesterly)offered favorable conditions for the organization of the linearly shaped MCS.The combined effects of strengthening low-level southerly winds and secondary circulation in mid-upper levels were influential factors in the development and maintenance of the linearly shaped MCS.

Effect of Fatigue Loading on the Mechanical Properties and Resistance of High-strength Straight-hole Recycled Pervious Concrete to Rainstorm-based Waterlogging

A novel high-strength straight-hole recycled pervious concrete(HSRPC)for the secondary highway pavement was prepared in this paper.This study aimed to investigate the effect of porosity(0.126%,0.502%,and 1.13%),vehicle loading stress level(0.5 and 0.8)and service life on the resistance to rainstormbased waterlogging of HSRPC under fatigue loading.The mechanical properties of HSRPC in terms of flexural strength and dynamic elastic modulus were studied.The waterlogging resistance of HSRPC was described by surface water depth and drainage time.The microstructure of HSRPC were observed with scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results showed that although the dynamic elastic modulus and flexural strength of HSRPC decreased with the increasing number of fatigue loading,the flexural strength of HSRPC was still greater than5 MPa after design service life of 20 years.After 2.5×10^(5)times of fatigue loading,the permeability coefficient of HSRPC with a porosity of 0.502%and 1.13%increased by 18.4%and 22.9%,respectively;while the permeability coefficient of HSRPC with 0.126%porosity dropped to 0.35 mm/s.The maximum surface water depth of HSRPC with a porosity of 0.126%,0.502%,and 1.13%were 8,5 and 4 mm,respectively.SEM results showed that fatigue loading expanded the number and width of cracks around the tiny pores in HSRPC.

Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics of Warm-sector,Frontal and Shear-line Heavy Rainfall During the Pre-summer Rainy Season in South China

Warm-sector heavy rainfall(WR),shear-line heavy rainfall(SR),and frontal heavy rainfall(FR)are three types of rainfall that frequently occur during the pre-summer rainy season in south China.In this research,we investigated the differences in microphysical characteristics of heavy rainfall events during the period of 10-15 May 2022 based on the combined observations from 11 S-band polarimetric radars in south China.The conclusions are as follows:(1)WR has the highest radar echo top height,the strongest radar echo at all altitudes,the highest lightning density,and the most active ice-phase process,which suggests that the convection is the most vigorous in the WR,moderate in the FR,and the weakest in the SR.(2)Three types of rainfall are all marine-type precipitation,the massweighted mean diameter(Dm,mm)and the intercept parameter(Nw,mm^(-1) m^(-3))of the raindrops in the WR are the largest.(3)The WR possesses the highest proportion of graupel compared with the FR and SR,and stronger updrafts and more abundant water vapor supply may lead to larger raindrops during the melting and collision-coalescence processes.(4)Over all the heights,liquid and ice water content in the WR are higher than those in the SR and FR,the ratio of ice to liquid water content in the WR is as high as 27%when ZH exceeds 50 dBZ,definitely higher than that in the SR and FR,indicating that the active ice-phase process existing in the WR is conducive to the formation of heavy rainfall.

Analysis on the Cause and Forecast Deviation of an Extreme Rainstorm in Changsha Urban Area

Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night on June 9,2020 were analyzed.The results showed that(1)the extreme rainstorm process developed near the surface convergence line,with strong localization,short duration and large hourly rainfall intensity.(2)Under the high temperature and high humidity environment,the low-level cold advection and the hot low-pressure system interacted,and the potential con-vective unstable energy was released,and a strong convective weather was formed.(3)The convergence of water vapor in the lower layer and the strong upward movement provided sufficient water vapor for the rainstorm.The low-centroid thunderstorm was the main reason for the extreme rainstorm.(4)The forecast deviation of the numerical model to the low-level shear line and the mesoscale convergence line was an important reason for the forecast deviation of the heavy rainfall area.

Reflection on China's Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Construction after Rainstorm and Snowstorm

On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.

城市新区极端雨洪汇流淹没特性与致灾机理调查研究——以郑州“7.20”特大暴雨(郑东新区)为例

近年来全球极端暴雨发生的可能性与不确定性提高,增加了城市遭遇特大洪涝灾害的风险。城市雨洪与河道洪水有显著差异,灾后雨洪信息快速采集与调研对认清雨洪特性与致灾机理尤显重要。本文以郑州2021年“7.20”特大暴雨为例,结合郑东新区地理与社会环境特点,采用野外调查测量、口述记录、多源数据分析、数值模拟对比相结合的方法开展了城市雨洪汇流淹没特性及致灾机理的调查研究。针对城市雨洪洪痕特征,拟定调查基本方法与适宜工作程序,根据调查区93处洪痕数据绘制了区域雨洪淹没分布图,分析了城市雨洪峰值水位分布特征及调查区汇流特性,探索了道路雨洪汇流流速及行洪道路阻力参数的确定方法。研究表明,城市雨洪地表主要泄流通道是街区道路,汇流方向受连续阻水、导水建筑与路网布局影响,雨洪淹没深度分布与下垫面条件和雨洪汇流特性有关。致灾机理研究分析表明,极端暴雨汇流远超城市排水管网泄流能力,雨洪选择阻力小的街道快速行洪,街道交汇处壅阻引起局部积水严重,这是极端暴雨致灾的直接诱因;而城市新区水系泄洪排涝关系不协调以及清障不力,导致城区河流行洪不畅,干支流异常高水位的顶托,严重降低了管网排涝功能,则是城市雨洪严重积涝致灾的深层原因。研究成果可为城市雨洪调查标准方法的建立与城市新区防洪排涝体系规划提供技术参考。

Analysis of a Local Rainstorm in Central Inner Mongolia

Based on conventional observation data,satellite cloud image data and new generation Doppler radar data,the local rainstorm weather situation and physical quantities in Ulanqab City from 08:00 to 20:00 on June 24,2019 were analyzed by means of synoptic methods.The results show that the local rainstorm was caused by the forward trough system and the convergence of warm and cold air,and triggered by the low-level jet and the surface convergence line.The splitting and merging of cloud clusters in satellite cloud images and strong radar echoes had a good guiding effect on short-term heavy precipitation.

Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics Between Warm-sector and Frontal Heavy Rainfall in the South of China

During the April-June raining season,warm-sector heavy rainfall(WR) and frontal heavy rainfall(FR) often occur in the south of China,causing natural disasters.In this study,the microphysical characteristics of WR and FR events from 2016 to 2022 are analyzed by using 2-dimensional video disdrometer(2DVD) data in the south of China.The microphysical characteristics of WR and FR events are quite different.Compared with FR events,WR events have higher concentration of D<5.3 mm(especially D <1 mm),leading to higher rain rates.The mean values of Dmand lgNwof WR events are higher than that of FR events.The microphysical characteristics in different rain rate classes(C1:R~5-20 mm h-1,C2:R~20-50 mm h-1,C3:R~50-100 mm h^(-1),and C4:R> 100 mm h^(-1)) for WR and FR events are also different.Raindrops from C3 contribute the most to the precipitation of WR events,and raindrops from C2 contribute the most to the precipitation of FR events.For C2 and C3,compared with FR events,WR events have higher concentration of D <1 mm and D~3-4.5 mm.Moreover,the shape and slope(μ-A) relationships and the radar reflectivity and rain rate(Z-R) relationships of WR and FR events are quite different in each rain rate class.The investigation of the difference in microphysical characteristics between WR and FR events provide useful information for radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation and numerical prediction.

诱发台风暴雨型滑坡的降雨阈值研究——以泰顺县为例

在我国东南沿海地区,台风暴雨诱发了大量山体滑坡。建立诱发台风暴雨型滑坡的降雨阈值模型,可为该地区的滑坡预警提供参考依据。基于浙江省泰顺县2007—2022年以来发生的滑坡信息和日降雨量数据,进行了诱发滑坡的台风暴雨事件编目,初步揭示了台风暴雨型滑坡的发育规律和触发降雨特征,通过降雨强度(I)、降雨历时(D)的幂律关系构建了滑坡临界降雨阈值模型,并开展了不同台风降雨雨型的阈值模型对比。结果表明:台风暴雨型滑坡大量发生在与台风登陆方向接近的迎风坡,坡表植被多为乔木和竹林;诱发滑坡的台风降雨一般持续2~3 d,且降雨过程集中,降雨雨型以单峰型为主,总降雨量一般在200 mm以上;台风暴雨诱发滑坡的降雨阈值显著高于一般性的降雨,这种差异与台风降雨模式及大尺度气候环境有关;雨型也会显著影响降雨阈值,随着降雨峰值的后移,阈值逐渐降低,表明台风暴雨型滑坡对长时间降雨后出现的强降雨事件更加敏感。通过降雨阈值模型对9次台风降雨事件是否诱发滑坡进行了预测,预测结果与实际情况比较吻合,证明该模型及研究思路对台汛期东南沿海的滑坡监测预警有较强的参考价值。

甘肃陇南两次暴雨天气过程对比分析

2017年8月甘肃陇南出现暴雨天气,礼县、武都气象站24 h降水量突破历史极值,极端性和局地性突出。应用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第5代全球大气再分析产品ERA5、雷达资料及地面加密观测资料,对2017年8月6—7日、19—20日发生在甘肃省陇南地区的2次暴雨过程进行对比分析,重点讨论2次过程的环流背景以及强降水时段雷达反射率因子、径向速度、物理量特征。结果表明,2次暴雨过程均发生在西风槽偏北气流与中低层偏南暖湿气流交汇处,但是2次过程的主要影响系统及触发条件不同;雷达回波显示8月6—7日由冷式切变线引起的暴雨系统对流性较强,反射率因子值较高、中心高度较低,降水率较大,持续时间短;19—20日暖区降水的反射率因子值较低、中心高度较高,降水率较小,持续时间较长。

水土保持生态建设下的黄土高原典型流域水沙响应

为探讨黄土高原多沙粗沙区流域水沙关系演变特征及其对水土流失治理的响应,以黄河中游无定河流域为研究对象,综合采用水沙关系曲线、数理统计等多种方法,系统分析1956—2019年间无定河流域水沙关系多时间尺度演变特征及其与水土流失治理的协同响应。研究结果表明:1)研究时段内,无定河流域年径流及年输沙量呈锐减趋势(P<0.05),且均在1970年左右发生减少突变;2)流域水沙关系在年际和场次洪水尺度上均发生深刻变化。2010年以后,暴雨频发导致流域内侵蚀物源头供应明显增加,流域河道泥沙输送能力小幅提高;3)水土保持措施实施对流域水沙锐减影响较大。2000年前后在相似降雨条件下,单位降雨量径流量和单位降雨量输沙量较20世纪70年代减少47%和62%。水土保持措施面积增加与流域径流输沙减少呈现较好的一致性,流域水土流失治理在提高黄河多沙粗沙区流域下垫面抗侵蚀能力等方面发挥重要作用。研究结果可为科学认知区域水土流失治理成效及入黄泥沙锐减成因提供参考。

江淮梅雨期持续性暴雨和极端强降水事件的位涡比较分析

基于我国气象台站观测降水数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第五代大气再分析资料(ERA5),从位势涡度(位涡)强迫垂直运动的角度,揭示了江淮梅雨期持续性暴雨和极端强降水事件的动力学机制及差异。基于改进的两种事件定义方法,识别出1979—2020年梅雨区共发生了24次持续性暴雨事件及24次极端强降水事件。事件合成分析表明,持续性暴雨事件最强雨带主要位于长江及其以南地区,而极端强降水事件最强雨带则位于长江及其以北地区。持续性暴雨事件与热带大气低频振荡密切相关,其中南亚高压偏东、西北太平洋副热带高压偏西,因而高空偏南的西风急流附近具有高值位涡的干冷空气向南和向低空入侵,在中低层与西南暖湿气流辐合并形成梅雨锋区。极端强降水事件更大程度地取决于偏北的西风急流南侧的高空辐散及位涡强迫的强冷空气。对于极端强降水事件位涡收支的定量诊断表明,在强降水达到峰值及之前,高层负的位涡倾向主要由负的垂直位涡平流所导致,而中低层正的位涡倾向则主要取决于垂直非绝热加热的位涡制造和垂直位涡平流。结合典型个例的垂直速度分解,进一步证实梅雨区上空水平位涡平流随高度增加的垂直分布激发的上升运动分量在极端强降水事件起着重要作用。

沿江城市降雨特性及雨洪关系分析——以四川泸州市为例

沿江城市气候多变,外洪和内涝之间关系复杂,相互影响、相互制约,洪涝统筹是沿江城市面临的最主要问题。分析掌握沿江城市的暴雨、洪水特征,可提前预测不同降雨条件下河道洪水的特性及其对城区排涝的影响,对于城市防洪系统和排涝系统统筹兼顾、合理规划、洪涝预报预警,都具有重要意义。以四川泸州市为例,对暴雨时空分布特征、洪水特征规律等进行了分析探讨,以期为新形势下沿江城市防洪减灾体系建设提供参考。

近62 a华南“龙舟水”气候特征及变化

每年端午节前后龙舟竞渡之时,是华南前汛期降水最多、最为集中的时段,容易引发严重洪涝灾害,并对早稻生产造成严重影响,称之为“龙舟水”。对华南“龙舟水”期间暴雨过程的频次和强度进行研究是当前防灾减灾的迫切需求。利用1961—2022年华南192个国家气象观测站逐日降水资料,采用EOF、线性趋势、M-K突变等方法,分析了华南“龙舟水”期间降水量的时空特征及变化;构建了一个表征华南“龙舟水”暴雨过程的综合强度指数,由此分析华南近62 a“龙舟水”期间暴雨过程频次、强度以及“龙舟水”强度年景指数的特征和变化。结果表明,华南“龙舟水”一致性变化是其最主要的特点。1961—2022年“龙舟水”期间,华南共出现229次暴雨过程,平均每年3.7次。近62 a来华南区域平均“龙舟水”降水量和暴雨过程频次变化趋势不显著,但“龙舟水”强度年景指数以1.2·(10 a)^(-1)的速率显著上升。评估得到近62 a华南“龙舟水”最强暴雨过程出现在2022年6月4—21日,华南“龙舟水”强年有4 a,分别出现在2022年、2020年、2008年和2006年。