Diester Derivatives from Chemically Modified Waste Cooking Oil as Substitute for Petroleum Based Lubricating Oils

In order to provide a new way for waste cooking oil(WCO) resource utilization, several diester derivatives were obtained from WCO through a three-step chemical modifications, viz.: transesterification, epoxidation and oxirane ring opening with carboxylic acids. The effects of the chain length of side chain groups on the viscosity, acid value, low temperature fluidity, thermo-oxidative stability, tribological properties and surface tension of diester derivatives were investigated. The results showed that increasing the chain length of side chain groups had a positive influence on the viscosity, viscosity index, acid value, pour point, friction coefficient and wear scar diameter along with a negative influence on the oxidation onset temperature, volatile loss, insoluble deposit, maximum non-seizure load and surface tension. These diester derivatives exhibited improved physicochemical and tribological properties that make themselves promising environmentally friendly biolubricant basestocks.

Diffusion and Regeneration Mechanism of Waste Composite Oils Rejuvenator in Aged Asphalt

The physical performance of recycled asphalt was used as the main evaluation index to study the optimal range of a self-made rejuvenator.Through the penetration,viscosity and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)tests,the diffusion degree of the rejuvenator under different temperatures and time process was analyzed,and the diffusion efficiency of the rejuvenator was evaluated from the macro and micro perspective.The regeneration mechanism of the rejuvenator in the aged asphalt was also analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and chemical composition tests.The research results showed that the optimum rejuvenator content was about 3%.Higher temperature and longer time were beneficial to improving the permeability and diffusion of the rejuvenator.During the aging process,the light components were reduced,and more macromolecular asphaltenes were generated as well as a large number of carbonyl and sulfoxide.After diffusion and regeneration,the light components in the asphalt were supplemented,the wrinkles and gullies of the aged asphalt were almost improved to the surface state of the matrix asphalt.

Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine

Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources. Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils. However, some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester （WCOME）. Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil. This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends. The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified. Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters （speed, load and WCOME content）. Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points, while the CO and THC emissions were lower.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Enzymatic Catalysis Process

Biodiesel is an excellent option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels with environmental advantages by reducing hazardous emissions. The enzymatic transesterification has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade and the advantages of enzymatic catalysis show that the production of biodiesel by this route has good potential, mainly because it is friendly environment. For biodiesel, production process by enzyme catalysis is chosen the response surface methodology. It is an experimental strategy to find the best operating conditions oftransesterification reaction to improve the biodiesel quality. The Process has three variables： temperature, molar ratio oil-alcohol and catalyst quantity. The process was monitored by GC-FID （gas chromatography with flame ionization detector）. The yield of the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis decreases with increasing temperature, and may be due to inactivation of the enzyme by denaturation at temperatures above 50 ℃. The second-order design used was the ＂CDC （central design composition）＂ which produced a maximum yield of 95.5% in the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis obtained at a temperature of 45 ℃, molar ratio methanol：oil of 8：1 and a catalyst loading of 8% wt.

Rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of waste cooking oil activated waste crumb rubber modified asphalt

In this paper,the surface activated crumb rubber with waste cooking oil(WCO)was studied to improve the performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt.The activated waste crumb rubber modified asphalt(OCRMA)with different amount of crumb rubber was prepared to study the microscopic appearance of OCRMA by scanning electron microscope and fluorescence microscope and analyze the surface performance.The rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of OCRMA were characterized by dynamic shear rheological test,multiple stress creep recovery(MSCR)test,BBR test and infrared spectroscopy.The results show that the dissolution degree of waste crumb rubber is improved after WCO activation,and the compatibility with asphalt components is enhanced,and the stable cross-linking structure is formed,which improves the asphalt performance.The several new absorption peaks,which were obvious,were all caused by the composition of WCO,that is,there was no significant chemical change during the interaction between the activated crumb rubber and base asphalt.Compared with the common waste crumb rubber modified asphalt(CRMA),activation with WCO can significantly reduce the viscosity of CRMA,decrease the difference of segregation softening point by 27%,and enhance the low temperature performance by 30%.The aging degree is greatly reduced,and the anti-aging performance of OCRMA is increased by about 20%with the same dosage.The high temperature performance,though higher than that of base asphalt,decreases to some extent.After comprehensive analysis,the optimal dosage of crumb rubber for OCRMA is 30%.

Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil as Diesel Fuel and Improvement in Combustion and Emission

Due to high price of Straight Vegetable Oil （SVO） for bio-diesel production, the use of Waste Cooking Oil （WCO） will be cost effective. Furthermore, utilization of WCO will refrain waterways pollution and endanger ecosystem. In Malaysia, more than 50-tone of WCO from various sources was produced every day. This study evaluates combustion performance and exhaust emission characteristics of several WCOs with different sources. Modification on fuel properties has been done to improve the combustion and exhaust emission of using WCO as diesel fuel. Regular diesel fuel also has been used for comparison in the test. A 0.6 liter, single-cylinder, air-cooled direct injection diesel engine was used to perform this experiment. Experiment was done at variable engine loads at constant speed.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil over Mesoporous SO42-/Zr-SBA-15

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils over SO42-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was successfully carried out and investigated. SO42-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was prepared by one-step process using anhydrous zirconium nitrate as zirconium resource, and endowed with the strong Lewis acid sites formed by supporting the zirconium species onto the SBA-15 surface. The asprepared SOt2-/Zr-SBA-15 showed excellent triglyceride conversion efficiency of 92.3% and fatty acid methyl esters （FAME） yield of 91.7% for the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol under the optimized reaction conditions： the methanol/oil molar ratio of 30, the reaction temperature of 160 ℃, the reaction time of 12 h and 10wt% of catalyst. It was noticed that the as-prepared SOa2-/Zr-SBA-15 materials with the higher area surface of mesoporous framework and the surface acidity displayed excellent stability and reusability, maintaining high FAME yield of （74±1）% after seven runs of reaction.

Engine performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled waste cooking oil synthetic diesel

Biodiesels produced from various feedstocks have been considered as alternative fuels used in internal combustion engines without major modifications.This research focuses on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil(WCOSD)by the catalytic cracking method using MgO as the catalyst and comparing the engine operating characteristics of the test engine when using WCOSD and traditional diesel(CD)as test fuels.As a result,the brake power of the test engine fueled WCOSD,and traditional diesel is similar.However,the engine fuel consumption in the case of using WCOSD is slight increases in some operating conditions.Also,the nitrogen oxides emissions of the test engine fueled WCOSD are higher than those of CD at all tested conditions.The trend is opposite for hydrocarbon emission as the HC emission of the engine fueled by WCOSD reduces 26.3%on average.The smoke emission of the test engine in case of using WCOSD is lower 17%on average than that of CD.However,the carbon monoxide emissions are lower at the low and medium loads and higher at the full loads.These results show that the new biodiesel has the same characteristics as those of commercial biodiesel and can be used as fuel for diesel engines.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking Oil by Heterogeneous Catalysts

Waste cooking oil(WCO) is becoming the most promising alternative feedstock to produce biodiesel due to its low cost in China. In this study, NKC-9 ion-exchange resin and H-beta zeolite were selected as heterogeneous catalysts in the WCO esterification process and their esterification characteristics were compared by orthogonal experiments. NKC-9 resin showed higher activity and achieved a higher final conversion compared with H-beta zeolite under the same reaction conditions. Reusability experiments showed that NKC-9 resin still exhibited high activity after 5 runs. The effects of the mole ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction time, reaction temperature and the catalyst dose were investigated by multifactor orthogonal analysis. The influence of the free fatty acid(FFA) content was also investigated, and the result showed that the esterification rate could be as high as 98.4% when the FFA content was 6.3wt%.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using calcium oxide derived from scallop shell waste

Biodiesel is one of the alternative forms of diesel fuel and can be obtained using the transesterification process of waste cooking oil with a catalyst to accelerate the reaction.The heterogeneous catalyst from waste scallop shells is used due to its potential for being reused in the subsequent transesterification reactions.Heterogeneous catalysts can also be recycled,contributing to their environmentally friendly nature.This study aims to identify the performance of recycling a calcium oxide(CaO)catalyst from scallop shell waste on synthesis biodiesel.The method used is the transesterification method with the basic ingredients of waste cooking oil using a CaO catalyst.Then,after the transesterification process is complete,the catalyst is separated from the biodiesel and recycled to be reused in the transesterification process up to five times.The biodiesel samples obtained are identified for yield value,physico-chemical properties,thermal properties and performance.X-ray diffraction characterization results for the CaO catalyst show that it has a crystal size of 67.83 nm.Scanning electron microscope characterization shows that it has spherical particle shapes.Fourier transform infrared characterization shows the presence of Ca-O bonds.The highest biodiesel yield value of 74.23%is obtained in biodiesel Cycle 1.The flash point value of biodiesel samples ranges from 141.2℃ to 149℃.Further,all of the biodiesel samples exhibit a cetane number of 75.The highest lower heating value of 38.22 MJ/kg is obtained in biodiesel Cycle 1 and the viscosity of the biodiesel samples ranges from 5.65 to 5.88 cSt.The density of the biodiesel samples ranges from 881.23 to 882.92 kg/m3.Besides,ester functional groups(C=O)and methyl functional groups have been successfully formed in all samples,with the methyl oleate compound observed as dominating the biodiesel samples.The cloud point value of the biodiesel samples ranges from 12℃ to 13℃,and their pour point value ranges from 10℃ to 12℃.The lead content in biodiesel is 0.8826 mg/kg.The lowest sulphur content is obtained from biodiesel Cycles 1 and 2 at 0.005%.Performance tests show that biodiesel has lower torque and brake power values than commercial diesel fuel and higher specific fuel consumption values than commercial diesel fuel.

The Kinetics of the Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cook- ing Oil Using Fe2（SO4）3/C Catalyst

The esterification of free fatty acids(FFA) in waste cooking oil with methanol in the presence of Fe2(SO4)3/C(ferric sulfate/active carbon) catalyst was studied.The effects of different temperature,methanol/FFA mole ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of FFA were investigated.The results demonstrated that under optimal esterification conditions the final acid value of the resultant system can be reduced to ～1(mg KOH)·g-1,which met fully the requirements in post-treatment for efficient separation of glycerin and biodiesel.The kinetics of the esterification were also investigated under different temperatures.The results indicated that the rate-control step could be attributed to the surface reaction and the esterification processes can be well-depicted by the as-calculated kinetic formula in the range of the experimental conditions.

Demonstrative Study of Vehicles Using Waste Vegetable Oil as Fuel

SVO （straight vegetable oil） method means the direct use of vegetable oil as car fuel through installation of a heater unit in the car to decrease vegetable oil viscosity. In this study, the authors carried out performance tests on the direct use of waste cooking oil using a car with a heater unit, Moreover, the authors carried out long run driving on road tests in five years using a public car of Minami-Aizu Town in Fukushima Prefecture and analyzed the case of troubles and clarified the availability and problems of SVO vehicles. As a result, the car with a heater unit shows similar performance in both cases using vegetable oil or diesel fuel as fuel. The tested SVO vehicle of Minami-Aizu Town could be driven 38,127 km mainly by waste vegetable oil with a total driving distance of 52,293 km in long run driving tests in five years, and decreased about 3,813.5 liters of light oil which corresponds to 9.99 t of CO2.

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs)between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO)to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA)production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50%as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.

Efficient catalytic conversion of jatropha oil to high grade biofuel on Ni-Mo_(2)C/MCM-41 catalysts with tuned surface properties

The activity of Mo_(2) C-based catalyst on vegetable oil conversion into biofuel could be greatedly promoted by tuning the carbon content,while its modification mechanism on the surface properties remained elusive.Herein,the exposed active sites,the particle size and Lewis acid amount of Ni-Mo_(2) C/MCM-41 catalysts were regulated by varying CH_(4) content in carbonization gas.The activity of Ni-Mo_(2) C/MCM-41 catalysts in jatropha oil(JO)conversion showed a volcano-like trend over the catalysts with increasing CH_(4) content from 15%to 50%in the preparation process.The one prepared by 25%CH_(4) content(NiMo_(2) C(25)/MCM-41)exhibited the outstanding catalytic performance with 83.9 wt%biofuel yield and95.2%C_(15)-C_(18) selectivity.Such a variation of activity was ascribed to the most exposed active sites,the smallest particle size,and the lowest Lewis acid amount from Ni^(0) on the Ni-Mo_(2) C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst surface.Moreover,the Ni-Mo_(2) C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst could also effectively catalyze the conversion of crude waste cooking oil(WCO)into green diesel.This study offers an effective strategy to improve catalytic performance of molybdenum carbide catalyst on vegetable oil conversion.

Metakaolinite as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

The use of metakaolinite as a Catalyst in the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil with methanol to obtain fatty acid methyl esters （biodiesel） was studied. Kaolinite was thermally activated by dehydroxylation to obtain the metakaolinite phase. Metakaolinite samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Nz adsorption-desorption, simultaneous thermogravimetric analyse/differential scanning calorimetry （TGA/DSC） experiments on the thermal decomposition of kaolinite and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer （FTIR） analysis. Parameters related to the transesterificaion reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol, were also investigated. The transesterification reaction produced biodiesel in a maximum yield of 95% under the following conditions： metakaolinite, 5 wt-% （relative to oil）; molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1：23; reaction temperature, 160℃; reaction time, 4 h. After eight consecutive reaction cycles, the metakaolinite can be recovered and reused after being washed and dried. The biodiesel thus obtained exhibited a viscosity of 5.4 mm2＂ s-1 and a density of 900.1 kg-m-3. The results showed that metakaolinite is a prominent, inexpensive, reusable and thermally stable catalyst for the transesterification of waste cooking oil.

Esterification of different FFAs with methanol by CERP/PES hybrid catalytic membrane for biodiesel production

Cation ion-exchange resin particles （CERP）/polyethersulfone （PES） hybrid catalytic membranes were prepared by immerse phase inversion for the esterification of different free fatty acids （FFAs） （such as, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and octadecadienoic acid） with methanol. The membranes were characterized by SEM, ion-exchange capacity and swelling degree test. It is found that dodecanoic acid has the highest FFAs conversion among the four acids for its stronger acidic and reactivity. Different effects of membrane annealing temperature, reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to FFAs and catalytic membrane loading on the esterification were investigated by the esterification of dodecanoic acid with methanol. The dodecanoic acid conversion reaches 97.5% trader the optimal condition when the esterification reaction lasted for 8 h.

Molecular dynamics simulation on the rejuvenation effects of waste cooking oil on aged asphalt binder

Waste cooking oil(WCO)has received attention on rejuvenating aged asphalt binder widely in recent years.This study evaluated the rejuvenation effects of WCO on aged asphalt binder on the micro-scale using molecular dynamics(MD)simulation.First,the representative molecules of WCO and asphalt binders were selected.The molecular mixture model was then developed.The thermodynamic properties were investigated,including density,cohesive energy density,solubility parameter,and surface free energy.The results show that WCO can restore the thermodynamic properties of aged asphalt binder to some extent and WCO has different influences on electrostatic interactions and van der Waals effects.From the diffusion behavior and molecular structure of asphalt binder,WCO can improve the molecular mobility and restore the colloidal structure.Besides,the adhesion work and moisture susceptibility of asphalt binder-aggregate interfaces(calcite and quartz)were evaluated.The results show that WCO can improve adhesion work between asphalt binder and aggregates since WCO can change molecular structure of asphalt binders and certain adhesion work exists between WCO and aggregates.Also,it can mitigate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt binder-aggregate interfaces(calcite and quartz).The study demonstrates that the MD simulation can help to understand the rejuvenation effects of WCO on aged asphalt binder on the micro-scale.

Light biofuel production from waste cooking oil via pyrolytic catalysis cracking over modified Thai dolomite catalysts

Renewable biofuels have gained increasing attention as a potential alternative fuel to decrease CO_(2) emission from combustion of fossil fuels.The aims of the work were to modify Thai dolomite by adding magnesium carbonate(MgCO_(3))at various contents(0-30 wt%),and used as catalyst in pyrolytic catalysis cracking(PCC)process to produce light biofuels including gasoline and kerosene.All catalysts were calcined at 600℃ for 4 h prior to the characterization and experiments.The physicochemical properties were done by various techniques such as X-ray diffractometer(XRD),N2 adsorption-desorption,thermogravimetric analyzer and differential thermal analyzer(TGA-DTA),Field-emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX).The experiments of PCC process were carried out at different reaction temperatures of 450-550℃.The results from XRD and SEM-EDX confirmed that the Mg was successfully added in Thai dolomite.The Mg content in the catalysts increased with increasing MgCO_(3) loadings.The calcination temperature of 600℃ cannot completely convert CaCO3 to CaO form.The pyrolytic oil and distilled oil yields and quality were affected by both Mg content and reaction temperature.In addition,pyrolytic oil was completely distillated according to ASTM D86 to separate into gasoline,kerosene,and diesel.The light biofuel production was enhanced with increasing Mg content in the reaction temperatures of 500 and 550℃.The appropriate condition was suggested at reaction temperature of 500℃ with 20 wt%Mg/dolomite catalyst as it showed the highest production yield of about 84 vol%and light biofuel yield of about 65 vol%.

Impact of different nano additives on performance, combustion, emissions and exergetic analysis of a diesel engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel

Biodiesel is derived from waste cooking oil (WCO) by transesterification. Methylester was prepared by mixing diesel and biodiesel oils as 20% by volume. Nano particles asTiO2, Al2O3 and CNTs were blended with biodiesel blend at different concentrations of 25,50, and 100 mg/l to enhance the physicochemical fuel characteristics to obtain clean and effi-cient combustion performance. An experimental setup was incorporated into a diesel engine toinvestigate the influence of these nano-materials on engine performance, exergy analysis, combustion characteristics and emissions using WCO biodiesel-diesel mixture. Enriching methylester mixture with 100 ppm titanium, alumina and CNTs (B20T100, B20A100 andB20C100) increased the thermal efficiency by 4%, 6% and 11.5%, respectively compared toB20. Biodiesel blending with nano additives B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100 decreasedthe emissions of CO (11%, 24% and 30%, respectively), HC (8%, 17% and 25%, respectively)and smoke (10%, 13% and 19%, respectively) compared to B20. However, the noticeable increase of NOx was estimated by 5%, 12% and 27% for B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100,respectively. Finally, the results showed the rise in peak cylinder pressure by 5%, 9% and 11% and increase in heat release rate by 4%, 8% and 13% for B20T100, B20A100 andB20C100, respectively. The fuel exergy of B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100 are lower thanbiodiesel blend B20 by 6.5%, 16% and 23% but the exergetic efficiency are increased by 7%,19% and 30% at full load about B20.