New evidence for the links between the local water cycle and the underground wet sand layer of a mega-dune in the Badain Jaran Desert, China

Scientists and the local government have great concerns about the climate change and water resources in the Badain Jaran Desert of western China. A field study for the local water cycle of a lake-desert system was conducted near the Noertu Lake in the Badain Jaran Desert from 21 June to 26 August 2008. An underground wet sand layer was observed at a depth of 20–50 cm through analysis of datasets collected during the field experiment. Measurements unveiled that the near surface air humidity increased in the nighttime. The sensible and latent heat fluxes were equivalent at a site about 50 m away from the Noertu Lake during the daytime, with mean values of 134.4 and 105.9 W/m2 respectively. The sensible heat flux was dominant at a site about 500 m away from the Noertu Lake, with a mean of 187.7 W/m2, and a mean latent heat flux of only 26.7 W/m2. There were no apparent differences for the land surface energy budget at the two sites during the night time. The latent heat flux was always negative with a mean value of –12.7 W/m2, and the sensible heat flux was either positive or negative with a mean value of 5.10 W/m2. A portion of the local precipitation was evaporated into the air and the top-layer of sand dried quickly after every rainfall event, while another portion seeped deep and was trapped by the underground wet sand layer, and supplied water for surface psammophyte growth. With an increase of air humidity and the occurrence of negative latent heat flux or water vapor condensation around the Noertu Lake during the nighttime, we postulated that the vapor was transported and condensed at the lakeward sand surface, and provided supplemental underground sand pore water. There were links between the local water cycle, underground wet sand layer, psammophyte growth and landscape evolution of the mega-dunes surrounding the lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert of western China.

Effect of slope gradient on the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile

Subsurface water flow velocity influences the hydrodynamic characteristics of soil seepage and the interaction between subsurface water flow and surface runoff during soil erosion and sediment transport.A visualized method and equipment was adopted in this study to observe the subsurface water flow.Quartz sand was used as the test material of subsurface water flow and fluorescent dye was used as the indicator for tracing subsurface water flow.Water was supplied at the same flow discharge to the three parts at the bottom of the test flume,and the subsurface water flow were determined with four slope gradients(4°,8°,10°,and 12°).The results showed that the seepage velocity gradually increased with increasing slope gradient.The pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile increased with increasing slope gradient,whereas the thickness of the flow front gradually decreased.For the same slope gradient,the pore water velocity in the lower layer was the largest,whereas the thickness of the flow front was the smallest.Comparative analysis of the relationship between seepage velocity and pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile showed that the maximum relative difference between the measured pore water velocity and the computational pore water velocity at different depths of sand profile in the experiment was 4.38%.Thus,the test method for measuring the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile adopted in this study was effective and feasible.The development of this experiment and the exploration of research methods would lay a good test foundation for future studies on the variation law of subsurface water flow velocity and the determination of flow velocity in purple soils,thus contributing to the improvement of the hydrodynamic mechanism of purple soils.

Sedimentary Changes of a Sand Layer in Liquefied Silts

A flume experiment was conducted to investigate the restratification of liquefied sediment strata under a wave load with the focus on the interbedded strata of coarse and fine sediments formed in estuarine and coastal areas.The aim of this research was to study the characteristics and processes of liquefied sediment strata in terms of wave-induced liquefaction.In the experiment,the bottom bed liquefied under the wave action and the liquefied soil moved in the same period with the overlying waves,and the track of the soil particles in the liquefied soil was an ellipse.The sand layer consisting of coarse particles in the upper part,settled into the lower silt layer.The sinking of coarse particles and upward migration of the fine particles of the lower layer induced by liquefied sediment fluctuations are the likely reasons for sedimentation of the sand layer in liquefied silt.

Seismic identification of channel sandbodies in the Fuyang oil layer in North Songliao Basin, China

The Fuyang oil-layer in North Songliao Basin is characterized by thin interbedded sands and shales, strong lateral variation, strong reservoir heterogeniety, and so on. The thickness of individual sand layers is generally 3 - 5 m. Identifying the channel sand-bodies of the Fuyang oil layer using seismic techniques is very difficult due to the low seismic resolution. Taking the GTZ area as an example, we discuss the genetic characteristics of the channel sand-bodies and point out the real difficulty in using seismic techniques to predict the channel sand-bodies. Two methods for the identification of channels are presented： frequency spectrum imaging and pre-stack azimuthal anisotropy. Identifying the channel sand-bodies in Fuyu oil-layer using the two seismic methods results in a success rate up to 80% compared with well data.

Response of Surface Soft Soil and Fine-Grained Sand Layers to Seismic Waves

Shanghai is located in eastern China and is built on overburden soil layers. It can be seen from the Mexico M S=8.1 earthquake on September 19, 1985 and the Hanshin M S=7.4 earthquake on January 17,1995 that heavy casualties and property losses have a direct relationship with overburden soil layers. Ground motions caused by earthquakes are significantly amplified when passing through the soil layers. Under the influence of these amplified motions, building structures, whose nature frequency is within the frequency band of soil amplification response, will experience more severe damage than those built on bedrock. Therefore, engineering seismologists have paid considerable attention the amplification responses in the Shanghai overburden soil layers. The amplification responses of soil and sand layers in this paper are given by the M L=4.1 earthquake in Nantong, Jiangsu Province on December 25, 2001 at 31.8° N, 120.9° E. It can be seen that the responses of soil and sand layers are very different. That is important.

Bearing Capacity and Critical Punch-Through Depth of Spudcan on Sand Overlying Clay

Spudcan may experience punch-through failure on strong over weak layered soils, such as sand overlying clay. A large deformation finite element method （LDFE） is used to simulate the penetration process of spudcan into sand overlying clay. The sand is simulated by smoothed hyperbolic Mohr-Coulomb model, and the clay is simulated by a simple elasto-plastic model which obeys Tresca yield criterion. According to the LDFE results of a large amount of cases, the effects of the strength, unit weight and thickness of the top sand layer, as well as the effect of the strength of the underlying clay on the spudcan punch-through behavior, are investigated. The critical depth occurring punch-through and the critical bearing capacity are presented in charts. Fitting equations to calculate the critical punch-through depth and the critical bearing capacity are proposed for the convenience of engineering practice.

Simulation of Water-Resistance of a Clay Layer During Mining:Analysis of a Safe Water Head

Given previous research and prototypical geological conditions of a mining workface,we simulated fis-sure development in clay layers at the bottom of Quaternary strata and above bedrock,sand and water inrush during mining by model experiments. The results show that V-shaped fissures usually occur in the bottom clay layer at the front top of the active face and that the position of these fissures changes periodically with ground pressure intervals. These fissures occur exactly in the area where the horizontal strain is concentrated. The results also demonstrate that the permeability coefficient of the cracked clay decreases while fissures tend to close. The permeability of the cracked bottom clay layer increases rapidly after a turning point in the permeability coefficient-water head curve (K-H curve) under a certain vertical load. Under static water pressure,the permeability coefficient of cracked clay decreases when load increases. A turning point in the K-H curve showed up and can be seen as a cutoff point to de-cide water inrush under a certain load level. Under an instantaneous water head,the greatest ability of the cracked clay to avoid drastic water inflow is a little higher than that under static conditions.

A Numerical Study on the Structure and Dynamics of Turbulence in Oscillatory Bottom Layer Flow over A Flat or Rippled Bed

This paper is mainly concerned with the turbulence in oscillatory bottom boundary layers over flat or rippled seaheds. Owing to the strong shear and anisotmpy of oscillatory flow, an anisotropic turbulence mathematical model is set up using the finite difference method, and the computational results of the model are verified by comparisons with wellknown experiments. Turbulent energy, dissipation and Reynolds stress can all be computed with this mathematical model, and the development processes of a large coherent vortex structure over a rippled bed, such as main flow separation, coherent vortex formation and curling, coherent vortex ejection and breaking up, are successfully simulated.

Summer atmospheric boundary layer structure in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert, China

Understanding the characteristics of the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer and its land surface process is of great importance to the simulations of regional weather and climate. To investigate the atmospheric boundary layer structure and its forming mechanism of Taklimakan Desert, and to improve the accuracy and precision of regional weather and climate simulations, we carried out a GPS radiosonde observation experiment in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert from 25 June to 3 July, 2015. Utilizing the densely observed sounding data, we analyzed the vertical structures of daytime convective boundary layer and nighttime stable boundary layer in summer over this region, and also discussed the impacts of sand-dust and precipitation events on the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure. In summer, the convective boundary layer in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert developed profoundly and its maximum height could achieve 4,000 m; the stable boundary layer at nighttime was about 400-800-m thick and the residual mixing layer above it could achieve a thickness over 3,000 m. Sand-dust weather would damage the structures of nighttime stable boundary layer and daytime convective boundary layer, and the dust particle swarm can weak the solar radiation absorbed by the ground surface and further restrain the strong development of convective boundary layer in the daytime. Severe convective precipitation process can change the heat from the ground surface to the atmosphere in a very short time, and similarly can damage the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer remarkably. Moreover, the height of atmospheric boundary layer was very low when raining. Our study verified the phenomenon that the atmospheric boundary layer with supernormal thickness exists over Taklimakan Desert in summer, which could provide a reference and scientific bases for the regional numerical models to better represent the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure.

Engineering Application and Development of Anti-skid Sand

In view of the increasing cement concrete pavement in China,the proportion of road non-slip surface layer is large,the winter slippery performance is insufficient and the later non-slip treatment is difficult. Through the concrete construction and post-application and development of the anti-skid sand in the road and bridge,the feasible anti-skid optimization measures are put forward.

探地雷达在白洋淀湖底地层结构探测中的技术攻关与实践

白洋淀湖底地层调查对于白洋淀生态地质调查、湖底生态清淤及湿地生态保护具有非常重要的现实意义。为系统探明白洋淀湖底地层结构,从区域尺度对湖底地层实现完整刻画,为钻探调查提供精确的靶区数据支撑,创新了探地雷达应用范围,采用船载方式,透过水体开展了湖底地层勘查。剖析白洋淀湖底结构探地雷达勘探技术难点,分析了含底泥和不含底泥2种情形下水上勘探电磁波的传播特征和湖底原生地层的地球物理响应条件,建立了淀水+淤泥层+湖底原生地层的湖底简化结构模型。通过对比国内外主流探地雷达系统不同硬件设备的勘探能力与适应条件,优选出双皮划艇搭载50 MHz低频组合天线的工作模式,结合适用于水下电磁波弱信号提取的数据处理技术,获得了白洋淀湖底15 m深度范围的地层结构数据。结果表明,此种工作模式适用于湖区水深小于5 m的水域,原生地层电磁波整体呈现弱反射特征,湖底15 m深度范围内存在2~3组砂层反射界面。淤泥层会大大削弱湖底原生地层的电磁波反射强度。存在厚砂层的水域,电磁波会形成强反射波组,砂层展布形态刻画清晰,砂层厚度变化在0~3 m之间。本项研究实现了湖底地层结构建模分析、天线勘探模式优选、数据处理过程优化等技术集成。该技术成果为白洋淀淀区地下水与地表水三维地质建模提供了基础依据,为湖底地层钻探勘查提供了靶区支撑,有力推动了白洋淀湿地水-陆一体化探测技术方法体系的构建。

穿越层状多孔介质的非达西渗流特征研究

穿越层状多孔介质的非达西渗流多见于人类活动影响下的土壤-地下水系统中。采用自行开发设计的室内渗流实验装置,设置不同粒径的单层多孔介质和相应粒径组合的双层多孔介质,从水力坡降与渗流流速关系、非达西渗流参数和临界雷诺数等方面,探讨了平均粒径、粗细颗粒界面对穿越层状多孔介质非达西渗流特征的影响规律。结果表明:当水流穿越层状多孔介质时,粗细颗粒界面对非达西流渗流特征具有重要影响;作为判断达西流态到非达西流态转换的临界雷诺数,其在单层多孔介质中随多孔介质平均粒径的增大而减小,而当水流穿越层状多孔介质时,临界雷诺数不仅随平均粒径的增大而增大,而且随粗/细颗粒粒径差的减小而增大;受粗细颗粒界面的影响,单层多孔介质中临界雷诺数均低于粗颗粒层与单层多孔介质相同相应粒径组合的双层多孔介质;通过引入非线性分量指数发现,粗细颗粒界面对水流惯性力分量的影响具有一定抑制作用,其抑制性影响程度与粗细颗粒差别大小呈负相关。研究结果对研究穿越层状岩土体的非达西渗流问题具有较好的指导意义。

塔里木盆地库车山前超深气井砂垢堵塞成因及靶向解除技术

塔里盆地库车山前超深气田是西气东输主力气源地,具有超高温、超高压、高矿化度、储层裂缝非均质性强等特征,气井生产过程中砂垢堵塞问题突出,据统计最高影响气田产能达800×104 m^(3)/d。为实现超深气井高效解堵,通过气水两相结垢热力学预测模型、裂缝性储层岩石力学实验、井筒内气液固流动模拟等研究,揭示了超深气井砂垢复合堵塞成因,并形成了靶向解堵复产关键技术。研究结果表明:①“高温流动压降结垢、裂缝面破裂出砂”是超深气井出砂结垢的内在机理;②结垢固化松散砂桥形成复合堵塞是气井堵塞减产的主要原因,其中靶向除垢是解堵复产的关键所在;③靶向除垢解堵区域为井筒变径处和井周5 m内基质—裂缝系统,气井堵塞率30%~60%为最佳解堵时机;④非酸性除垢解堵液相比常用的酸性解堵液,在同级别溶垢能力的基础上,腐蚀速率降至0.49 g/(m^(2)·h),可同时满足低腐蚀和高效除垢的技术要求。结论认为,形成的超深气井靶向除垢解堵技术在塔里木盆地库车山前超深气田规模应用159井次,有效率达93.3%,累计增产天然气75.08×10^(8)m^(3),已成为西气东输主力气井快速解堵复产的“冬保良方”,可为国内外同类气田解堵复产提供技术借鉴。

一种薄互层条件下致密砂体展布地震综合预测的策略

松辽盆地北部上白垩统高台子油层发育典型的致密砂岩储层,属于三角洲前缘沉积环境,该套地层从上至下有三套主力砂层组,每套砂层组均为砂泥岩薄互层,单层砂岩厚度超薄,一般为2 m~3 m。寻找区域内砂体比高的砂层组并刻画砂组内部单砂体空间分布是致密油勘探开发的关键所在。而常规属性分析及地震反演储层预测效果差、精度低,为此提出了针对性的地震综合预测策略,除地震资料保真高分辨率处理和岩石物理分析外,主要包括砂层组级的多属性融合砂地比预测技术以及单砂体级的相控地质统计学反演技术。具体工作流程为:第一在地震属性归一化基础上,利用聚类分析方法将地震属性划分为三大类,每类挑选相关性最高的地震属性进行多元线性拟合,建立砂层组级的多属性融合砂地比预测模型;第二利用统计分析手段建立井点先验信息与砂地比对应关系,建立砂地比先验信息约束的单砂体级的相控地质统计学反演方法。松辽盆地北部某区块应用实例表明,综合预测策略在评价砂层组级的砂体发育情况、刻画砂层组内部薄砂体空间展布方面取得较好的效果,指导了水平井井组的部署方案优化设计。

下穿地下构筑物群桩富水砂层盾构通道MJS预加固施工技术研究及应用

下穿地下构筑物群桩富水砂层盾构通道MJS预加固施工技术包括技术原理、实施思路和具体施工步骤,其由密布群桩富水砂层水平引孔、富水砂层水平引孔砂土流失控制、常规水平MJS注浆加固3个环节组成。技术采用引孔机钻杆+外套管进行水平引孔,实现立柱桩和高强度管桩的穿越,以及富水砂层中的长距离成孔,引孔过程中通过双液注浆对注浆线路进行一次加固,同时利用洞口安装的法兰盘+止回阀来进行砂土流失控制,减少引孔对地下构筑物和周边环境的影响,引孔完成后,进行常规MJS注浆加固,达到预加固目标,并形成具体的下穿地下构筑物群桩富水砂层盾构通道MJS预加固施工步骤指导施工,大幅减少对地下构筑物和周边环境的影响,减少泥浆浪费,提高施工效率,经济社会效益较好,具有较好的推广应用价值。

用于薄层油气藏的聚丙烯酰胺全悬浮压裂液

基于薄层油气资源开发中控制缝高和低排量的需求,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、2-丙烯酰胺基乙基溴化铵(DAMAB)、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-10)等为原料,通过水溶液自由基胶束聚合法合成聚丙烯酰胺嵌段共聚物(PMASD)。采用荧光分光光度计、流变仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了PMASD的临界缔合浓度、黏弹性和微观结构;同时,研究了PMASD压裂液的静态、动态携砂性能,并与聚丙烯酰胺滑溜水进行对比;最后,将PMASD压裂液进行了现场应用。结果表明,PMASD压裂液存在胶束结构,临界缔合浓度为0.127%。PMASD压裂液体系表现出较好的黏弹性,线性黏弹区范围为0.01~1.00 Pa,疏水缔合后强度大,抗剪切能力强。在低排量(20 L/min)的注入过程中,PMASD压裂液形成的网络结构呈无规则分布,具有很高的结构强度,可以有效携带支撑剂。PMASD压裂液的静态和动态携砂性能均较好。在砂液体积比为12%的实验条件下,PMASD质量分数≥0.25%(黏度为147 m Pa·s)时,在常温及80℃下均表现出较好的悬浮及携砂能力。相较于聚丙烯酰胺滑溜水,PMASD压裂液的携砂效果同比提高160%。在江苏油田X5-X井现场应用中,以2 m3/min的排量泵入PMASD压裂液,日产液由1.4 t增至6.5 t,日产油由0.6 t增至4.2 t,增产效果明显。全悬浮压裂液PMASD体系能满足薄层油气资源在低施工排量下有效携砂的压裂改造需求。

富水砂层深基坑施工诱发邻近建筑物变形研究

依托南通市环西文化广场站项目,在围护结构施工阶段、基坑降水阶段、基坑开挖阶段采取一系列措施,减少深基坑施工对周边重要建(构)筑物的影响,项目影响电视塔的工程全部施工完成后,电视塔倾斜和沉降均在规范允许范围内。

热储特征对砂岩热储采灌井距的影响-以济阳坳陷为例

水热型地热资源的回灌式开采是公认的地热可持续开采方式,而采灌井距是地热项目中需要着重关注的问题,以避免开采井中的热突破现象。回灌水在热储中的运移取决于热储特征,也就是储层的透水能力,主要指热储的孔隙度、渗透率及砂泥岩组合关系等参数。基于济阳坳陷典型地热田的储层数据,采用Tough2为核心的Petrasim软件建立数值模型,系统研究了储层孔隙度、渗透率及单砂体厚度对热储中回灌水的运移以及温度场的影响。模拟结果显示:(1)储层孔隙度对回灌压力与采灌井距几乎没有影响;(2)储层渗透率对采灌率和采灌压力影响较大,控制着热储的回灌能力,但对采灌井距没有影响;(3)多次叠置的薄砂层热储中的泥岩隔层影响回灌水运移,在多层薄砂叠置的热储中回灌水水平运移距离远,温度影响范围更大,应扩大采灌井距。该研究对地热开发项目的可持续运行具有指导意义。

宽级配土离心试验地基模型落雨法分层机制与数值模拟

落雨法因其在模型制备过程与自然条件下砂土沉积过程相似,因而成为土工离心试验地基模型常用的模型制备手段,但是有关落雨法研究主要集中于相对密实度控制,而对于分层现象关注较少,尤其宽级配土。针对宽级配土落雨法制备过程出现的分层现象,利用PFC3D数值模拟软件,探讨了落雨法制备过程分层现象的物理机制和出砂口落距、移动速度、宽度对分层现象的影响。结果表明:在真空介质中,粗细颗粒不出现分层现象;而在非真空介质中,粗、细颗粒出现了分层现象,原因为非真空环境下粗、细颗粒下落过程中产生了相对速度差,内在机制为粗、细颗粒半径不同受到平均表面流体阻力不同,从而造成不同粒径颗粒分离现象;随环境介质密度的增加,粗、细颗粒在下落过程中更易于发生分离,出砂口落距、移动速度和流量对分层现象具有一定程度影响。

江西星子镇沙岭沙山顶部一处红色砂层的粒度分析及释光年代研究

鄱阳湖作为我国最大淡水湖,其周边分布若干沙山。此前研究多认为这些沙山为风成堆积的产物。选取星子镇沙岭沙山顶部(吴淞高程约58.3 m)一处红色砂层(含泥质团块)为研究对象,开展粒度分析和释光测年,以进一步揭示其形成环境和年代。粒度结果为:(1)以中粗砂为主;(2)粒度分选性差;(3)频率分布曲线显示该红色砂层包含多峰;(4)概率累积曲线显示该红色砂层包含1个推移组分、2个跃移组分和4个悬移组分;(5)萨胡判别公式值均>-2.74。之后,对红色砂层下伏泥层、红色砂层和红色砂层上覆黄色砂层开展石英单颗粒释光测年,其年代分别为:(24.7±2.1) ka、(24.0±2.4) ka和(22.4±3.9) ka。研究表明该红色砂层虽然形成于MIS2阶段,但其不是干旱环境下的风成沉积砂层。