Influence of confined water on the limit support pressure of tunnel face in weakly water-rich strata

In the process of shield tunneling through soft soil layers,the presence of confined water ahead poses a significant threat to the stability of the tunnel face.Therefore,it is crucial to consider the impact of confined water on the limit support pressure of the tunnel face.This study employed the finite element method(FEM)to analyze the limit support pressure of shield tunnel face instability within a pressurized water-containing layer.Subsequently,a multiple linear regression approach was applied to derive a concise solution formula for the limit support pressure,incorporating various influencing factors.The analysis yields the following conclusions:1)The influence of confined water on the instability mode of the tunnel face in soft soil layers makes the displacement response of the strata not significant when the face is unstable;2)The limit support pressure increases approximately linearly with the pressure head,shield tunnel diameter,and tunnel burial depth.And inversely proportional to the thickness of the impermeable layer,soil cohesion and internal friction angle;3)Through an engineering case study analysis,the results align well with those obtained from traditional theoretical methods,thereby validating the rationality of the equations proposed in this paper.Furthermore,the proposed equations overcome the limitation of traditional theoretical approaches considering the influence of changes in impermeable layer thickness.It can accurately depict the dynamic variation in the required limit support pressure to maintain the stability of the tunnel face during shield tunneling,thus better reflecting engineering reality.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

Seepage field distribution and water inflow laws of tunnels in water-rich regions

Currently,the water inrush hazards during tunnel construction,the water leakage during tunnel operation,and the accompanying disturbances to the ecological environment have become the main problems that affect the structural safety of tunnels in water-rich regions.In this paper,a tunnel seepage model testing system was used to conduct experiments of the grouting circle and primary support with different permeability coefficients.The influences of the supporting structures on the water inflow laws and the distribution of the water pressure in the tunnel were analyzed.With the decrease in the permeability coefficient of the grouting circle or the primary support,the inflow rate of water into the tunnel showed a non-linear decreasing trend.In comparison,the water inflow reduction effect of grouting circle was much better than that of primary support.With the increase of the permeability coefficient of the grouting ring,the water pressure behind the primary lining increases gradually,while the water pressure behind the grouting ring decreases.Thus,the grouting of surrounding rock during the construction of water-rich tunnel can effectively weaken the hydraulic connection,reduce the influence range of seepage,and significantly reduce the decline of groundwater.Meanwhile,the seepage tests at different hydrostatic heads and hydrodynamic heads during tunnel operation period were also conducted.As the hydrostatic head decreased,the water pressure at each characteristic point decreased approximately linearly,and the water inflow rate also had a gradual downward trend.Under the action of hydrodynamic head,the water pressure had an obvious lagging effect,which was not conducive to the stability of the supporting structures,and it could be mitigated by actively regulating the drainage rate.Compared with the hydrostatic head,the hydrodynamic head could change the real-time rate of water inflow to the tunnel and broke the dynamic balance between the water pressure and water inflow rate,thereby affecting the stress state on the supporting structures.

Water shutoff model test in water-rich sandy stratum by phosphoric acid-water glass grout

The rheological behavior of phosphoric acid-water glass grout in different mixing ratios was studied. Grout made of water glass with Baume degree of 20° and 13.4% phosphoric acid by 1:1 volume ratio is found to be more effective in stopping water. Laboratory model test of water shutoff by grouting was conducted. Test results show that the diffusion length and water cutoff effect of the grout are significantly improved as the grout head is raised, due to the dilution of underground water, and it takes the grout longer than its gel time to cut off water.

Numerical research on stability control of roofs of water-rich roadway

In order to study the strength-weakening law of roofs of water-rich roadway, this study used FLAC software, and simulated and analyzed the failure characteristics of the surrounding rock of water-rich roadway under the condition of different cross sections and support parameters, finally obtained the stress distribution of the principle stress of the roadway as well as the displacement variation of its surrounding rock. Results indicate that the roof stability of roadway with semicircular cross section is better than the roadway with inclined rectangular cross section under water-rich condition. Besides, the surrounding rock deformation of roadway under the action of water shows a pronounced increase compared to the roadway without the action of water due to the fact that water will obviously weaken the surrounding rock of roadway, especially its roof. It is very beneficial to control roof stability of water-rich roadway and guarantee the roadway stability during its service life by improving the pretension of bolt and cable as well as decreasing inter-row spacing of the bolt.

Application of 3-D Parallel Electrical Technology Detecting the Water-Rich Areas

Coal working face is damaged more and more seriously by water below the coal face floor. Therefore, floor water detection is a must in the process of extraction. This article aims to introducing application and principle of the two-gateways parallel 3-D electrical technology and the arrangement of the observation system. The authors use this method to detect the water under the floor of a mine in north of Anhui. The results show that the two-gateways parallel 3-D electrical technology can accurately locate the water-rich areas, providing the basis for drilling drainage and grouting construction.

Dynamic response of water-rich tunnel subjected to plane P wave considering excavation induced damage zone

The stability analysis of a deep buried tunnel subjected to dynamic disturbance is an important issue.In this study,the transient response has been obtained by establishing a water-rich tunnel model considering excavation damage zone(EDZ).Based on Biot’s two-phase dynamic theory and wave function expansion method,the analytical solution of dynamic response around the water-rich tunnel containing EDZ subjected to P wave is derived.Moreover,Fourier transform and Duhamel’s integral technique is introduced to calculate the transient response,and the equivalent blasting curve is adopted to input excitation function.The dimensionless parameters thickness N and shear modulus ratio lare defined to characterize the degree of damage in the surrounding rock,investigating the influencing factors,such as the parameters and the incident source frequencies.The results indicate that the dynamic stress concentration factor(DSCF)gradually decreases as the dimensionless parameters increase.Additionally,it is observed that the DSCF is more sensitive to changes in the thickness parameter N.Finally,the influence of the waveform parameters has been taken into account in the analysis of transient response,and the stress state and transfer process in each time stage of the EDZ are analyzed.This study establishes a theoretical foundation for comprehending the mechanical behavior and support design considerations associated with a deep-buried water-rich tunnel containing EDZ.

Stability analysis and grouting treatment of inclined shaft lining structure in water-rich strata: A case study

The stability of inclined shaft lining structure (ISLS) in complex water-rich strata is affected by many factors, suchas water pressure, joint, soft rock, lining corrosion and so on. The instability of the ISLS will affect the safe andefficient coal mine production. Bathe sed on the geological conditions of the Xiaobaodang coal mine, this papertested the evolution characteristics of concrete composition in long-term water seepage areas and revealed theinfluence mechanism of corrosion weakening of shaft lining (SL) in water-rich strata. Meanwhile, transientelectromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, and infrared monitoring are used to detect the water-rich zones, anddamage zones of surrounding rock and lining water seepage zones, and a three-level safety evaluation model forthe instability risk of ISLS is constructed. Water abundance of the surrounding rock, surrounding rock deterioration, and shaft lining seepage were the specific indicators in the model. The main inclined shaft (MIS) in thestudied coal mine is divided into three levels: non instability risk zone, potential instability risk zone, and highinstability risk zone. According to the evaluation results, comprehensive prevention and control measures of“hydrophobic hole drainage” and “back-lining grouting” are adopted for the water inrush source and the surrounding rock micro-crack water channel. The precise prevention and control of ISLS is realized. The researchresults also provide a reference for the stability evaluation of ISLS and the accurate prevention and control undersimilar conditions.

富水裂隙围岩隧道涌水量计算方法与规律分析

富水裂隙区隧道涌水量预测精度较差,涌水问题尚未得到较好的解决。针对此问题,视裂隙围岩及注浆区为非均质各向异性介质,初期支护及二次支护结构为均质各向同性介质,构建了裂隙围岩下隧道涌水简化计算模型,基于地下水力学理论及流体质量守恒定律推导了富水裂隙区隧道涌水量计算公式。通过退化分析及案例工程现场实测数据验证了构建富水裂隙区隧道涌水简化计算模型的合理性及涌水量计算式求解的正确性,最后基于解析解揭示了各特征参数对富水裂隙区隧道涌水的影响规律,探讨了富水裂隙区隧道涌水机制。结果表明:理论计算值与现场实测值最大相对误差为8.1%,验证了构建模型的合理性及公式推导的正确性;隧道涌水量随裂隙最大宽度的增加而增大,受堵水结构的联合制约,两者近似呈线性关系;注浆区厚度与隧道半径比值在2倍以内时,隧道涌水量受注浆区厚度的影响显著;富水裂隙区隧道涌水受裂隙分布规律及支护结构的制约,应重视对裂隙分布的调查。

基于水平旋喷桩处置优化的地铁隧道施工变形控制分析

为研究富水砂层隧道中水平旋喷桩+超前小导管组合预加固的效果,以青岛地铁某区间段隧道为依托,采用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了无预加固、单独使用水平旋喷桩及旋喷桩配合超前小导管组合预加固三种工况的加固效果。结果表明,与无预加固方案相比,单独使用水平旋喷桩预加固可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约61%、59%、38%;而水平旋喷桩与超前小导管组合预加固方案可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约66%、77.6%、38.9%,典型开挖断面处与拱脚处地下水渗流量分别减少93.4%、96.7%,预加固效果与止水效果显著。

软弱富水地层超大直径盾构下穿长江堤防变形分析

软弱富水地层上长江堤防变形受浅埋超大直径盾构隧道施工扰动影响大。以盾构开挖直径为15.07 m的某双线隧道工程为背景,基于现场监测资料,研究盾构过堤时无为长江堤防沉降的时空演化规律,并对掘进参数与堤防加固措施的合理性进行分析。研究结果表明,压密注浆加固处理可有效减小堤防地表沉降幅度。右线隧道过堤时,中轴线上方堤防沉降变形总体随着盾尾离开天数的增加而增大,最大沉降位于堤前段,为20.37 mm,远离中轴线部位普遍产生轻微隆起。左线隧道下穿堤防后,堤防竖直变形整体呈“左线堤前段与堤后段隆起、堤坝段沉降,右线整体沉降,幅度从堤前段往堤后段沉减小”的分布规律。盾构下穿长江堤防时,切口压力、推力、扭矩等掘进参数的调整受堤坝超载效应影响。

基于SVM的富水岩溶区双线盾构隧道下穿既有线临界安全距离研究

双线盾构隧道在极复杂的岩溶地质中下穿既有线施工时,会对地层造成较大扰动,从而增加既有地表沉降过大或坍塌的风险,严重威胁既有线的运营安全。同时,隧道穿越富水岩溶区域时,需要保持一定距离以避免与溶洞相交,确保双线盾构隧道围岩的稳定性。利用FlAC^(3D)软件建立不同工况组合下双线盾构隧道与左侧溶洞的临界安全距离数值模型,分析不同地下水位对既有线沉降和围岩塑性区范围的影响,并采用正交试验和多元线性回归方法建立双线盾构隧道在不同围岩等级、地下水埋深、开挖隧道埋深和溶洞孔径组合下与溶洞的临界安全距离计算公式。此外,还基于SVM模型对正交试验结果进行机器学习,得到可以预测岩溶地区双线盾构隧道临界安全距离的智能预测系统,实现双线盾构隧道下穿既有线临界安全距离的非线性智能预测。结果表明:当地下水位位于既有线以上时,其水位越高,既有线的沉降量越大、围岩塑性区范围越大,地下水对盾构隧道与溶洞的临界安全距离有很大影响,应用SVM模型和多元线性回归方法确定双线盾构隧道与溶洞之间的临界安全距离是行之有效的。

富水砂层地铁盾构区间机械法联络通道施工影响

[目的]目前,富水砂层地铁盾构区间机械法联络通道施工对正线隧道及周围土体影响的研究较少,因此有必要对类似工程进行分析。[方法]以某富水砂层地铁盾构区间机械法联络通道施工项目为例,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立数值模型,对富水砂层中机械法联络通道施工的全过程进行模拟分析,研究机械法联络通道施工对正线隧道及周围土体的影响;将数值计算结果与实际工程监测数据进行对比,验证所提数值模型的可靠性。[结果及结论]由机械法联络通道施工引起的沿正线隧道纵向和联络通道纵向的地面沉降曲线均呈U形,地面最大沉降值为4.60 mm;机械法联络通道施工对正线隧道的变形影响,以竖向变形和沿正线隧道横向的水平变形为主,正线隧道竖向变形最大值为1.08 mm,水平变形最大值为1.28 mm;施工过程中,正线隧道的最大应力会随着联络通道洞门的破除而突然增大,施工完成时,正线隧道的最大应力值为52.54 MPa。实际监测数据表明,拟合后的地面沉降监测数据与数值计算结果的变化趋势一致,验证了数值计算的可靠性。

隧道富水断层破碎带突涌预报与工程对策研究

为解决高原隧道断层破碎带易发突泥冒顶灾害的问题,采用现场调查、地面物探、洞内地震波反射法、瞬变电磁法、超前钻孔等超前地质预报方法,推广洞内物探三维分析,对富水断层破碎带突泥灾害特征、超前地质预报综合成果和工程应对加固措施进行研究。结果表明:三维物探成果能快速精准查明富水破碎带空间形态,成果直观,有效指导风险判识和工程处置措施;对富水断层带预报应充分结合勘察期成果,宏观初判断层分布特性,洞内采用物钻结合、长短结合的方法;首次提出按照“探明破碎带规模形态,查明破碎带物质组分性状,观测地下水特征变化情况”的思路,研判突泥涌水风险;施工处置应按照“探泄结合,先固后进,回堵再泄”的总体原则有序开展。研究成果和手段可为类似突涌灾害超前地质预报和工程应对措施提供参考。

富水砂层地铁盾构隧道渣土混合改良的流塑性与渗透性

[目的]盾构在富水砂层中掘进时,易产生刀盘扭矩过高、磨损严重以及螺旋运输机喷涌等问题。为了保证施工的安全性,需对渣土进行改良。[方法]以西安地铁16号线某盾构区间工程为依托,根据砂土地层自稳性差、摩擦性高、渗透率高的特点选取渣土改良剂。通过渣土坍落度试验、渗透试验、现场试验相结合的方式,采用泡沫单独改良、泡沫及膨润土泥浆混合改良两种方案开展富水砂层渣土改良试验研究。[结果及结论]实际盾构掘进施工中,在考虑安全、高效、经济的前提下,结合室内试验所得数据,确定采用膨润土泥浆、泡沫混合改良的方案。当膨润土与水质量比为1/8,发泡液质量分数为3%时,改良剂性能满足施工要求;泡沫单独改良渣土受含水率影响大,含水率越高,泡沫最佳注入率越小。中砂的最佳改良方案是BIR(膨润土泥浆注入比)为10%,FIR(泡沫注入率)为20%~25%;砾砂的最佳改良方案是BIR为10%,FIR为35%~40%。工程实践表明,渣土混合改良效果良好,盾构掘进参数平稳。

富水砂层中盾构始发穿越既有地铁线路的结构稳定性研究

[目的]富水砂层地质条件下,新建地铁线路盾构始发穿越既有地铁线路时,对既有地铁线路结构稳定性的研究较为鲜见,需总结类似工程的相关规律。[方法]以新建的郑州地铁7号线黄河迎宾馆站—英才街站区间盾构始发穿越既有地铁2号线结构工程为依托,根据实际工况采用有限元软件MIDAS GTS NX建立了施工区间的三维数值模型,并利用软件的结果提取功能得到了该工程对应模型的模拟结果。选取现场2个监测点位,将2个测点的现场实测值与模拟计算值进行对比,证实了该模型的准确性。在此基础上,进一步研究了盾构始发穿越、一般下穿施工两种穿越方式下对既有地铁线路结构稳定性的影响,以及始发洞门与既有地铁结构间竖向距离d的4个取值对既有地铁线路结构稳定性的影响。[结果及结论]所建三维模型在一定程度上可反映实际工况。在既有地铁线路结构、材料、加固方式等因素均不变的情况下,既有地铁线路结构的稳定性因穿越方式的不同而有所差异,与一般下穿施工相比,采用盾构始发下穿方式时对既有地铁线路结构的影响较小。采用盾构始发下穿方式时,d的取值不同,对既有地铁线路结构稳定性的影响有较大差异。d=2.00 m对既有地铁线路结构的影响较小,工程成本也较小。建议在工程条件允许下采用盾构始发下穿方式,且推荐d值取2.00 m。

岩溶地层地铁车站深基坑渗漏灾害成因分析

[目的]富水岩溶深基坑施工开挖常发生基坑侧壁或底部突涌灾害问题,应针对富水溶洞地层深基坑开挖时的渗流稳定性进行深入研究。[方法]依托佛山地铁3号线中山公园站深基坑开挖工程,对深基坑渗流特性及坑底涌水机理进行深入研究,建立了基坑-土体-溶洞三维数值模型,采用等效渗透系数法对岩溶-地层渗流场进行耦合模拟。[结果及结论]通过仿真模拟分析,获得了不均匀地层中岩溶区富水程度对基坑渗流场及涌水量的影响规律,阐明了基坑底部土体竖向平均水力坡降演变特性,揭示了该地岩溶区基坑底部突涌水机理,研究结果可为富水岩溶地区深基坑工程的设计与施工提供参考。

富水砂卵石层盾构施工影响因素及敏感性分析

砂卵石地层具有渗透性强、孔隙率大、自稳性差和受扰反应大等特点,若盾构施工参数控制不当则会发生掌子面失稳、坍塌和涌水等安全事故。确定富水砂卵石层盾构掘进引起地表沉降和管片隧道变形的影响因素,对于安全施工具有重要的指导意义。本文以洛阳地铁区间盾构穿越洛河富水砂卵石地层为工程背景,基于流固耦合理论,运用ABAQUS软件构建盾构掘进的三维有限元模型,数值模拟和现场实测的地表沉降数据基本吻合,验证了模型的准确性。采用单因素分析法研究了盾构掘进压力、同步注浆压力和等代层厚度等3个参数对地表沉降与管片变形的影响规律,研究结果表明:增大盾构掘进压力和同步注浆压力,减小等代层厚度,均能减小地表和隧道的拱顶沉降;而增大盾构掘进压力,减小同步注浆压力和等代层厚度,可减小隧道拱腰的水平变形。采用正交试验方法确定了3个影响因素对地表沉降和管片拱顶沉降两个指标的敏感性,从大到小排序均为:同步注浆压力、盾构掘进压力和等代层厚度。

基于序关系分析—独立性权系数法的含水层富水性研究

为评价冯家塔煤矿4煤顶板山西组砂岩含水层富水性,选取了山西组富水砂岩厚度、岩心采取率、砂泥岩互层层数、脆塑性岩厚度比、砂岩岩性系数5个影响因素,利用序关系分析法求出影响山西组砂岩含水层富水性的主观权重,利用独立性权系数法求出客观权重,采用乘法合成法得出综合权重,构建了富水性评价模型。结果表明,冯家塔4煤顶板山西组砂岩含水层富水性较强和强富水区域主要分布在井田南部和西部,弱富水区域主要在井田北部及中部小部分区域。通过对比矿井物探、井下积水区及抽水试验的结果,预测模型准确率较高,与实际情况相符。

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