Significance of including lid thickness and particle shape factor in numerical modeling for prediction of particle trap efficiency of invert trap

Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sediment build-up by catching sediment load.Previous three-dimensional(3D)computational studies have examined the particle trapping performance of invert traps of different shapes and depths under varied sediment and flow conditions,considering particles as spheres.For two-dimensional and 3D numerical modeling,researchers assumed the lid geometry to be a thin line and a plane,respectively.In this 3D numerical study,the particle trapping efficiency of a slotted irregular hexagonal invert trap fitted at the flume bottom was examined by incorporating the particle shape factor of non-spherical sewage solid particles and the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids over the trap in the discrete phase model of the ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software.The volume of fluid(VOF)and the realizable k-turbulence models were used to predict the velocity field.The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry(PIV)was used to measure the velocity field inside the invert trap.The results showed that the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids affected the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy at all flow depths.The joint impact of the particle shape factor and lid thickness on the trap efficiency was significant.When both the lid thickness and particle shape factor were considered in the numerical modeling,trap efficiencies were underestimated,with relative errors of-8.66%to-0.65%in comparison to the experimental values of Mohsin and Kaushal(2017).They were also lower than the values predicted by Mohsin and Kaushal(2017),which showed an overall overestimation with errors of-2.3%to 17.4%.

Large-scale particle trapping by acoustic vortices with a continuously variable topological charge

Strengthened directivity with higher-order side lobes can be generated by the transducer with a larger radius at a higher frequency. The multi-annular pressure distributions are displayed in the cross-section of the acoustic vortices(AVs)which are formed by side lobes. In the near field, particles can be trapped in the valley region between the two annuli of the pressure peak, and cannot be moved to the vortex center. In this paper, a trapping method based on a sector transducer array is proposed, which is characterized by the continuously variable topological charge(CVTC). This acoustic field can not only enlarge the range of particle trapping but also improve the aggregation degree of the trapped particles. In the experiments, polyethylene particles with a diameter of 0.2 mm are trapped into the multi-annular valleys by the AV with a fixed topological charge. Nevertheless, by applying the CVTC, particles outside the radius of the AV can cross the pressure peak successfully and move to the vortex center. Theoretical studies are also verified by the experimental particles trapping using the AV with the continuous variation of three topological charges, and suggest the potential application of large-scale particle trapping in biomedical engineering.

Distribution and engulfment behavior of TiB_2 particles or clusters in wedge-shaped copper casting ingot

Wedge-shaped copper casting experiment was conducted to study the engulfment behavior of TiB2 particle and the interaction between particle or cluster and the solid/liquid front in commercial pure aluminum matrix. The experimental results show that the particle size distribution obeys two separate systems in the whole wedge-cast sample. Furthermore, it is found that the big clusters are pushed to the center of the wedge shaped sample and the single particle or small clusters consisting of few particles are engulfed into the α-Al in the area of the sample edge. The cluster degree of particles varies in different areas, and its value is 0.2 and 0.6 for the cluster fraction in the edge and in the center of the wedge sample, respectively. The cluster diameter does not obey the normal distribution but approximately obeys lognormal distribution in the present work. More importantly, in the whole sample, the particle size obeys two separate log-normal distributions.

Optical trapping of optical nanoparticles:Fundamentals and applications

Optical nanoparticles are nowadays one of the key elements of photonics.They do not only allow optical imaging of a plethora of systems(from cells to microelectronics),but,in many cases,they also behave as highly sensitive remote sensors.In recent years,it has been demonstrated the success of optical tweezers in isolating and manipulating individual optical nanoparticles.This has opened the door to high resolution single particle scanning and sensing.In this quickly growing field,it is now necessary to sum up what has been achieved so far to identify the appropriate system and experimental set-up required for each application.In this review article we summarize the most relevant results in the field of optical trapping of individual optical nanoparticles.After systematic bibliographic research,we identify the main families of optical nanoparticles in which optical trapping has been demonstrated.For each case,the main advances and applications have been described.Finally,we also include our critical opinion about the future of the field,identifying the challenges that we are facing.

Two annular CsI(Tl) detector arrays for the charged particle telescopes

In this study,we constructed two annular detector arrays comprising 24 wedge-shaped CsI(Tl) crystals,and tested them using anαsource and radioactive beams of ^(14-16) Con a CD_2 target.We compared the properties of a CsI(Tl) crystal encapsulated with various reflectors,revealing that using the 80-μm-thick ESR film to pack the CsI(Tl) crystal yielded the largest light output with the smallest non-uniformity in light output (ΔLO).For the 24 CsI(Tl) detectors with the 80-μm-thick ESR films,the average energy resolution improved as the average light output increased;however,it deteriorated as theΔLO value increased.To form two annular Si-CsI(Tl) telescopes for identifying the light-charged particles,theΔLO value and energy resolution of each CsI(Tl) detector were maintained under 20%and 7.7%,respectively.These telescopes were tested for the first time in a direct nuclear reaction experiment using ^(14-16) C+d.The results demonstrated that the Z=1 and Z=2 charged particles were adequately discriminated by the telescopes using the standardΔE-E method.

Trapping and Driving Individual Charged Micro-particles in Fluid with an Electrostatic Device

A variety of micro-tweezers techniques, such as optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, and dielectrophoresis technique, have been applied intensively in precise characterization of micro/nanoparticles and bio-molecules. They have contributed remarkably in better understanding of working mechanisms of individual sub-cell organelles, proteins, and DNA. In this paper, we present a controllable electrostatic device embedded in a microchannel, which is capable of driving,trapping, and releasing charged micro-particles suspended in microfluid, demonstrating the basic concepts of electrostatic tweezers. Such a device is scalable to smaller size and offers an alternative to currently used micro-tweezers for application in sorting, selecting, manipulating, and analyzing individual micro/nanoparticles. Furthermore, the system offers the potential in being combined with dielectrophoresis and other techniques to create hybrid micro-manipulation systems.

Variation of Trapping Strength with Size and Number of Particles in a Single Trap

Optical tweezers use the radiation pressure to trap and manipulate the microscopic particles. Using various algorithms multiple traps are being formed which can trap a number of particles simultaneously. In contrast to multiple traps, many particles can be trapped at a single trap position. It is known that when two or more particles are trapped in a single trap they align themselves in axial direction and it appears as if only one particle is trapped. We present a study of the dependence of the optical trapping force on the number of particles in a single trap using equipartition method;the study was carried out for particles of different sizes. The trapping force was first found to increase then decrease with number of particles in trap for all particle sizes. We feel that our studies will be useful in applications of optical tweezers involving trapping of multiple particles in a single trap.

Effects of electron trapping on nonlinear electron-acoustic waves excited by an electron beam via particle-in-cell simulations

By performing one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, the nonlinear effects of electronacoustic(EA) waves are investigated in a multispecies plasma, whose constituents are hot electrons, cold electrons, and beam electrons with immobile neutralized positive ions. Numerical analyses have identified that EA waves with a sufficiently large amplitude tend to trap cold electrons. Because EA waves are dispersive, where the wave modes with different wavenumbers have different phase velocities, the trapping may lead to the mixing of cold electrons. The cold electrons finally get thermalized or heated. The investigation also shows that the excited EA waves give rise to a broad range of wave frequencies, which may be helpful for understanding the broadband-electrostatic-noise spectrum in the Earth’s auroral region.

Manipulation of nanoparticles by AC electrothermal effect in laboratory-on-a-chip applications

Microflow driven by AC electrothermal pumping electrolytes with high conductivity fluid （ACET） effect is explored in order to seek new methods for （more than 0. 02 S/m） at microscale. Based on the ACET theory, a physical model for particle trapping is established by a set of electrostatics, heat transfer and fluid dynamic equations. Further, fluid velocity fields are predicted using the software FEMLAB. Experiments are performed which verify the numerical results. The experimental results show that with appropriate electrode design, ACET effect can work on fluids with conductivity up to I. 53 S/m and trap particles at a low voltage. ACET devices can be readily integrated on chip into a microsystem. This offers insight into designing ACET lab-chips.

Absorption enhancement in thin film a-Si solar cells with double-sided SiO_2 particle layers

Light absorption enhancement is very important for improving the power conversion efficiency of a thin film a-Si solar cell. In this paper, a thin-film a-Si solar cell model with double-sided SiO2 particle layers is designed, and then the underlying mechanism of absorption enhancement is investigated by finite difference time domain（FDTD） simulation;finally the feasible experimental scheme for preparing the SiO2 particle layer is discussed. It is found that the top and bottom SiO2 particle layers play an important role in anti-reflection and light trapping, respectively. The light absorption of the cell with double-sided SiO2 layers greatly increases in a wavelength range of 300 nm-800 nm, and the ultimate efficiency increases more than 22% compared with that of the flat device. The cell model with double-sided SiO2 particle layers reported here can be used in varieties of thin film solar cells to further improve their performances.

Kinetic Theories of Geodesic Acoustic Modes：Radial Structure,Linear Excitation by Energetic Particles and Nonlinear Saturation＇

Geodesic acoustic modes（GAMs）are oscillating zonal mode structures unique to toroidal plasmas and are capable of regulating microscopic turbulence and associated transports.Inthispaper,three important aspects of GAM dynamics are investigated,namely（1） GAM continuous spectrum and its mode conversion to kinetic GAM （KGAM）;（2） 1inear excitation of energetic particle induced GAM （EGAM） and its coupling to the GAM continuum, and （3） nonlinear saturationofEGAMviawaveparticletrapping.TheanalogybetweentheGAM

Microparticle collection for water purification based on laser-induced convection

Water purification is required for environmental protection. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a rapid, effective and low-cost approach to collect numerous impurities（microparticles） in water on the basis of laser-induced thermal convection. We introduce a heat source by using a fiber tip, which is fabricated into a non-adiabatic-tapered shape. In order to improve the laser power absorption efficiency, we coat a gold film with a thickness of 300 nm on the fiber tip. Due to absorption, the laser power transferred from the fiber to the water results in thermal convection. The forces generated from the thermal convection drive the microparticles to move towards the fiber tip, thereby performing microparticle collection and achieving water purification. Laser-induced thermal convection provides a simple, high-efficiency and low-cost method of collecting microparticles, which is a suitable and convenient for local water purification.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ORIENTATION DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF CYLINDRICAL PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS

The orientation distribution function of cylindrical particle suspensions was deduced and numerically simulated, and an application was taken in a wedge-shaped flow field. The relationship between the orientation distribution function and particle orientation angles was obtained. The results show that comparing with the most probable angle distribution which comes to being in short time, the distribution of the steady state doesn't vary much. in range; the main difference is the anti-clockwise rotation in the right and upper field, that is, particles rotate more at the points where the velocity gradients are larger. The most probable orientations are close to the direction of local streamlines. In the direction of streamlines, with poleradius decreasing, the most probable angles increase, but the angles between their orientations and the local streamlines decrease.

微流控粒子分选中圆形微凹槽容纳特性研究

微流控技术由于具备操控微通道中微小体积流体的能力,已成为操控粒子和细胞的新平台.基于粒子惯性迁移和微凹槽涡胞捕获的粒子分选方法,是一种重要的微流控粒子操控技术.目前,微凹槽容纳的粒子数量不高,制约了该方法的效率.为了提高微凹槽粒子容量,对圆形微凹槽进行结构设计,并利用高速显微成像技术和数值模拟,研究了不同圆形微凹槽的粒子容纳能力.研究发现,相同入口雷诺数(Re=37~555)下,带底腔的圆形微凹槽相较于普通圆形微凹槽容纳的粒子数量提升了45%,这是因为增加底腔后使得涡流线向下延展,形成更深的“U形”结构,可以容纳更多的粒子;当Re=482时,带底腔的直径500μm的圆凹槽比直径600μm的圆凹槽的粒子容量提高了93.9%,原因是前者凹槽内粒子运动轨道与流线更加吻合,粒子轨道面积与凹槽面积占比达到了97%;随着Re增加,从侧通道收集到的粒子富集浓度整体呈现先缓慢增大后减小的趋势,收集到的20μm粒子的最大富集浓度为初始悬浮液的126.7倍;不同微凹槽内粒子群的轨道运动受到涡流场特性、粒子物性及粒子间相互作用和壁面限制作用等因素的共同影响.研究结果对微凹槽结构设计和提高粒子分选性能有重要指导意义.

陷阱标记联合懒蚂蚁的自适应粒子群优化算法

为解决现有粒子群改进策略无法帮助已陷入局部最优和过早收敛的粒子恢复寻优性能的问题,提出一种陷阱标记联合懒蚂蚁的自适应粒子群优化(adaptive particle swarm optimization based on trap label and lazy ant, TLLA-APSO)算法。陷阱标记策略为粒子群提供动态速度增量,使其摆脱最优解的束缚。利用懒蚂蚁寻优策略多样化粒子速度,提升种群多样性。通过惯性认知策略在速度更新中引入历史位置,增加粒子的路径多样性和提升粒子的探索性能,使粒子更有效地避免陷入新的局部最优。理论证明了引入历史位置的粒子群算法的收敛性。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法不仅能有效解决粒子群已陷入局部最优和过早收敛的问题,且与其他算法相比,具有较快的收敛速度和较高的寻优精度。

CPT原子磁力仪转向差及其标定补偿

CPT原子磁力仪具有无方向盲区,并且在磁感应强度方向变化时可连续测量无需模式切换的特点,特别适合搭载在卫星、直升机等平台进行拖曳式探测。但是CPT原子磁力仪存在转向差问题,且探头剩磁干扰会影响转向差的补偿精度,进而影响其使用性能。本文针对CPT原子磁力仪转向差问题,分析了转向差机理,建立了探头剩磁补偿模型并进行了补偿,使用粒子群算法估计了剩磁参数,并使用剩磁补偿后的转向差离散点进行三次样条插值得到转向差曲线。试验结果表明:算法估计的探头剩磁在旋转面的投影分量大小为0.344 nT,方向与探头轴线垂直。在剩磁补偿前后,转向差补偿后的残差标准差由0.288 nT减小到0.132 nT,标准差减小了54%,有效提高了CPT原子磁力仪的使用性能。

黏性颗粒在不同截面形状纤维表面沉积特性的数值模拟

为了探究黏性颗粒在不同截面形状纤维表面的沉积特性,选择截面为圆形、三角形和十字形的纤维作为研究对象,通过Digimat、Solidworks建模软件构建在空间中呈随机分布的刚性三维纤维体模型;利用计算流体力学和离散单元法耦合的方法,基于laminar流场特征,引入JKR(Johnson-kendall-roberts)接触模型,对黏性颗粒在不同纤维表面的沉积特性进行气-固两相耦合数值模拟。模拟结果表明:在黏性颗粒的运动过程中,过滤机理会随时间而变化。初期,捕集主要依赖纤维表面的吸附作用,而后期主要通过纤维本身和颗粒之间的黏附团聚运动共同实现,形成了“尘滤尘”现象。此外,颗粒间滚动摩擦系数对颗粒在纤维上沉积的影响很大。滚动摩擦系数越大,颗粒之间的接触力链结构越稳定,颗粒更难脱落。在3种截面形状的纤维中,十字形截面的捕集效率最高,三角形次之,圆形最低。该研究探究了黏性颗粒与纤维之间的相互作用,优化了纤维结构和布局,为提高空气过滤材料的过滤效率提供了设计思路和理论参考。

赤道印度洋中部沉降颗粒物的季节变化特征及调控机制研究

基于2020年1—12月在赤道印度洋中部海域获取的沉积物捕获器时间序列样品,分析了沉降颗粒物与颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)通量的季节变化特征,并结合卫星遥感、数值模式及再分析数据探究上层物理过程对生物泵输出通量的调控作用。结果表明,2020年赤道印度洋中部海域的沉降颗粒物总通量与颗粒有机碳通量的变化范围分别为4.57~35.75 mg/(m^(2)·d)[(18.94±10.18)mg/(m^(2)·d)]和0.27~2.97 mg/(m^(2)·d)[(1.09±0.66)mg/(m^(2)·d)],两者均呈现显著的季节变化特征。总体上,1—3月、6月和9—11月呈现出3个显著的高通量事件。通过分析发现混合层深度变化与营养盐跃层波动的耦合作用可能是调控中深层通量变化的主要原因。与此同时,西南季风流(Southwest Monsoon Current,SMC)与赤道Wyrtki急流生消也可能通过改变温跃层或营养盐跃层深度对沉降颗粒物通量强度和季节变化起调控作用。

综合实验试题D:利用Paul阱囚禁带电微粒进行电荷测量

第9届全国大学生物理实验竞赛珠海赛区综合实验试题D为利用Paul阱囚禁带电微粒进行电荷测量,通过在Paul阱中施加一定频率和幅度的电场,参赛选手需要将带电宏观微粒稳定囚禁,并利用光电器件对带电微粒进行观察和测量.竞赛结果表明:超过90%的参赛学生成功搭建了光路和电路,并稳定囚禁了带电微粒,达到了实验竞赛题的设计目的,同时发现对于误差分析和电荷测量,只有少量学生能够完成,这表明灵活运用物理原理对实验系统进行数学建模的能力有待提高.此试题难度分层明显,考查了学生对光学、电子电路、电磁学的基本原理和大学物理实验通用仪器的综合运用能力,以及前沿探索和创新研究的潜力.

反剪切剖面下的非共振鱼骨模不稳定性混合模拟

利用磁流体动理学混合模拟程序M3D-K对具有反剪切剖面下的非共振鱼骨模不稳定性进行了线性模拟。在类EAST参数下,当安全因子最小值略大于1时,捕获高能量粒子可以激发非共振鱼骨模不稳定性。详细分析了高能量粒子比压的份额βhot/βtotal、中心螺旋角、注入能量、安全因子最小值qmin及其径向位置等参数对鱼骨模的影响。当螺旋角约为0.7时,模结构表现出双模扭曲特征。当qmin大于1.08时,不稳定性从鱼骨模向β诱导的比压阿尔芬本征模转移。从螺旋角为0.7的傅里叶分析和螺旋角为0.8的绝热系数扫描结果可以看出,非共振鱼骨模和β诱导的比压阿尔芬本征模可以同时存在,模频率与安全因子剖面向右移动的关系与理论分析一致。