COMPARISONS OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND THE SOUTH ASIA HIGH BETWEEN NCEP/NCAR AND ECMWF REANALYSIS DATASETS

Comparisons of the west Pacific subtropical high with the South Asia High are made using the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF 500 hPa and 100 hPa monthly boreal geopotential height fields for the period 1961-2000. Discrepancies are found for the time prior to 1980. The west Pacific subtropical high in the NCEP/NCAR data is less intense than in ECMWF data before 1980. The range and strength of the west Pacific subtropical high variation described by the NCEP/NCAR data are larger than those depicted by ECMWF data. The same situation appears in the 100-hPa geopotential field. These discoveries suggest that the interdecadal variation of the two systems as shown by the NCEP/NCAR data may not be true. Besides, the South Asia High center in the NCEP/NCAR data is obviously stronger than in the ECMWF data during the periods 1969, 1979-1991 and 1992-1995. Furthermore, the range is larger from 1992 to 1995.

Interpretation of the west segment of the coastal fault zone in the coastal region of South China based on the gravity data

By systemic processing, comprehensive analysis, and interpretation of gravity data, we confirmed the existence of the west segment of the coastal fault zone(west of Yangjiang to Beibu Bay) in the coastal region of South China. This showed an apparent high gravity gradient in the NEE direction, and worse linearity and less compactness than that in the Pearl River month. This also revealed a relatively large curvature and a complicated gravity structure. In the finding images processed by the gravity data system, each fault was well reflected and primarily characterized by isolines or thick black stripes with a cutting depth greater than 30 km. Though mutually cut by NW-trending and NE-trending faults, the apparent NEE stripe-shaped structure of the west segment of the coastal fault zone remained unchanged,with good continuity and an activity strength higher than that of NW and NE-trending faults. Moreover,we determined that the west segment of the coastal fault zone is the major seismogenic structure responsible for strong earthquakes in the coastal region in the border area of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan.

IMPACT OF THE HEATING OVER SOUTH ASIA UPON THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH OVER WEST-PACIFIC

A case is reported, during which the Subtropical High over the Western Pacific (hereafter, SHWP in abbreviation) shifted northwestward and met-yu at Chaniiang River valley ended. Several numerical experiments onSHWP activity influenced by the heating over south Asia monsoon area are carried out, and the statistic significance of the results is checked. The results indicate that the enhancement of positive heating over South Asia willmotivate a wave-like series of anomaly centers, which propagate northeastward from the maximum heating center.so that a strong positive potential height anomaly center will set up from North China to Japan at Day X resultingin the enhancement of SHWP. Comparison of the influence upon SHWP by the heating over south Asia monsoonarea with that over ITCZ area south to SHWP is also carried out. It is pointed out that the heating over South Asiamonsoon area tends to favor SHWP north\vard movement while the heating over ITCZ area tends to thvor SHWPwestward stretching. As for the time to begin to influence on SHWP, the heating over south Asia monsoon areafavors the enhancement of SHWP atter Day 3 while that over ITCZ south to SHWP effects atter Day 5.

A WAVELET PACKET ENERGY DIAGNOSIS OF SOUTH ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INFLUENCING ON THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

Based on the wavelet packet decomposition/reconstruction method and the NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data set, the relation between the south Asian summer monsoon and the west Pacific subtropical high seasonal variation was discussed, and a corresponding summer monsoon frequency-band energy criterion was defined and introduced for diagnosing the west Pacific subtropical high. Besides, some existing characteristics and rules about the west Pacific subtropical high were further argued and proofed, a few new phenomena and correlation between the south Asian summer monsoon and the west Pacific subtropical high were also revealed and presented.

Resolution pattern of jaundice among children presenting with severe malaria in rural South-West Nigeria

Objective:To compare the pattern of jaundice resolution among children with severe malaria treated with quinine and artemether.Methods:Thirty two children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study from two hospitals with intensive care facilities.They were divided into two groups:'Q' and 'A',receiving quinine and artemether.respectively.Jaundice was assessed by clinical examination.Results:Sixteen out of 32 children recruited(representing50%) presented with jaundice on the dav of recruitment.The mean age was(7.00±2.56) years.On day 3,tour patients in 'A' and six patients in 'O' had jaundice.By day 7.no child had jaundice.Conclusion:The study has shown that hoth drugs resolve jaundice although artemether relatively resolves it faster by the third day.

Petrography and Geochemical Characterization of Dolerites from Figuil (Northern Cameroon) and Léré(Southwestern Chad)

This work presents the petrographic and geochemical data of the dolerite dykes crosscutting the Pan-African basement of Figuil (North-Cameroon) and Léré (South-West Chad) in order to approach their petrogenesis and their emplacement context. Two groups of dolerites have been highlighted by petrographic and geochemical studies. These groups were discriminated by their TiO2, Fe2O3, REE, Ba, Nb, Zr, La and Hf contents which are relatively higher in group I;group II, on the other hand, has higher MgO, Mg#, Sc, Ni and Cr contents. The mineralogical assemblage of these dolerites is made up by plagioclases, pyroxenes, olivine, oxides, amphibole, biotite and sometimes pyrite, calcite, apatite, epidote and chlorite. The behaviour of the major and trace elements suggest that studied dolerites have an evolution dominated by fractional crystallization. Most dolerite samples show higher REE concentrations and (La/Yb)N > 8.7, (Tb/Yb)N > 1.9 and Dy/Yb > 2 ratios characterizing a garnet-bearing mantle. The difference in incompatible elements between the two groups is explained by the degree of partial melting of the same source which becomes more important over time. Low (Ce/Yb)N values (3.3 - 11.58) also suggest relatively low partial melting degree of the source. Fractional crystallization process was possibly combined with minor crustal contamination as shown by enrichment of Th/Yb from group II to Group I that might be due to turbulent magma emplacement. The chemical compositions of these dolerites are similar to that of continental tholeiites with slightly moderate negative Nb-Ta anomalies which are attributed to crustal contamination of magmas. As other dolerites of Cameroon, continental tholeiitic signature of the studied dolerites is evidenced in geotectonic discrimination diagrams with Group II dolerite compositions falling within the field of tholeiitic basalts and group I within the field of alkali basalts.

Evaluation of forest disturbance in south-west Zabaikalia (East Siberia)

The forest estate in south-west Zabaikalia, a territory included in the Lake Baikal catchment area, has been investigated. For this purpose we have used both data of our own studies and monitoring data of environmental protection bodies. It shows that in our study area, fires, fellings, entomo-parasites and air pollution are the major negative factors affecting the state of the forest. In the period from 2003 to 2008 fires were registered in the area of over 500 thousand ha, pest foci in the forests covering an area of over 330 thousand ha, where almost 5 million m3wood was cut in an area of about 43 thousand ha. The total area of forests in our study affected by air pollution amounts to about 700 thousand ha. According to the results, forest pollution in the territory is concentrated in the vicinity of large-scale industrial complexes, for distances up to about 40 km. The total area of forests weakened by air pollution amounts to about 2 million ha.

Investigating Maternal Mortality at Regina Pacis Hospital Mutengene and the Government Health Centre Mutengene, South West Region, Cameroon

Background: One target under sustainable Development Goal 3 is to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 births, with no country having a maternal mortality rate of more than twice the global average. So there is a need to identify ways to reduce maternal mortality which is a top priority in development of the management of pregnant women and invention of equipment in procedures (caesarian section) to provide a maternal health and increase life survival. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and causes of maternal mortality at Regina Pacis Hospital and Government Health Center Mutengene. Method: This study was a retrospective study, where Data from 2007 to 2017 were collected from the hospital files using a checklist, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Conclusion: From the finding, maternal mortality is at a pace of increase in the Regina Pacis Hospital and Government Health Centre Mutengene and these health facilitiesmay fail to achieve the target of SDG3 by the end of 2030. Since, the overall prevalence of maternal mortality at both study sites was 240 per 100,000 live births at Regina Pacis Hospital and Government Health Center Mutengene from 2007 to 2017, increase education of women of reproductive age on pregnancy care and training of hospital staff in obstetric management and health records documentation.

Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life of Tuberculosis Patients in Fako Division, South-West Region of Cameroon

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Despite the global impact of TB and treatment received, a gap persists between treatment and quality of life of the patients especially in resource limited countries. This study therefore evaluated the health related quality of life of TB patients and the different factors influencing their quality of life at the post intensive phase of their treatment in the Fako division of the South-West Region of Cameroon. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in 4 tuberculosis treatment centers, namely two regional (Buea and Limbe) and two district (Tiko and Muyuka) hospitals in Fako Division between June and July 2017. One hundred and sixty-seven TB patients were enrolled in the study and relevant information from them was gathered using the SF-36 questionnaire. Various aspects such as their perception of the disease, their socio-demographics and socio-economics conditions were evaluated. Results: Of the 167 participants enrolled in the study, 95 (56.9%) were male and 72 (43.1%) were female. One hundred and thirty-three (79.6%) of the 167 participants were affected by pulmonary tuberculosis and 34 (20.4%) by extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Fifty-five (32.9%) were HIV positive and 90 (53.9%) had been receiving treatment for 4 - 6 months, 73 (43.7%) for 1 - 3 months and 4 (2.4%) for 7 - 9 months. The lowest and highest scores were recorded on the role limitation due to emotional problems scale (30.54 ± 35.36), and on the social functioning scale (47.68 ± 16.33) respectively. There was a significant difference (p = 0.021), between pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis (49.15 ± 16.08 vs. 41.91 ± 16.25) on the social functioning. Financial difficulty restraining drug collection affected the general health perception (p = 0.003), vitality (p = 0.007), emotional well-being (p < 0.001) and social functioning (p = 0.05) of the patients. Low income affected the vitality (p = 0.039), emotional well-being (p = 0.015), role limitations due to physical (p = 0.046) and emotional (p = 0.003) problems of the patients. Equally, the HIV status affected their vitality (p < 0.001) and emotional well-being (p = 0.011). Conclusion: The quality of life of the TB patients in the study area was generally poor. Counselling of diagnosed TB patients and provision of financial assistance through a social package can improve the acceptance of the disease during their treatment period to avoid default and relapse.

Formation of the Zengmu and Beikang Basins,and West Baram Line in the southwestern South China Sea margin

The Zengmu and Beikang basins,separated by the West Baram Line(WBL)in the southwestern South China Sea margin,display distinct geological and geophysical features.However,the nature of the basins and the WBL are debated.Here we explore this issue by conducting the stratigraphic and structural interpretation,faults and subsidence analysis,and lithospheric finite extension modelling using seismic data.Results show that the WBL is a trans-extensional fault zone comprising normal faults and flower structures mainly active in the Late Eocene to Early Miocene.The Zengmu Basin,to the southwest of the WBL,shows an overall synformal geometry,thick folded strata in the Late Eocene to Late Miocene(40.4-5.2 Ma),and pretty small normal faults at the basin edge,which imply that the Zengmu Basin is a foreland basin under the Luconia and Borneo collision in the Sarawak since the Eocene.Furthermore,the basin exhibits two stages of subsidence(fast in 40.4-30 Ma and slow in 30-0 Ma);but the amount of observed subsidence and heat flow are both greater than that predicted by crustal thinning.The Beikang Basin,to the NE of the WBL,consists of the syn-rift faulted sub-basins(45-16.4 Ma)and the post-rift less deformed sequences(16.4-0 Ma).The heat flow(~60 mW/m2)is also consistent with that predicted based on crustal thinning,inferring that it is a rifted basin.However,the basin shows three stages of subsidence(fast in 45-30 Ma,uplift in 30-16.4 Ma,and fast in 16.4-0 Ma).In the uplift stage,the strata were partly folded in the Late Oligocene and partly eroded in the Early Miocene,which is probably caused by the flexural bulging in response to the paleo-South China Sea subduction and the subsequent Dangerous Grounds and Borneo collision in the Sabah to the east of the WBL.

PECULIARITIES OF METALLOGENY OF SOUTH SIBERIA AND WEST MONGOLIA DIWA REGIONS

There are three diwa regions in South Siberia and West Mongolia. One of them is arranged in West Transbaikalia and was formed from Devonian till Carboniferous periods. Numerous deposits of tungsten , tin, molybdenum, REE, synnyrites, urtites are genetically linked with intrusive rocks. The next diwa region is arranged in North Mongolia and South Buryatia. This diwa region was formed in the Late Paleozoic time. The deposits of molybdenum, tungsten, boron, iron, copper, beryllium are genetically linked with magmatic rocks of this region. The third region was formed in Devonian in West Mongollia. The magmatic rocks of this region are represented by alkaline granitoids. Some deposits of REE and rare metals are linked with these rocks.

A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE WEAKENING OF WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONE DURING THE PERIOD OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON ONSET IN 1998

The onset of South China Sea summer monsoon in 1998 occurred on May 21st. Using the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data, this paper examines the physical process of the weakening of a subtropical anticyclone in West Pacific during the onset period using the Zwack-Okossi vorticity equation. Results show that during the pre-onset period, the positive vorticity advection in front of an upper tropospheric trough was the most dominant physical mechanism for the increase of the cyclonic vorticity on the 850-hPa layer over the South China Sea and its nearby region. The secondary contribution to the increase of the cyclonic vorticity was the warm-air advection. After the onset, the magnitude of the latent-heat warming term rapidly increased and its effect on the increase of the cyclonic vorticity was about the same as the positive-vorticity advection. The adiabatic term and divergence term contributed negatively to the increase of the cyclonic vorticity most of the time. Thus, the positive vorticity advection is the most important physical mechanism for the weakening of the West Pacific subtropical anticyclone over the South China Sea during the onset period.

Determining the Effects of Selected Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yields of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum: Var. Rio Grande Tomatoes) in Mundri West County, Western Equatoria State, South Sudan

Worldwide, the demand for agro-organic foods that are healthy, nutritious, and environmentally friendly is increasing dramatically across all nations among consumers. Tomatoes being one of the dietary requirements in almost every meal is not exceptional and its availability in the market all year round is very important to farmers as well as consumers because it is highly demanded as a vegetable par excellence;which is either eaten raw in salads, cooked or processed into liquid ingredients. This study investigates the impact of chicken, goat, and cow manure treatments on tomato plant growth response to height, leaf length, and width, as well as fruit yield. The experimental field trials were conducted over two planting seasons in Mundri West County. It followed a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) approach, consisting of four blocks. Each block contained three treatments replicated four times and a control group. The data of measured parameters from all 16 plots were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the Gen Stat 14th Edition software. The findings indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among all the different organic manure applications on tomato plant growth parameters compared to the control group. Chicken manure resulted in the tallest tomato plants (30.1 and 37.9 cm), longest leaves (9.9 and 10.4 cm), and widest leaves (2.1 and 2.5 cm) in both seasons respectively. The study showed plots treated with chicken manure had a highly significant impact (P < 0.05) on the prevalence of aphids (1.0) and white flies (1.4) with the lowest value compared to those with cow and goat manure applied. Additionally, chicken manure led to the highest yields (39.30 and 49.49 tons/ha) in both seasons. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that using chicken manure effectively improves the performance of Rio Grande Tomatoes, and thus, farmers are encouraged to utilize chicken manure to maximize their tomato yields.

Oral and dental health status of elderly in south and west Jakarta,Indonesia

Objective:To know elderly oral and dental health status.Methods:The population(n=202)was elderly from Government Health Center in South and West Jakarta.Oral and dental health examination based on oral hygiene index simplified(OHI-S),decay,missing,filling teeth(DMFT)index,the presence of periodontal and oral mucous lesions,mastication function that was considered by anamnesis,mobility and number lost of maxillary teeth,and occlusion contact.Results:Most respondents had caries lesions(84%),denture prosthesis needs(97%),periodontal lesions(79%),mastication dysfunction(51%),sublingual varicosities(52%),and a small number of oral mucous denture related lesions.Conclusion:Many cases needed promotion,curative,and rehabilitative treatments;therefore it was suggested to encourage oral and dental health care education as a part of general health care promotion to increase the quality of elderly health care service with the considerations of social and economy aspects.

LONG AND DEEP DIVERSION TUNNELS OF 1^(ST) STAGE PROJECT IN WEST ROUTE OF SOUTH-NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT

West Route of South-North Water Transfer Project,situated in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is a giant project,which will deliver 17 billion m3 of water from the main stream and tributaries upstream of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of the Yellow River. It is to be constructed in 3 stages, of which the 1st stage project includes delivering 4 billion m3 of water by gravity from two tributaries of Yalong River and three tributaries of Dadu River. The project consists of 5 dams,7 tunnels and a channel in series,with the dam height of 63～123 m and water transfer length of 260.3 km,of which the tunnels measure 244.1 km. The special climatic,environmental and geologic conditions make the project much more complicated in construction,especially 3 tunnels with the length longer than 50 km each create challenges to the technical requirements of engineering survey,design and construction.

Analysis of the Role Played by Circulation in the Persistent Precipitation over South China in June 2010

South China （SC） experienced persistent heavy rain in June 2010. The climatic anomalies and related mechanism are analyzed in this study. Results show that the large-scale circulation pattern favorable for precipitation was maintained. In the upper level, the South Asian High and westerly jet stream provided a divergent circulation over SC. In the middle and low levels, an anomalous strong subtropical high （STH） extended to the South China Sea. The southwesterly monsoon flow along the northwest flank of the STH transported abundant water vapor from the western North Pacific, the Bay of Bengal, and the South China Sea to SC. The precipitation can be classified into two types： the West Siberia low （WSL）-induced low-level cyclone mode, and the STH-induced low-level jet mode. STH and WSL indices are defined to estimate the influence of these two systems, respectively. Analysis shows that both are critical for precipitation, but their respective contributions differ from year to year. In 2010, both were important factors for the heavy rainfall in June.

DEFINITING AND ITS GEOLOGIC MEANING OF SOUTH-NORTH TREND FAULTED STRUCTURE BELT IN QIANGTANG BASIN, NORTH PART OF TIBET

There were more expounding to north—west (west) trend fault and north\|east trend fault within Qiangtang Basin, North Part of Tibet, in the past literature. With increasing of geophysical exploration data, nearly east\|west trend structure began to be taken note to. Since the year of 1995, by a synthetic study to geophysical and geological data, that south\|north trend faulted structures are well developed. These structures should be paid much more attention to, because they have important theoretical meaning and practical significance.1 Spreading of south\|north faulted structure belt According to different geological and geophysical data, the six larger scale nearly south\|north faulted structure belt could be distinguished within the scope of east longitude 84°～96° and near Qiangtang Basin. The actual location of the six belts are nearly located in the west of the six meridian of east longitude 85°,87°,89°,91°,93°,95° or located near these meridian. The six south\|north faulted structure belts spread in the same interval with near 2° longitude interval. The more clear and much more significance of south\|north trend faulted structure belts are the two S—N trend faulted structure belts of east longitude 87° and 89°. There are S—N trend faulted structure belts in the west of east longitude 83°,81°, or near the longitudes. The structure belts spreading features,manifestation,geological function and its importance, and inter texture and structure are not exactly so same. The structure belts all different degree caused different region of geological structure or gravity field and magnetic field. There is different scale near S—N trend faulted structure belt between the belts.

A preliminary study on the intermediate water masses in the tropical West Pacific

Based on the CTD data of China's first WOCE cruise in winter of 1991, and those of the first and second Chinese TOGA cruises in the winters of 1985 and 1986, we apply the classical method of T-S diagram analysis to identify intermediate water masses in the tropical West Pacific and study their distribution feature. Results of these analyses show that there are mainly two kinds of intermediate water masses, namely, the mouth Pacific intermediate Water (SPIW) and the North Pacific intermediate Water (NPIW) in the tropical West Pacific. The NPIW extends from north to south with its southern boundary generally at about 8° N. However, it is westwards intensified near the coast of Mindanao Island where it extends further south to about 5° N with more distinctive characteristics of low salinity and low temperature. The SPIW extends from south to north with its northern boundary at about 12° N. In the zonal area between 0° and 4° N various intermediate waters interact. The analysis also shows the existence of interannual variations of NPIW in the tropical West Pacific.

南水北调西线工程水源区和受水区降水变化及丰枯遭遇特征分析

基于规划中的南水北调西线工程区域内274个国家气象站1961—2022年逐日降水资料,分析了西线工程水源区和受水区年和四季降水量的时空分布特征,以及两区降水的丰枯遭遇特征。结果表明:近62年来,南水北调西线工程水源区年降水量总体呈增多趋势,而受水区年降水量没有明显变化趋势;夏、冬季水源区和受水区降水量均增多,春、秋季水源区降水量增多而受水区降水量减少;年和春、夏、秋季水源区枯水频率均低于受水区枯水频率,并且水源区枯水频率呈减少趋势,而丰水频率呈增加趋势;水源区和受水区年和四季降水丰枯异步频率普遍在60%以上,远大于丰枯同步频率,有利调水的5种丰枯遭遇在年和春、夏、秋季发生频率均超过50%。总体而言,南水北调西线工程水源区和受水区的降水具有较强的丰枯补偿性,且1971年以来有利调水发生频次呈增加趋势,理论上存在保证供水的可能性。但水源区出现连续枯水年的频次较多。因此,在南水北调西线工程规划设计和运行调度时需充分考虑水源区和受水区降水的变化。