The Subscription Economy and Its Contribution to the Global Economy

The subscription economy has become a dominant influence in the current business environment,fundamentally transforming the manner in which organizations interact with customers and create income.This article examines the substantial influence of the subscription economy on the worldwide economy,evaluating its effects on different industries and marketplaces.The research examines relevant literature and case studies to identify the main factors,difficulties,and possibilities related to the subscription economy.Moreover,its objective is to examine the consequences for firms,customers,and economic expansion,elucidating the possibility of continuous value generation and innovation.

Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) therapy and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection(CDI). METHODS We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE/Pub Med and seven other databases through January 1990 to March 2017 for published studies that evaluated the association between PPIs and CDI. Adult case-control and cohort studies providing information on the association between PPI therapy and the development of CDI were included. Pooled odds ratios(ORs) estimates with 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated using the random effect. Heterogeneity was assessed by I^2 test and Cochran's Q statistic.Potential publication bias was evaluated via funnel plot, and quality of studies by the Newcastle-Otawa Quality Assessment Scale(NOS). RESULTS Fifty-six studies(40 case-control and 16 cohort) involving 356683 patients met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Both the overall pooled estimates and subgroup analyses showed increased risk for CDI despite substantial statistical heterogeneity among studies. Meta-analysis of all studies combined showed a significant association between PPI users and the risk of CDI(pooled OR = 1.99, CI: 1.73-2.30, P < 0.001) as compared with non-users. The association remained significant in subgroup analyses: by design-case-control(OR = 2.00, CI: 1.68-2.38, P < 0.0001), and cohort(OR = 1.98, CI: 1.51-2.59, P < 0.0001); adjusted(OR = 1.95, CI: 1.67-2.27, P < 0.0001) and unadjusted(OR = 2.02, CI: 1.41-2.91, P < 0.0001); unicenter(OR = 2.18, CI: 1.72-2.75, P < 0.0001) and multicenter(OR = 1.82, CI: 1.51-2.19, P < 0.0001); age ≥ 65 years(OR = 1.93, CI: 1.40-2.68, P < 0.0001) and < 65 years(OR = 2.06, CI: 1.11-3.81, P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in subgroup analyses(test for heterogeneity): P = 0.93 for case-control vs cohort, P = 0.85 for adjusted vs unadjusted, P = 0.24 for unicenter vs multicenter, P = 0.86 for age ≥ 65 years and < 65 years. There was significant heterogeneity across studies(I^2 = 85.4%, P < 0.001) as well as evidence of publication bias(funnel plot asymmetry test, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides further evidence that PPI use is associated with an increased risk for development of CDI. Further high-quality, prospective studies are needed to assess whether this association is causal.

Nutritional and antinutritional compounds in leaves of quinoa

In the context of climate change,especially for the temperate continental climate,new potential crop species are emerging,originating from the tropics.One of them is quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)with multiple benefits for seed and leaf production.Quinoa is native to South America,grown mainly for seeds,with a high ecological plasticity.Little is known about the potential of using quinoa plants as a leafy vegetable for food diversification.In this study,the nutritional and antinutritional content of quinoa leaves was evaluated in three cultivars(Titicaca,Puno,Vikinga),considering different densities and times of sowing.Puno cultivar had a higher total content of carbohydrates,lipids,proteins and dietary fibers,and lower mineral contents in leaves.Low levels of antinutrient compounds were found in Vikinga leaves.Regarding the time of the crop establishment,the highest content of primary metabolic compounds(carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,dietary fibers)was achieved by April 17,the sowing date.Crop densities of 7.7,3.2,and 1.6 mil.plants/ha did not significantly influence the content of compounds with antinutritive role,such as oxalates,saponins or trypsin inhibitors.The content of mineral elements such as:Fe,Zn,Na and K were significantly influenced by the cultivar,compared to Mg and Ca whose values were insignificant regardless of the treatment.