Analysis of the effect of the 2021 Semeru eruption on water vapor content and atmospheric particles using GNSS and remote sensing

Mount Semeru,an active volcano in East Java,Indonesia,erupted on December 4,2021,following extreme rainfall that caused an avalanche of hot pyroclastic flows and lava.The tropospheric conditions and dominant particle components in the atmosphere can be monitored using Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)technology and remote sensing satellites.GNSS signal propagation delay in Precise Point Positioning(PPP)processing can be used to determine Zenith Tropospheric Delay(ZTD)and Precipitable Water Vapor(PWV)variables so that atmospheric conditions can be generated.In addition,by using remote sensing satellite data,it is possible to obtain rainfall data with high temporal resolution as well as the dominant particle and gas content values during eruptions.During the eruption period,the high value of PWV was dominated by the high intensity of precipitation during the rainy season.High rainfall before the eruption caused activity inside the mountain to increase,which occurred in avalanche type eruption.Apart from that,the atmosphere around Semeru was also dominated by SO_(2)content,which spreaded for tens of kilometers.SO_(2)content began to be detected significantly by remote sensing sensors on December 7,2021.In this study,deformation and atmospheric monitoring were also carried out using low-cost GNSS at the Semeru Monitoring Station on September 9-15,2022.The results of the ZTD and ZWD values show the dominance of the wet component,which is directly proportional to rainfall activity in this period.

Enhanced Dye Adsorption and Bacterial Removal of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose Acetate Membranes

Utilizing biomass waste as a potential resource for cellulose production holds promise in mitigating environmental consequences.The current study aims to utilize pineapple biowaste extract in producing bacterial cellulose acetate-based membranes with magnetic nanoparticles(Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles)through the fermentation and esterification process and explore its characteristics.The bacterial cellulose fibrillation used a high-pressure homogenization procedure,and membranes were developed incorporating 0.25,0.50,0.75,and 1.0 wt.%of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as magnetic nanoparticle for functionalization.The membrane characteristics were measured in terms of Scanning Electron Microscope,X-ray diffraction,Fourier Transform Infrared,Vibrating Sample Magnetometer,antibacterial activity,bacterial adhesion and dye adsorption studies.The results indicated that the surface morphology of membrane changes where the bacterial cellulose acetate surface looks rougher.The crystallinity index of membrane increased from 54.34%to 68.33%,and the functional groups analysis revealed that multiple peak shifts indicated alterations in membrane functional groups.Moreover,adding Fe_(3)O_(4)-NPs into membrane exhibits paramagnetic behavior,increases tensile strength to 73%,enhances activity against E.coli and S.aureus,and is successful in removing bacteria from wastewater of the river to 67.4%and increases adsorption for anionic dyes like Congo Red and Acid Orange.

Antihypertensive and antioxidant activity of Cassytha filiformis L.:A correlative study

Objective: To study the blood pressure lowering effect of Cassytha filiformis extract in animal models of hypertension and its correlation with the antioxidant activity.Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: endocrine hypertension(HTN group) that received a combination of prednisone and salt for two weeks and oxidative stress-associated hypertension(HTN-OS group) that received additional induction of L-Nitro Arginine Methyl Esther(L-NAME) for two days. Each group was subdivided into 4 and treated intravenously with the extract 5; 10; and 20 mg/kg, and vehicle control. The systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), and mean arterial pressure(MAP) were recorded. The blood was taken before and at the end of recording for the measurement of serum concentration of nitric oxide(NO). The changes of blood pressure were analyzed by two-way ANOVA while its correlation with NO concentration was analyzed by Pearson's Correlation.Results: The study showed a significant antihypertensive effect of the extract as compared with control group(P < 0.05) in both hypertensive models. Extract in the dose of 5 mg/kg showed the best blood pressure lowering effect. However, the correlation analysis did not show an association between NO increase and blood pressure lowering effect(P > 0.05).Conclusions: The study concludes that C. filiformis extract in the dose of 5 mg/kg exhibits the best blood pressure lowering effect in both animal models. Antihypertensive activity of the extract is not correlated with its antioxidant effect.

Cytotoxicity study of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) on T47D breast cancer cell line

Objective:To investigate the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis[Garcinia cowa Roxb.(G.cowa)]on T47 D breast cancer cell line.Methods:The cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was carried out against human breast cancer cell line(T47D) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay.The extract was added at various concentrations(0.1.1,10 and 100 μg/mL).The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the level of IC_(50),that was based on the percentage of the cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract.Cell morphological changes were observed by using inverted microscope.Results:The 3-(4.5-dimelhylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltelrazolium bromide assay showed that ethanol extract of G.cowa exhibited significant cytotoxic effect on T47 D with IC_(50) value of(5.10+1.68) μg/mL.Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure to ethanol extract of G.cowa was observed under phase contrast microscope in a dosc-dependent manner.ConclusionsThe results suggest the possible use of ethanol extract of asam kandis for preparing herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments.

Early development of peer dominance relationships in a captive group of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata

We studied early development of peer dominance relationships in a captive group of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata fuscata at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University. This study aims to give detailed descriptions on characteristic patterns of maternal rank acquisition from infant to juvenile. Focal subjects were 22 young monkeys belonging to three cohorts born in 2002, 2003 and 2005. Data were collected with a total 2130 sessions of 30-minute continuous recording of focal subjects combined with all occurrence-sampling methods. The onset of aggressive behavior varied per cohort and was delayed in cohorts with fewer close-aged associates. More than 60% of dyadic combinations in agonistic interactions between peers were unidirectional throughout the study period. Although some bidirectional interactions could have involved unstable relationships between particular individuals, most of the bidirectional interactions included a few continuous series of alternating one-sided interactions. A linear order could be found among peers from the first appearance of aggressive behavior, and nearly 90% of those dyads were concordant with that of their mother＇s rank order. Young males were responsible for most of the dominance relations that would not be predicted based on their mother＇s rank. These results suggest that infant monkeys may recognize their own social status relative to their opponent＇s before onset of aggressive behavior and adjust themselves into the matrilineal rank system accordingly.

Determination of Intraseasonal Variation of Precipitation Microphysics in the Southern Indian Ocean from Joss–Waldvogel Disdrometer Observation during the CINDY Field Campaign

To date, the intraseasonal variation of raindrop size distribution(DSD) in response to the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO) has been examined only over the Indonesian Maritime Continent, particularly in Sumatra. This paper presents the intraseasonal variation of DSD over the Indian Ocean during the Cooperative Indian Ocean experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in the Year 2011(CINDY 2011) field campaign. The DSDs determined using a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer,which was installed on the roof of the anti-rolling system of the R/V Mirai during stationary observation(25 September to 30 November 2011) at(8°S, 80.5°E), were analyzed. The vertical structure of precipitation was revealed by Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar(version 7) data. While the general features of vertical structures of precipitation observed during the CINDY and Sumatra observation are similar, the intraseasonal variation of the DSD in response to the MJO at each location is slightly different. The DSDs during the active phase of the MJO are slightly broader than those during the inactive phase, which is indicated by a larger mass-weighted mean diameter value. Furthermore, the radar reflectivity during the active MJO phase is greater than that during the inactive phase at the same rainfall rate. The microphysical processes that generate large-sized drops over the ocean appear to be more dominant during the active MJO phase, in contrast to the observations made on land(Sumatra). This finding is consistent with the characteristics of radar reflectivity below the freezing level, storm height, bright band height, cloud effective radius, and aerosol optical depth.

Calculate Target Position of Object in 3-Dimensional Area Based on the Perceived Locations Using EOG Signals

EOG is a biosignal which occurs during eye activities such as eye movement and blink. EOG has a linear relationship with gaze distance. Detection object position in 3-dimensional area using gaze motion was proposed in this research. To calculate the distance of gaze motion in pixel unit, affine transform method was developed. The homogeneous matrix from five geometry processes: transformation-1, rotation, transformation-2, shear, and dilatation was determined. To give tracking ability in 3-dimensional area, two cameras were attached each in front of and top side of object. The cameras were accessed by voluntary blink. The EOG characteristic of blink eye was determined based on the absolute ratio between positive peak and negative peak which was greater than 1. Every blink toggled the active camera. The position of object was given by the perceived locations from the two cameras. Every movement in pixel coordinate was converted into centimeter unit. Then, the perceived location was used to calculate to the base coordinate. The result shows that the blink method successfully accessed the camera. Both of the cameras could show the location of object from their side. Calculating the gaze distance using affine transform also gave a satisfied result. Using this method controlling a machine in 3-dimensional area by EOG could be developed.

Two new species from Sulawesi and Borneo facilitate phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Engelhardia(Juglandaceae)

Engelhardia,a genus of Juglandaceae(the walnut family),is endemic to tropical and subtropical Asia.The rich Cenozoic fossil records and distinctive morphological characters of the living plants have been used to explore the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of Juglandaceae.However,the taxonomy of this genus has been suffered from a lack of in-depth investigation and good specimens across its distribution ranges.Species delimitation of Engelhardia was defined with seven species in 2020,but detailed information on the circumscription of the species still remains poorly understood.In this study,two new species are described from Sulawesi and Borneo,Engelhardia anminiana and E.borneensis.We also revised and reconstructed the phylogeny within Engelhardia using morphological,molecular(plastid and ribosomal),and distribution data.We sampled 787 individuals in 80 populations,and all the samples were genotyped using plastid regions,trnS-trnG,rps16,trnL-trnF,psbA-trnH,and rpl32-trnL;one ribosomal region,nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(nrITS).The all datasets were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships.Then,the molecular analyses were combined for 738 sheets of specimens with 15 morphological characteristics to further explore the morphological clusters of Engelhardia.Cluster analysis using morphological data confirmed the delimitation of nine Engelhardia species.Also,phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data(i.e.,plastid and ribosomal)supported the monophyly of Engelhardia and generated phylogenetic trees that included E.fenzelii,E.roxburghiana,E.borneensis,E.hainanensis,E.anminiana,E.serrata,E.villosa,E.apoensis and the varieties of E.spicata(i.e.,E.spicata var.spicata,E.spicata var.rigida,E.spicata var.aceriflora,and E.spicata var.colebrookeana).Our comprehensive taxonomic revision of Engelhardia will provide an insight into understanding the plant diversity in tropical and subtropical Asia.

Diurnal Variation in the Vertical Profile of the Raindrop Size Distribution for Stratiform Rain as Inferred from Micro Rain Radar Observations in Sumatra

The diurnal variation in the vertical structure of the raindrop size distribution(RSD)associated with stratiform rain at Kototabang,West Sumatra(0.20°S,100.32°E),was investigated using micro rain radar(MRR)observations from January 2012 to August 2016.Along with the MRR data,the RSD from an optical disdrometer and vertical profile of precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission were used to establish the microphysical characteristics of diurnal rainfall.Rainfall during 0000–0600 LST and 1800–2400 LST had a lower concentration of small drops and a higher concentration of large drops when compared to rainfall during the daytime(0600–1800 LST).The RSD stratified on the basis of rain rate(R)showed a lower total concentration of drops and higher mass-weighted mean diameter in 0000–0600 LST and1800–2400 LST than in the daytime.During the daytime,the RSD is likely governed by a riming process that can be seen from a weak bright band(BB).On the other hand,during 0000–0600 LST and 1800–2400 LST,the BB was stronger and the rainfall was associated with a higher concentration of midsize and large drops,which could be attributed to more active aggregation right above the melting layer with minimal breakup.Diurnal variation in the vertical profile of RSD led to a different radar reflectivity(Z)–R relationship in the rain column,in which Z during the periods 0000–0600 LST and1800–2400 LST was larger than at the other times,for the same R.

The Hematology of Lactating Buffalo Fed Local Foliage as Feed Supplement

The research aimed to determine the effect of feed supplements of cassava （Manihot esculenta Crantz） leaves, gliricidia （Gliricidia sepeum） leaves and katuk （Sauropus androgynus （L.） Merr.） leaves on the hematology of lactating buffalo. Four lactating buffaloes in Kanagarian Pamatang Panjang, Sijunjung district, West Sumatera, Indonesia were studied. The experiment used a Latin square design with four treatments and four replications/block. The treatments were control （without supplementary foliage, A）, with cassava leaves （B）, with gliricidia leaves （C） and with katuk leaves （D） each at 5 kg/haead/day. The hematology variables measured were erythrocytes and leucocytes counts, as well as levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. The results showed that supplementary foliage of 5 kg/head/day of cassava, gliricidia or katuk as leaves significantly increased the erythrocytes count and hemoglobin level, but did not affect the number of leucocytes in lactating buffalo.

A system for detection of cervical precancerous in field emission scanning electron microscope images using texture features

This study develops a novel cervical precancerous detection system by using texture analysis of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM)images.The processing scheme adopted in the proposed system focused on two steps.The first step was to enhance cervical cell FE-SEM images in order to show the precancerous characterization indicator.A problem arises from the question of how to extract features which characterize cervical precancerous cells.For the first step,a preprocessing technique called intensity transformation and morphological operation(ITMO)algorithm used to enhance the quality of images was proposed.The algo-rithm consisted of contrast stretching and morphological opening operations.The second step was to characterize the cervical cells to three classes,namely normal,low grade intra-epithelial squamous lesion(LSIL),and high grade intra-epithelial squamous lesion(HSIL).To differen-tiate between normal and precancerous cells of the cervical cell FE-SEM images,human papillomavirus(HPV)contained in the surface of cells were used as indicators.In this paper,we investigated the use of texture as a tool in determining precancerous cell images based on the observation that cell images have a distinct visual texture.Gray level co-occurrences matrix(GLCM)technique was used to extract the texture features.To confirm the system's perfor-mance,the system was tested using 150 cervical cell FE-SEM images.The results showed that the accuracy,sensitivity and specificity of the proposed system are 95.7%,95.7%and 95.8%,respectively.

Organizational Learning as Moderating Variable Between Human Resource Information System and Public Universities＇ Performance

This study was conducted to see if organizational performance is affected by human resource information system （HRIS） and organizational learning capability. HRIS examined in this study consists of performance appraisal and career management. Data were collected at the public universities located in West Sumatra using questionnaires as the main data collection tool in quantitative approach. Data were analysed using the Statistical Program for Social Science （SPSS）. HRIS was measured by using the concept of behavior and found that independent variables significantly related to organizational performance. These results supported that the organizational learning capability as moderating variable influenced the relationship between HRIS and organizational performance. The model stresses the importance of HRIS which supports the organizational performance at public universities. The results of this study indicate that at public universities in West Sumatra, the improvement of HRIS will lead to higher levels of organizational performance. Results of this study are expected to provide benefits to all stakeholders who have an interest in higher education, especially in information technology and performance.

Effect of Substitution of Fermented Kapok Seed （Ceiba petandra） to Soybean Meal on Production and Egg Quality from Native Laying Hens

This study aimed to determine the level of use of fermented kapok seed to substitute 100% soybean meal in native laying hen rations without adverse effect on laying hen production. Two hundred and forty laying hens aged 20 weeks were used in this experiment. The completely randomized design was assigned with six treatments to replace 0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of soybean meal with fermented kapok seed with four replications. The variables measured were feed intake, feed conversion and income over feed cost （gross profit）, as well as variables related to egg production （hen day production and egg weight）, thickness of eggshell and yolk color index for quality of eggs. Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance （ANOVA）, and if the result shows a marked influence, it will be followed by Duncans test （DMRT）. The results showed that the performance of laying hen had not been affected significantly by substituting soybean meal with fermented kapok seed. Feed intake, feed conversion and egg production is not influenced either. In summary, the use of fermented kapok seed to substitute soybean meal in the ration can be up to 100% in the diet of laying chicken.

Robot Control System Based on Electrooculography and Electromyogram

This paper describes a man-machine interface system using EOG and EMG. A manipulator control system using EOG and EMG is developed according to EOG and EMG. With the eye movement, the system enabled us to control a manipulator. EOG is using for moving the robot joint angles and EMG is using for object grasping. The EOG and EMG discrimination method is used to control the robot. The robot arm joint movements are determined by the EOG discrimination method where the polarity of eye gaze motion signals in each Ch1 and Ch2. The EMG discrimination method is used to control arm gripper to grasp and release the target object. In the robot control experiment, we are successfully control the uArmTM robot by using both EOG and EMG discrimination method as the control input. This control system brings the feasibility of man-machine interface for elderly person and handicapped person.

Pharmacist intervention in home care program for diabetes patients

Majority of research reports identified moderate reduction in glycated haemoglobin with education interventions regardless of age group. Our study objective was to evaluate the pharmacist interventions in providing patient home care. A 24-week longitudinal quasi-experimental—pre-test/post-test study design was used to assess the effectiveness of a diabetes education program to enhance self-care practices. A double-blinded randomized study design was considered but was not feasible as the investigator was responsible for implementing the intervention and collecting data on outcomes. Since this was a longitudinal study a 25% attrition rate was included in the calculation of sample size. Hence the sample size for the proposed study was 106 subjects with 53 subjects in each group. All analyses were done using SPSS version 18?. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The Research Ethics Committee of hospital and the Malaysian Medical Research and Ethics Committee approved the study. Of the 109 subject who met the study-entry criteria, 3 subjects declined to participate due to lack of time and interest. There was no significant relationship between the demographic and clinical characteristic of participants who completed the study. No significant relationship between the intervention and control groups who completed the study in demographic, clinical and psychosocial contexts. Of the 47 subjects from the intervention group who reported adherent to their daily medication intake after the education intervention, 51 subjects (31.9%) reported taking their medication at the wrong time. The recommended times for oral anti-hyperglycemic medication (OAM) are: sulphonylureas 30 minutes before food, acarbose with food, metformin with or within 30 minutes after food. This research has shown a brief structured education program that incorporated behavior science specifically self-efficacy was effective in enhancing self-care practices (SMBG and medication adherence) and improving glycaemic control in the intervention group.

Utilization Starch of Avocado Seed （Persea Americana Mill.） as a Raw Material for Dextrin

Starch ofavocado seeds can be used as an alternative source of starch because it contains 80.1% starch. Natural starch can be made into a modified starch, for example dextrin. Dextrin can be made by using acid or enzyme hydrolysis. The purposes of this research were determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid （HCl）, the temperature and heating timein the optimum process of hydrolysis of starch into dextrin and to determine the quality of the resulting product dextrin terms of Indonesian National Standard 01-2593-1992. The methode was used in this research is hydrolisis with hydrochloric acid （HCl）. The results processing into starch avocado seed yield is 23.15%. HCl concentration, temperature and heating time significantly affect the value of dextrose equivalent （DE）, viscosity and part soluble in cold water. There is interaction between HCl concentration, temperature and heating time on the value of DE, viscosity and part soluble in cold water. Optimum conditions of process was obtained at a concentration of 0.15 N HCl, 30 minutes heating time and heating temperature of 90 ℃. Dextrose equivalent （DE） value is 19.61%. The value of solubility in cold water is 90.19%. Viscosity value is 1.61 ° E. Dextrin is not accordance with the standards of quality parameters Indonesian National Standard 01-2593-1992. Dextrin produced should be applied to non-food industry.

Themes in Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） and Rural Development Thinking： 1950s-2000s

This paper describes a brief overview of both corporate social responsibilities （CSR） and rural development （RD） ideas since the last 50 years. It aims at comparing and contrasting the both （CSR and RD） thoughts, and searches an initiative to expand the sustainable development achievement. Using secondary data from libraries studies, the progress of each thought will be identified to find out its advantages and weaknesses. Then, the result showed that the timeline perspectives come up with the conjunction idea of sustainability. In order to be more sustainable in development, then, the idea of CSR--as a tool for gaining sustainability in RD--should be transformed into ＂social business＂ approach. Here, there is a change in the time of taking decision about profit from ＂the last to the first＂. The paper contains four sub-topics： （1） definition and progress of CSR; （2） change in RD themes; （3） CSR, RD and social business; and （4） transformation of CSR to social business. The process of transformation from CSR to social business should include following agenda： （1） tailoring public-private partnerships to the local context; （2） providing resources, horizon and commitment; and （3） encouraging further innovation. This new position requires a shift in corporate law as well as establishing good corporate governance.

Carbon Characterization of Size-Segregated Particulate Matters (PMs) in Residential and Educational Areas in Padang City, Indonesia

Size-segregated of particulate matter (PM) including PM0.1 at two different sites, i.e., educational (EA) and residential (RA) areas in Padang city, Indonesia were sampled by using a cascade type air sampler for 24 hours with the average flowrate 40 l/m throughout three weeks (March, 08th-25th 2018). Carbonaceous components were analyses by a carbon analyzer following the IMPROVE_TOR protocol. Average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in RA were higher than those in EA while being below the NAAQS of Indonesia. However, it was much higher compared to the WHO limit for 24 hours in RA. OC was the dominant fraction in TC. OC/EC ratio ranging from 2.4 to 33.0 was similar at both sites, suggesting the OC was emitted from various sources. Char-EC and soot-EC ratio were founded to be minimized for PM0.1 (0.40 ± 0.27 and 0.39 ± 0.39, respectively at each site), indicating a more influence of burning of fossil fuel as vehicles exhaust and coal combustion. The transboundary influence of open biomass burning was not so significant although it cannot be ignored.

Liberica coffee as an alternative cropping system for sustainable farming on Indonesian Peatlands

Indonesian peatlands are a fragile ecosystem,and to protect it,growing Liberica coffee is a promising way for both the environment and the economy.This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the liberica coffee on peatland with different water tables and develop an improved cultivation system in this ecosystem.The study area was in Tanjung Jabung Barat District,Jambi Province,Indonesia.The plant age is greater than 15 years and the average plant density was about 1000 trees/hm2.The study was conducted in two stages.The 1st stage was a survey to identify and characterize smallholder liberica coffee farming at three peatland zones,namely 0-100 m,200-300 m,and>400 m from the principal drainage canal,and the 2nd stage was a field experiment to test the effectiveness of amendments in improving liberica coffee growth and improving degraded peatland.The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications,including manure(M),at the rate of 10 t/hm^(2);lime(L),3 t/hm^(2);peat surface elevation(P),and a farmer’s practice(Control)without manure and/or lime as a control.This research revealed that liberica coffee can not tolerate high water table as it may stimulate disease incidence and cause low-quality yield.However,recycling of organic C of about 17.14 t/(hm^(2)·a)through cherry residue application and litter compensated part of the loss of organic C through CO_(2)emissions,coffee bean removal,and maintaining peat fertility for sustainable farming.The low yield of(0.70±0.12)t/(hm^(2)∙a)coffee bean could be increased to(0.87±0.24)and(0.94±0.14)t/(hm^(2)∙a)by adding 3 t/(hm^(2)∙3a)of lime or 10 t/(hm^(2)∙a)of manure,respectively.This research revealed that water table management and amendments are two main factors in liberica coffee farming on peatlands.It is of great significance to study the cultivation technology of coffee in peatland.

Multi-criteria decision making for nuclear power plant selection using fuzzy AHP:Evidence from Indonesia

In terms of planning aspect,nuclear power plant(NPP)development needs analyses,consideration,and right decision making due to multi criteria involved.This study prioritizes the best site development of Indonesian NPPs in terms of 21 social,economic,and technical perspectives which comprise transmission network,oper-ating cost,economic impact,geology,geotechnic,seismology,population density,environment,cooling water,meteorology,hydrology,proximity to hazardous facilities,topography,land use,proximity to wetland,evacu-ation route,security,transportation network,legal consideration,impact of tourism,land ownership,historical places,and public acceptance,all identified to be considerations for the best sites.Two Fuzzy algorithms(Chang’s Extent Analysis and Buckley’s Fuzzy AHP)were used to determine the criteria priorities as well as NPP site feasibility of two locations in Indonesia.The results found that geology,geotechnic,and seismology(SA1);security(SO1),population density(SA2),environment(SA3),and cooling water(SA4)had the highest priorities among the 21 criteria.Based on the 5 top priority criteria,West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan provinces serve as the best candidates for the NPP sites.Such an innovative and novel multi criteria Fuzzy AHP–based decision making(MCDM)approach has been proven to become a useful reference to select NPP sites in Indonesia.