A ROADMAP FOR BUILDING CLIMATE RESILIENCE AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS:A CASE STUDY OF ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

Over the past few years, more and more higher education institutions have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality and designed and adopted Climate Action Plans. Although many higher institutions are adopting climate action plans, few are integrating resil-ience principles and priorities, which are essential for understanding institutions’ adaptive capacity for dealing with climate change. There is little existing research on how higher education institutions can implement climate resilience programs, behav-iors, and policies into their planning process and campus-communities. To address this gap, this case study explores Arizona State University’s process of designing and implementing a climate resilience plan and outlines best practices other higher educa-tion institutions can utilize to create their own climate resilience plan. We critically discuss the importance of climate resilience at the higher education level, outline steps necessary for designing an inclusive and holistic climate resilience plan, and provide examples of important techniques used to design the climate resilience plan.

The Visual Analytics and Data Exploration Research Lab at Arizona State University

This article describes the research agenda for the Visual Analytics and Data Exploration Research(VADER)Lab at Arizona State University.Over the past decade,the VADER Lab has focused on creating novel algorithms,tools and visualizations for spatiotemporal data.This article will highlight past success in spatiotemporal analysis,explainable AI,graph mining,and mathematical topology.While,at first,these topics seem largely disjoint,we will describe how the underpinnings of spatiotemporal analysis has informed the various research directions in the VADER Lab,and how this research agenda has served to form a network of strong international collaborations.Finally,we will outline a vision for the Lab’s future research.

Feasibility of using pedometers in a state-based surveillance system：2014 Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Background: Despite their utility in accessing ambulatory movement, pedometers have not been used consistently to monitor physical activity in U.S. surveillance systems. This study was designed to determine the feasibility of using pedometers to assess daily steps taken in a sub-sample of adults from Maricopa County who completed the 2014 Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey.Methods: Respondents were sent an Omron HJ324 U pedometer, a logbook to record steps taken, and a walking questionnaire. The pedometer was worn for 7 days. Feasibility was assessed for acceptability(interest in study), demand(procedures followed correctly), implementation(time to complete study), and practicality(cost).Results: Acceptability was modest with 23.9%(830/3476) agreeing to participate. Among those participating(92.9%; 771/830), 50.1%(386/771)returned the logbook. Demand was modest with 39.3%(303/771) of logbooks returned with valid data. Implementation represented 5 months to recruit participants. The cost to obtain valid step-count data was USD61.60 per person. An average of 6363 ± 3049 steps/day were taken with most participants classified as sedentary(36.0%) or low active(35.6%).Conclusion: The feasibility of using pedometers in a state-based surveillance system is modest at best. Feasibility may potentially be improved with easy-to-use pedometers where data can be electronically downloaded.

Measured and Predicted Aging Properties of Arizona Asphalt Binders

The Arizona Department of Transportation （ADOT） in the USA conducted a series of asphalt aging related research and special studies between the 1970s and 1990s. The studies covered over 157 test sections representing both neat （virgin） asphalt and crumb rubber modified （asphalt-rubber） binders. The data comprised of a wide range of penetration, viscosity, and Performance Grade （PG） parameters, at original and aged conditions. In the late 1990s, asphalt PG complex shear modulus （G＊）, and phase angle （5） data were collected. The main purpose of this paper was to use the assembled database of the field core-aged asphalt test data and compare the test results to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials approved Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide （MEPDG） predictive modeled asphalt properties such as penetration and viscosity, G＊, and 5. Furthermore, G＊ and laboratory measurements on neat and asphalt-rubber binders extracted from the field cores of the pavement sections aged ten or more years were compared to the pressure aging vessel PG G＊ and ~. values. It was observed that the MEPDG predicted asphalt binder properties were rational for originally （tank） sampled binders, but fairly correlated for the aged binders. Additionally, penetration and viscosity aging indices representing over 20 years of field aged sections were established for a wide variety of asphalt binder grades. Overall, the relationships for aging indices were meaningful and rational. Results of this research indicated the degree of difficulty in predicting asphalt binder properties for pavements with ten or more years of field aging. The findings from this research study are envisioned to be of substantial value in future asphalt binder aging studies.

Statins and Metformin Use Is Associated with Lower PSA Levels in Prostate Cancer Patients Presenting for Radiation Therapy

Background: A possible association between the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and the use of some commonly prescribed medications has been reported in recent studies. Most of these studies were carried out in general populations of men who were screened for prostate cancer using the PSA test. We reported on the association between the initial PSA level and the use of statins, metformin and alpha-blockers in patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and presented for radiation therapy. Methods: Three hundred and eighty one patients treated between the years of 2000-2005 and 2009-2012 were included in this retrospective study. The information about statin, metformin and alpha-blockers use was recorded immediately prior to treatment. Differences in PSA levels prior to treatment by medication status were estimated using univariate and multivariate linear regression on log PSA values. Results: Compared with men who were not on these medications, the PSA level at presentation was 20% lower for statin users (p = 0.002) and 33% lower for metformin users (p = 0.004). We did not observe statistically significant associations between the use of statins or metformin and cancer stage, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk score, or therapy outcome. A statistically significant association between the NCCN risk score and the use of alpha-blockers was observed (p = 0.002). Conclusions: We found that statins and metformin were associated with lower PSA levels in prostate cancer patients to an extent that could influence management decisions. We found no statistically significant associations between the use of these medications and treatment outcomes.

2024 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities:An update of activity codes and energy expenditure values

Purpose:This paper presents an update of the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities designed for wheelchair users and is referred to as the 2024 Wheelchair Compendium.The Wheelchair Compendium aims to curate existing knowledge of the energy expenditure for wheelchair physical activities(PAs).Methods:A systematic review of the published energy expenditure of PA for wheelchair users was completed between 2011 and May 2023.We added these data to the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium data that was compiled previously in a systematic review through 2011.Results:A total of 47 studies were included,and 124 different wheelchair PA reported energy expenditure values ranging from 0.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users(filing papers,light effort)to 11.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users(Nordic sit skiing).Conclusion:In introducing the updated 2024 Wheelchair Compendium,we hope to bridge the resource gap and challenge the prevailing narratives that inadvertently exclude wheelchair users from physical fitness and health PAs.

General laws of funding for scientific citations:how citations change in funded and unfunded research between basic and applied sciences

Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society.

Research funding and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine, 2019-2020

Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.

2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities:A third update of the energy costs of human activities

Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.

A brief history of the Compendium of Physical Activities

The Compendium of Physical Activities(Compendium)was developed to address consistent assignment of physical activity(PA)intensity values used in PA epidemiology research of the association between PA and health outcomes.1The known protective effects of PA on incident health outcomes traces to the mid-1900s,with over 50 studies examining coronary heart disease(CHD)as the outcome of interest.

Effect of corrosion behavior of cast and extruded ZK60 magnesium alloys processed via friction extrusion

The increasing demand for high-strength,corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys in transportation has led to the development of new processing techniques.In this work,cast and extruded ZK60 magnesium alloys were processed using the innovative solid-phase process,Friction Extrusion(FE).The microstructure was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS),showing a marked reduction in grain size,uniform solute distribution(Zn and Zr),and second phases after FE processing.Moreover,optical micrographs and Electron Backscatter Diffraction(EBSD)were employed to further evaluate the alloy microstructure.The corro-sion resistance and electrochemical behavior were analyzed using potentiodynamic polarization,Scanning Electrochemical Cell Impedance Microscopy(SECCIM),and atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry analysis(AESEC).Time evolution surface imaging and post-corrosion microstructures were also analyzed to support the understanding of underlying corrosion mechanisms.Corrosion initiation and propagation in FE-processed samples followed grain boundary patterns,differing from cast and extruded ZK60 behaviors.Electrochemical measurements and in-situ time-dependent optical imaging demonstrated that FE processing enhanced corrosion potential,reduced corrosion current,and increased cathodic activity.Additionally,FE processing reduced the disparity in pitting potential between cast and extruded samples,resulting in intermediate pitting potentials.Higher Mg and lower Zn dissolution was observed in the lower anodic currents for FE-processed samples.During aggravated anodic current cycles,Mg dissolution equalized,but the Zn/Mg dissolution ratio increased for FE-processed extruded samples,suggesting less cathodic activation and better resistance to further pitting.

A systematic scoping review of study methodology for randomized controlled trials investigating probiotics in athletic and physically active populations

Background:The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers,practitioners,and the lay public alike.There has also been an increased research focus within the realm of sports science and exercise medicine on the athletic gut microbiota.However,compared to other ergogenic aids and dietary supplements,probiotics present unique study challenges.The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to identify and characterize study methodologies of randomized controlled trials investigating supplementation with probiotics in athletes and physically active individuals.Methods:Four databases(MEDLINE,CINAHL,Cochrane CENTRAL,and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)were searched for randomized controlled studies involving healthy athletes or physically active individuals.An intervention with probiotics and inclusion of a control and/or placebo group were essential.Only peer-reviewed articles in English were considered,and there were no date restrictions.Results were extracted and presented in tabular form to detail study protocols,characteristics,and outcomes.Bias in randomized controlled trials was determined with the RoB 2.0 tool.Results:A total of 45 studies were included in the review,with 35 using a parallel group design and 10 using a cross-over design.Approximately half the studies used a single probiotic and the other half a multi-strain preparation.The probiotic dose ranged from 2×10^(8)to 1×10^(11)colony forming units daily,and the length of intervention was between 7 and 150 days.Fewer than half the studies directly assessed gastrointestinal symptoms,gut permeability,or the gut microbiota.The sex ratio of participants was heavily weighted toward males,and only 3 studies exclusively investigated females.Low-level adverse events were reported in only 2 studies,although the methodology of reporting varied widely.The risk of bias was generally low,although details on randomization were lacking in some studies.Conclusion:There is a substantial body of research on the effects of prob iotic supplementation in healthy athletes and physically active individuals.Considerable heterogeneity in probiotic selection and dosage as well as outcome measures has made clinical and mechanistic interpretation challenging for both health care practitioners and researchers.Attention to issues of randomization of participants,treatments and interventions,selection of outcomes,demographics,and reporting of adverse events will facilitate more trustworthy interpretation of probiotic study results and inform evidence-based guidelines.

Photon shifting and trapping in perovskite solar cells for improved efficiency and stability

Advanced light management techniques can enhance the sunlight absorption of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).When located at the front,they may act as a UV barrier,which is paramount for protecting the perovskite layer against UVenabled degradation.Although it was recently shown that photonic structures such as Escher-like patterns could approach the theoretical Lambertian-limit of light trapping,it remains challenging to also implement UV protection properties for these diffractive structures while maintaining broadband absorption gains.Here,we propose a checkerboard(CB)tile pattern with designated UV photon conversion capability.Through a combined optical and electrical modeling approach,this photonic structure can increase photocurrent and power conversion efficiency in ultrathin PSCs by 25.9%and 28.2%,respectively.We further introduce a luminescent down-shifting encapsulant that converts the UV irradiation into Visible photons matching the solar cell absorption spectrum.To this end,experimentally obtained absorption and emission profiles of state-of-the-art down-shifting materials(i.e.,lanthanidebased organic-inorganic hybrids)are used to predict potential gains from harnessing the UV energy.We demonstrate that at least 94%of the impinging UV radiation can be effectively converted into the Visible spectral range.Photonic protection from high-energy photons contributes to the market deployment of perovskite solar cell technology,and may become crucial for Space applications under AM0 illumination.By combining light trapping with luminescent downshifting layers,this work unravels a potential photonic solution to overcome UV degradation in PSCs while circumventing optical losses in ultrathin cells,thus improving both performance and stability.

Promoting public health through the 2024 Compendium of Physical Activities:Strategies for adults,older adults,and wheelchair users

Physical activity(PA)is fundamentally linked to public health,^(1)providing benefits including chronic disease prevention and treatment,^(2)mental health,^(3)musculoskeletal health,^(4)and healthy aging,^(5)along with socioeconomic advantages.^(6)These benefits highlight the importance of promoting PA for all populations.The recent publication of the Compendium of Physical Activities(Compendium)serves as a valuable resource,^(7)offering an updated and expanded guide for adults(ages 19-59)with tailored energy cost values for diverse populations.

Detection of Streaks in Astronomical Images Using Machine Learning

Satellites in low earth orbit(LEO)pose a challenge to astronomy observations requiring long exposure times or wide observation areas.As the number of satellites in LEO dramatically increases,it motivates an increased need for methods to filter out artifacts caused by satellites crossing into observation fields.This paper develops and evaluates a deep learning model based on U-Net to filter these artifacts from collected data.The proposed model is compared with two existing filtering methods on a dataset generated using the state-of-the-art tool Pyradon.Although the initial application of deep learning does include some unpredictable behavior not found in traditional algorithms,the proposed model outperforms the existing methods in overall accuracy while requiring significantly less computational time.This suggests that the application of deep learning to satellite artifact removal which has previously been underdeveloped in the literature may be an appropriate avenue.

Doping engineering in the CdTe thin film solar cells

Cadmium telluride(CdTe)thin film solar cells have gained significant attention in the photovoltaic industry due to their high efficiency and low cost.CdTe solar cells have achieved a high-power conversion efficiency of 23.1%.To further boost the device's performance,it is crucial to systematically tune the doping concen-tration and carrier concentration,which are dominated by the doping approach and the following dopant activation processes.Both Group I elements(e.g.,Cu)and Group V elements(e.g.,As)doping have demonstrated high efficiency and utilizing various doping techniques.This review provides an overview of the history of the CdTe thin film technology,doping mechanisms,doping techniques,challenges,and potential solutions to further improve device performance.

Wind risk and mitigation calculator framework for determining the wind annualized risk for single- and multi-family homes to support resilient community decision-making

Communicating risks and mitigation benefits associated with natural hazards such as wind to the general public is challenging given the location-dependency of parameters and the complexity of the problem.Web tools play a crucial role in educating residents,decision-makers,and stakeholders regarding potential wind hazard losses to,for example,residential buildings.However,a notable gap exists on the practical incorporation of mitigation actions within these tools.This gap hampers the collective awareness and understanding among stakeholders,communities,and citizens regarding the tangible advantages of mitigation strategies in reducing wind-related risks.Furthermore,there exists a need to elucidate the functionality and objectives of these tools in a more accessible manner.This study aims to present and outline the wind risk and mitigation calculator tool(WRMCT)within the Hazardaware platform,which is an address-based risk assessment tool.This tool,developed for 196 counties in the Gulf of Mexico coastal area,facilitates users’education of potential risks and benefits associated with mitigation strategies.WRMCT enables users to access location-specific wind risk and interactively suggests potential mitigation actions along with economic savings to support informed decisions and residential risk reduction.WRMCT intends to enhance users’ability to make informed decisions,take proactive measures in mitigating wind hazards,and contribute to the development of resilient,residential communities.

Global prevalence and gender inequalities in at least 60 min of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity 1 or more days per week:An analysis with 707,616 adolescents

Background:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA).However,using only this cut-off could hide important information.For instance,from a population-level point of view,increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health benefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate levels.Also,including a more sensitive cut-point of≥1 days per week could be an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity practice.Thus,the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week among adolescents globally,and to describe any relevant gender inequalities.Methods:We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected between 2003 and 2019.MVPA was self-reported.Participants were grouped into younger(≤14 years old)and older(>14 years old)adolescents.Crude Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week between boys and girls,and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled estimates.Analyses were stratified by country and region.Results:Approximately 80%of both younger and older adolescents reported≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week.This prevalence was≥94%in Europe and Central Asia and North America,while the estimates for the other regions were<77%.The prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week was higher among boys than girls,with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents(Prevalence ratio_(≤14y)=1.04(95%confidence interval(95%CI)):1.03-1.04)vs.Prevalence ratio_(>14y)=1.09(95%CI:1.08-1.10)).Conclusion:Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week,with notable differences between regions.Gender differences were observed in several countries,especially among the oldest adolescents.Priorities for physical activity promotion among adolescents should include increasing access/opportunities for physical activity among those who do not achieve≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week and reducing gender inequalities.

新生代阿尔金山脉隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

10个片麻岩和花岗岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值位于 3 5 .6～ 13 .6Ma之间 ,表明了阿尔金山脉的隆升开始于渐新世 ,并一直延续至中新世。山脉早期的隆升速率较低 ,后期可能存在一个快速的隆升时期 ;阿尔金山脉并非整体的均匀隆升 ,其内分布的NEE走向的断裂也局部控制了山体的隆升 ;如果山脉的隆升是阿尔金断裂左行走滑的结果 ,那么可推测阿尔金断裂大型左行走滑的起始时间应为渐新世。区域资料分析表明 ,青藏高原北缘在渐新世至中新世期间发生了大规模的、区域性的抬升。

高原鼠兔家群空间领域的季节性动态格局

为探讨高原鼠兔家群空间领域的季节特征,分别于2005年和2006年的5 ～8月,在青海省玛沁县,采用标志重捕法和最小多边形面积法对其家群巢区和核域进行了研究。结果表明,不同季节,高原鼠兔巢区和核域面积存在显著差异。5、6月份,成体巢区面积显著大于幼体,但二者核域面积却无显著差异; 7月份,成体与第1胎幼体巢区及核域面积均显著大于第2胎。5、6月份雄性成体巢区显著大于7、8月份, 6、7月份雌性成体巢区显著大于5月和8月份。巢区及核域面积均与家群个体数呈极显著性正相关关系,说明季节和家群结构均可对高原鼠兔空间领域产生重要作用。