Neurological consequences of human calmodulin mutations

When calcium ions enter the cytosol,it is a stimulatory signal for cellular events.The calcium sensor calmodulin picks up the change in calcium concentration and relays this information to its more than 300 downstream interaction partners.In this way,calmodulin affects cellular processes such as fertilization,muscle contraction,neuronal firing,and apoptosis.That is,calmodulin is involved in(nearly)everything!The significance of calmodulin is emphasized by the fact that we all carry three different genes(CALM1,2,3)on different chromosomes that encode the exact same calmodulin protein,and these are all expressed in all cell types.Moreover,throughout vertebrate evolution,the protein sequence has remained completely unchanged.

Phenolic Profile and Volatiles of in vitro Propagated Lavandula angustifolia Mill.Seedlings

An effective in vitro propagation protocol was designed for Lavandula angustifolia Miller,a medicinal aromatic plant that is a prominent source of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Murashige and Skoog media were supplemented with various concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators(PGRs),and the growth parameters of the nodal segments were examined.Nodal explants formed callus when they were supplemented with 2 mg/L of 6-Benzylaminopurine(BAP).The superior hormonal concentration of Murashige and Skoog(MS)media for the proliferation of shoots from callus cultures(39.33%)was 5 mg/L of 2-Isopentenyl adenine(2iP),and the favorable media for the growth of L.angustifolia callus cultures was 1 and 2 mg/L of BAP,with a 98%for-mation rate in each case.The callus cultures and in vitro propagated L.angustifolia seedlings obtained from var-ious PGR concentrations of MS media were exposed to qualitative and quantitative analysis in terms of phenolic profiles,flavonoids,High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)analysis of phenolic acids,and headspace-SPME analysis for volatiles.Such analysis revealed that micropropagated seedlings grown in media containing 1 mg/L of 6-Furfurylaminopurine(KIN)accumulated the highest yield(11.95±0.01 mg GAE/g)of phenolic acids.In contrast,the lowest concentration(2.17±0.04 mg GAE/g)was detected in 0.5 mg/L of BAP+0.5 mg/L of Naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)media.The plantlets grown in 0.5 mg/L of BAP+0.5 mg/L of NAA media showed the highestflavonoid yield(31.67±0.06μg/g QE/g).In contrast,callus samples exhibited the lowest yield(11.59±0.02μg/g QE/g)offlavonoids in MS media supplemented with a concentration of 0.5 mg/L of BAP.HPLC analysis revealed the variability of phenolic acid contents within the callus cultures as well as plantlets,with gallic acid,4-OH benzoic acid,chlorogenic acid,vanillic acid,caffeic acid,cinnamic acid,and rosmarinic acid being the prominent constituents.The presence of twenty-two chemicals was revealed by headspace-SPME analysis.Eucalyptol,nonanal,borneol,carvone,andβ-caryophyllene were the most abundant.This study demonstrated that micropropagation of L.angustifolia may be an effective method to produce large numbers of genetically identical plantlets for the production of high-value bio compounds.

Genetic Variability and Phenotypic Correlations Study among Grain Quality Traits and Mineral Elements Concentrations in Colored and Non-Colored Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Twenty-four rice genotypes were examined to assess genetic variability,heritability,and correlations for seven-grain quality traits,eight nutritional elements,and protein.ANOVA revealed significant differences for the quality traits studied.For every trait under study,the phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the correspon-dence genotypic coefficient of variation.Heritability in a broad sense varied from 29.75%for grain length to 98.31%for the elongation trait.Hulling percentage recovery had a highly significant positive correlation with milling and head rice percentage.Consequently,milling percentage had a highly positive correlation with head rice percentage.In amylose percentage,all the genotypes belonged to low amylose except the Hassawi-1 variety,which had intermediate amylose content.Mineral nutrition contents of magnesium(Mg),sodium(Na),potas-sium(K),calcium(Ca),copper(Cu),manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),iron(Fe),or protein percentage gave different variations for 24 rice genotypes under all the nutritional elements.Among the 24 genotypes,ten rice genotypes–HighNutrient-1,HighNutrient-2,HighNutrient-9,HighNutrient-8,HighNutrient-3,Hassawi-2,HighNutrient-7,HighNutrient-6,Hassawi-1,and HighNutrient-4–had the highest heist value for all nutritional and protein con-tents,and could be used as a donor to improving new varieties.There was a positive and significant correlation between magnesium Mg,K,Zn and Fe.Consequently,K had a positive correlation with zinc Zn,Fe,and protein percentage.Clustering analysis was divided into two groups:thefirst group included all genotypes rich in nutri-ents,while the remaining genotypes with low nutritional content were included in the second group.

Generation of double knockout cattle via CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein(RNP)electroporation

Background Genome editing has been considered as powerful tool in agricultural fields.However,genome editing progress in cattle has not been fast as in other mammal species,for some disadvantages including long gestational periods,single pregnancy,and high raising cost.Furthermore,technically demanding methods such as microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)are needed for gene editing in cattle.In this point of view,electroporation in embryos has been risen as an alternative.Results First,editing efficiency of our electroporation methods were tested for embryos.Presence of mutation on embryo was confirmed by T7E1 assay.With first combination,mutation rates for MSTN and PRNP were 57.6%±13.7%and 54.6%±13.5%,respectively.In case of MSTN/BLG,mutation rates were 83.9%±23.6%for MSTN,84.5%±18.0%for BLG.Afterwards,the double-KO embryos were transferred to surrogates and mutation rate was identified in resultant calves by targeted deep sequencing.Thirteen recipients were transferred for MSTN/PRNP,4 calves were delivered,and one calf underwent an induction for double KO.Ten surrogates were given double-KO embryos for MSTN/BLG,and four of the six calves that were born had mutations in both genes.Conclusions These data demonstrated that production of genome edited cattle via electroporation of RNP could be effectively applied.Finally,MSTN and PRNP from beef cattle and MSTN and BLG from dairy cattle have been born and they will be valuable resources for future precision breeding.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coinfection with Malaria in Selected States in Nigeria

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Plasmodium species are the causative agents of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and malaria respectively with similar clinical presentations. The objective of this study is to determine the burden of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in the general population. Five (5 mLs) of blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 and malaria parasite test. The malaria test was performed using a commercially available one-step malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (Pf HRP-II) rapid test kit. The results of the study showed that the participants that were coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 IgG and malaria were 13 (2.5%) in Lagos, 1114 (39.1%) in Delta and 49 (2.3%) in Sokoto States. The prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in urban areas in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 7 (2.2%), 1373 (48.1%), and 5 (0.2%) respectively. In rural areas, the prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 6 (0.3%), 365 (12.8%), and 44 (2.1%) respectively in this study. This suggests that participants in the urban areas were more prone to co-infections than the rural areas in Lagos and Delta states, while it was otherwise in Sokoto State. In conclusion, the co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria was very high in Delta State compared to the other States. It is important for clinics to screen for both diseases when patients present with symptoms of malaria. This is because the infections have similar symptoms and the public is quick to assume malaria infection without diagnosing for COVID-19 and vice versa.

2019年缅甸草地贪夜蛾发生情况考察报告

缅甸是我国草地贪夜蛾的重要境外虫源区,为了掌握草地贪夜蛾在缅甸的发生与防控情况,2019年5月19-25日,云南省农业科学院与缅甸农业研究司专家联合对缅甸南部、中部、中北部和东部草地贪夜蛾开展了实地调查。结果表明:缅甸全境均有草地贪夜蛾发生,为害严重,田间多种虫态并存。其中,南部玉米大部分已经收获,虫株率62.50%~97.50%;中部区域种植少量的商品甜玉米,防治到位,虫株率6.00%~7.50%;中北部曼德勒敏建玉米种植面积最大,达8000hm^2,80%的地块已成熟收获,处于吐丝-乳熟期的田块虫株率达100%,受害严重;东部掸邦虫株率59%,虫口密度2.60头/株。玉米是缅甸第二大种植作物,全年玉米种植面积达47万~52万hm^2,其中与我国云南接壤的东部掸邦是主要种植区。到5月前因无有效降雨,全境玉米尚未大面积种植,仅有零星种植,随着雨季的来临,玉米种植面积将全面增加,草地贪夜蛾种群数量也将随之增加。因此,加强与缅甸相关部门合作,密切掌握缅甸玉米种植及草地贪夜蛾的发生与防控情况,对我国草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及防控有重要的参考价值。

农杆菌介导的籼型水稻恢复系R752成熟胚转基因技术体系的优化

采用农杆菌介导法,对籼型晚稻恢复系R752成熟胚的遗传转化体系进行了优化。结果表明:在MSS培养基上的愈伤诱导率要高于在CCS培养基上的;碳源麦芽糖对提高胚性愈伤诱导率的效果优于蔗糖的;在4种诱导培养基(MSM、MSS、CCM、CCS)与2种分化培养基(MSB、MSK)的8种组合中,以MSM-MSB组合获得的绿苗分化率最高,达28.97%;不同激素对绿苗分化率的影响大小表现为NAA>KT>6-BA,分化培养基的最佳激素配比为2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+1 mg/L KT;3种农杆菌菌株的侵染效率表现为EHA105>LBA4404>GV3101。最终建立了R752的高效转基因技术体系,其平均转化效率达到10.98%。

两性绵霉菌生物量生产的营养需求和发酵条件的研究

对两性绵霉菌(Achlya ambisexualis)生长所需的大量元素和微量元素进行了调查,在PYG培养基础上研制出ZJK培养基.两性绵霉菌在ZJK液体培养基中的倍增时间为3.5小时,产生的生物量约5.5g/L,为PYG的3倍,体积生产率为0.073g/(L·h),为PYG的2倍.最适生长温度为29℃.最适pH为6.5,pH8时孢子萌发被完全抑制.采用pH6.5控制的生物量培养,碳素和氮素转化率明显提高,分别为47.1%和64.8%,体积生产率比非pH控制的分批培养提高50%.在20L发酵罐中,生长稳定期的氧摄取速率为7.0-8.8mol/(L·h).采用分批补料发酵法,生物量达到15g/L.

SO_2蒸汽预处理对黑松制取生物乙醇的影响

以加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省甲虫致死黑松为原料,通过SO2催化蒸汽爆破方式对其进行预处理,并对预处理后的原料进行酶水解和乙醇发酵研究,以考察预处理方式结合酶水解对黑松制取乙醇的影响。结果表明,较低的SO2吸收率和原料含水率(干基)影响了预处理效果;水洗对预处理后原料的酶水解效率没有显著的影响;当水解底物质量浓度由20mg/mL增加到150mg/mL时,水解率均在42%左右,底物质量浓度的增加纤维素的水解率没有受到显著影响。从发酵结果看,黑松经汽爆预处理后,不进行水洗处理更有利于后续发酵。分步糖化发酵乙醇得率可以达最大乙醇得率的66%,而同步糖化水乙醇得率为55%。由此可见,低浓度SO2催化汽爆预处理低湿度黑松不能得到较好的预处理效果,需进一步优化。

Endocytic regulation of TGF-β signaling

Transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） signaling is tightly regulated to ensure its proper physiological functions in different cells and tissues. Like other cell surface receptors, TGF-β receptors are internalized into the cell, and this process plays an important regulatory role in TGF-β signaling. It is well documented that TGF-β receptors are endocytosed via clathrin-coated vesicles as TGF-β endocytosis can be blocked by potassium depletion and the GTPasedeficient dynamin K44A mutant. TGF-β receptors may also enter cells via cholesterol-rich membrane microdomain lipid rafts/caveolae and are found in caveolin-l-positive vesicles. Although receptor endocytosis is not essential for TGF-β signaling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been shown to promote TGF-β-induced Smad activation and transcriptional responses. Lipid rafts/caveolae are widely regarded as signaling centers for G protein-coupled recep- tors and tyrosine kinase receptors, but they are indicated to facilitate the degradation of TGF-β receptors and there- fore turnoff of TGF-β signaling. This review summarizes current understanding of TGF-β receptor endocytosis, the possible mechanisms underlying this process, and the role of endocytosis in modulation of TGF-β signaling.

香蕉组织培养过程中内生菌污染的控制(英文)

研究了体外培养一种孟加拉传统香蕉（Musa spp．Cv．Kanthali）的茎尖组织。茎尖的原始细胞表面经无菌处理（0．1％HgCl2处理12min），接种6～15d后外植体地下茎部分仍有微生物污染（大部分是细菌），杀死了85％的外植体。为确定无污染培养基，将等量外植体分别浸泡在舍400mg／L氨苄青霉素和200mg／L庆大霉素（两种光谱抗生素）的培养基中1h。结果表明，经抗生素处理的外植体完全没有污染，但培养3周后不能再生。进行二次继代培养后，其中一部分外植体吸收了培养基并胀大，颜色由苍白转变成浅绿或深绿。三次继代培养后数天，不再观察到外植体的生长，所有经抗生素处理过的外植体都开始死亡。在未经抗生素处理的活外植体中，单个茎发育的最佳培养基是：Ms＋4．0mg／LBA＋0．5mg/L KT＋15％CW，平均生长时间为18～21d，但再生率很低，只有30％。茎细胞增殖的最佳培养基是：MS＋4．0mg／L BA＋2．0mg／L IAA＋15％CW，每个茎平均只萌发3～4个芽。最后，在添加0．5mg／L IBA的一半浓度的MS培养基中，体外培养茎最大生根率达到90％。

Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum L.Schott

Objective:To explore the efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum L.Schott in treating diarrhea,pain and inflammation using experimental models.Methods:In the present study,acetic acid-induced writhing,xylene-induced ear edema and castor oil-imluced diarrlieal model were used to evaluate the analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities,respectively.Acute toxicity test was carried out to fix the safe doses of the plant extract.Results:The plant extract demonstrated a significant inhibition of writhing(P<0.01)compared with the control group in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice.The extract also significantly inhibited the xylene induced ear edema formation(P<0.05).In anti-diarrheal test,the extract significantly decreased the frequency of defecation and increased the mean latent period(P<0.0l)in castor oil-induced diarrheal model mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight.Conclusions:These results suggest that the extract possesses significant analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities that support to the ethnopharmacologicl uses of this plant.

PTEN,a general negative regulator of cyclin D expression

The tumor-suppressor phosphatase with tensin homology （PTEN） is frequently mutated in many malignancies and is one of the most well studied tumor suppressor genes [ 1, 2]. PTEN, a lipid and protein dual phosphatase, plays a vital role in embryonic development, cell growth, apoptosis and cell migration. The well-known function of PTEN is phosphatidylinositol-3 （PI3）-phosphatase, which functions as a negative regulator of the PI3 kinase （PI3K） pathway. It is well established that PTEN regulates the G I-S transition by modulating the expression of cyclin D 1 and p27gipl.

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital,Indonesia

Objective:To evaluate the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit(ICU) of a tertiary care of Falmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia.Methods:A cross sectional retrospective study of bacterial pathogen was carried out on a total of 722 patients that were admitted to the ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia during January 2009 to March 2010. All bacteria were identified by standard microbiologic methods,and(heir antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method.Results:Specimens were collected from 385 patients who were given antimicrobial treatment,of which 249(64.68%) were cultured positive and 136(35.32%) were negative.The most predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(26.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)(15.3%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(14.9%).P.aeruginosa isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalexin(95.3%),cefotaxime(64.1%),and ceftriaxone(60.9%).Amikacin was the most effective(84.4%) antibiotic against P.aeruginosa followed by imipenem(81.2%),and meropenem(75.0%).K.pneumoniae showed resistance to cephalexin(86.5%),ceftriaxone(75.7%),ceftazidime(73.0%),cefpirome(73.0%) and cefotaxime(67.9%),respectively.Conclusions:Most bacteria isolated from ICU of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Indonesia were resistant to the third generation of cephalosporins,and quinolone antibiotics.Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pallerns is very important for setting orders to guide the clinician in choosing empirical or directed therapy of infected patients.

Association between low molecular polypeptide 7 single nucleotide polymorphism and response to therapy in hepatitis C virus infection

AIM: To investigate the relationship between low molecular polypeptide-7 (LMP-7) gene polymorphism and response to interferon (IFN) therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. METHODS: LMP-7 polymorphism at codon 49 with nucleotide substitution from A to C was amplified in 104 chronic HCV patients of genotype 4. The amplicons were digested with restriction endonuclease Bsm I and the produced restriction fragment length polymorphism was analyzed. Patients received IFN + regional blood volume therapy for 48 wk and the frequency of thissingle nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was statistically correlated with treatment response. The exclusion criteria for these patients were stated by the national health program for treating viral hepatitis. Main exclusion criteria included co-infection with hepatitis B virus or schistosomiasis, thyroid dysfunction, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, history of long term drug or alcohol intake and autoimmune hepatitis. Multivariate analyses were done to correlate LMP-7 SNP plus several factors such as age, gender, weight, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and alanine aminotransferase levels, liver activity, fibrosis score and viral load with response to therapy. RESULTS: The data presented in this study clearly demonstrated statistically significant differences between sustained virological response (SVR) (defined as the absence of HCV RNA levels in the patient's sera at least 6 mo after discontinuation of treatment) and non-response (NR) (where HCV RNA levels in the patient's sera never become undetectable for 6 mo during or after treatment). Variables were described as odds ratio with 95%CI. The data were considered significant if P values were ≤ 0.05; highly significant if P < 0.01 and very highly significant if P < 0.001. Current data showed that 91.7% of patients carrying LMP-7 C/C allele were associated with SVR, while the other two genotypes C/A and A/A were associated with NR patients, 83.3% and 64.3% respectively, showing that genotype CC was strongly associated with response to interferon (95%CI: 12.0719-134.6572, P = 0.0001). The majority of parameters recorded in SVR and NR patients included higher values of mean age (P = 0.004), alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.001), AFP (P = 0.001), body weight (P = 0.025), viral load (P = 0.025), higher fibrosis and histological activity index indices among NR vs SVR patients. Also, the multivariate statistical analysis of the different factors of fibro-sis score, liver activity grade, genotypes and alleles of LMP-7 gene polymorphism in responders and NRs of HCV patients in this study showed that HCV patients with A allele had a very highly significant association with the NRs, high fibrosis and higher liver activity, while the C allele had a very highly significant association with the responders, low fibrosis and lower liver activity (95%CI: 3.5800-13.2519, P = 0.0001).CONCLUSION: LMP-7 SNP is a candidate gene that should be considered when designing a mathematical model for predicting response to therapy and disease progression in HCV patients.

Distribution of Pill Millipedes (Arthrosphaera) and Associated Soil Fauna in the Western Ghats and West Coast of India

Seven sampling sites in each of three biomes (Western Ghats, foothills of Western Ghats and west coast) of south- western India were investigated to study the distribution, abundance and ecology of pill millipedes (Arthrosphaera) and associated fauna in relation to edaphic features. Abundance and biomass of Arthrosphaera and other millipedes were the highest in Western Ghats, while earthworms were in foothills. Arthrosphaera magna and Arthrosphaera spp. were common in Western Ghats and foothills respectively, while no Arthrosphaera were found in the west coast. None of the sampling sites consisted of more than one species of Arthrosphaera. Biomass of Arthrosphaera, other millipedes and earthworms significantly differed in Western Ghats (P = 9.48 × 10-7) and foothills (P = 1.35 × 10-8), as did the biomass of species of Arthrosphaera (P = 2.76 × 10-7) between Western Ghats and foothills. Correlation analysis revealed that biomass of Arthrosphaera was significantly (P = 0.01, r = 0.45) correlated with soil organic carbon rather than other edaphic fea- tures (pH, phosphate, calcium and magnesium). Distribution pattern, abundance, biomass and ecology of Arthrosphaera of Western Ghats in relation to soil qualities were compared with millipedes of other regions of the world.

花生壳生物炭对土壤改良、蔬菜增产及其持续效应研究

通过田间试验,一次性施入花生壳来源生物炭,研究其对土壤改良、蔬菜生长、蔬菜品质影响及其作用的持续效应,为土壤改良的应用提供科学依据。生物炭用量设置0、2.5、5、10 t·hm^(-2)4个水平,2014~2016年共进行16个月多茬上海青、油麦菜和生菜3种蔬菜轮作的田间试验,在各茬蔬菜收获时测定产量,并采集蔬菜样品测定可溶性糖、硝酸盐及Vc含量,同时采集各小区土壤样品测定pH值、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及有机碳含量。研究结果表明,不同用量花生壳生物炭可提高土壤pH值0.1~0.8单位,提高土壤有机碳1.4%~31.4%,使蔬菜增产6.2%~96.5%;但对蔬菜可溶性糖、硝酸盐及Vc含量没有明显影响。花生壳生物炭对前两茬蔬菜收获时的土壤速效钾含量具有显著提高作用,对以后各茬蔬菜收获时的土壤速效钾、所有茬次蔬菜收获时的土壤碱解氮及有效磷含量均没有明显影响。与对照处理相比,5 t·hm^(-2)花生壳生物炭施用效果最好,可提高土壤pH值0.3~0.8单位,提升土壤有机碳4.6%~19.0%,增产蔬菜7.9%~96.5%。连续种植多茬蔬菜后,5 t·hm^(-2)花生壳生物炭处理的土壤pH值仍然比对照处理提高16.9%、土壤有机碳提升8.5%,蔬菜产量增加18.7%。因此,一次性施用适量花生壳生物炭在16个月内对连续多茬蔬菜试验具有持续增产和改土作用。

The Relationship Between Developmental Accumulation of Leaf Soluble Proteins and Vernalization Response of Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell)

The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring （cv. Kohdasht） and two winter （cvs. Sardari and Norstar） cultivars of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） exposed to 4℃. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4℃. The final leaf number （FLN） was determined throughout the vernalization periods （0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d） at 4℃. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar eultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4℃-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4℃, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature （LT） tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT- induced proteins.

Asymmetric Synthesis of (-)-1-Trimethylsilyl-ethanol with Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Cells in Water/Organic Solvent Diphasic System

Asymmetric synthesis of (-)-1-trimethylsilyl-ethanol with immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in water/organic solvent biphasic system was studied. The effects of shake speed, hydrophobicity of organic solvent, volume ratio of water phase to organic phase, pH value of aqueous phase and reaction temperature on the initial reaction rate, maximum yield and enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product were systematically explored. All the above-mentioned factors had significant influence on the reaction. n-Hexane was found to be the best organic solvent for the reaction. The optimum shake speed, volume ratio of water phase to organic phase, pH value and reaction temperature were 150 r.min-1, 1/2, 8 and 30 ℃ respectively, under which the maximum yield and enantiomeric excess of the product were as high as 96.8% and 95.7%, which are 15% and 16% higher than those of the corresponding reaction performed in aqueous phase. To our best knowledge, this is the most satisfactory result obtained.

Phytochemical constituents and antibacterial efficacy of the flowers of Peltophomm pterocarpum(DC.) Baker ex Heyne

Objective:To investigate the preliminary phytochemistry and antibacterial activity of the flower extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum.Methods:Phytochemical analysis was done by using the standard methods given by Harbone.The methanolic flower extract were tested against Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumonia,Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus cereus,Salmonella typhi,Serratia marsecens,Acinetobacter baumannii.Enterobacter sp., Proteus mirabilis.Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pyogenes by the agar disc diffusion method.Results:Preliminary phytochemical screening of flower extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds,flavonoids.saponins,steroids,tannins,xanthoproteic,carboxylic acids, coumarins and carbohydrates.The flower extract of Peltophorum pteroearpum showed significant activity against four gram positive(Staphylococcus aureus.Bacillus cereus.Enlerococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pyogenes) and three gram negative bacteria(Proteus mirabilis,Acinetohacter baumannii and Serratia marsecens).out of 12 pathogenic bacteria studied.Conclusion:The findings of the present study confirm the presence of significant antibacterial activity against human pathogens in the flowers of Peltophorum pleracarpum.