Animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research:Current knowledge and optimal design--A position paper of the Committee on Cardiac Rehabilitation,Chinese Medical Doctors’Association

Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated.Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection.However,standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective,high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.In our review,we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training,emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models.We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research,including the choice of exercise models,control of exercise protocols,exercise at different stages of disease,and other considerations,such as age,sex,and genetic background.We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of self-modeling and self-controlled feedback on the performance of professional swimmers and waterpolo players

Self-modeling(SM)and self-control(SC)feedback can be presented as two solutions for learning improvement.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SM and SC feedback on 100-m freestyle performance of professional swimmers and waterpolo players.25 elite male swimmers and waterpolo players,were randomly assigned to four groups:swimmer group with SM,swimmer group with SM and SC feedback,waterpolo players group with SM,and waterpolo players group with SM and SC feedback.100-m freestyle times and performance were recorded.SM and SC feedback for the participants were utilized at the acquisition stage.The device used included a Lenovo B570 laptop and an Exilim ZR200 canon camcorder.SM and SC feedback presented to the swimmers and waterpolo players led to improved speed and results,and the effect of presenting SM with SC feedback to swimmers had better results.In conclusion,the present study indicates that SC modeling of watching video is a suitable method for professional swimmers.Water polo trainers can also use SM and SC feedback to enhance their players'swimming technique.