Synthesis and Inhibition Efficiency of a Novel Quadripolymer Inhibitor

A novel quadripolymer scale inhibitor poly-maleic anhydride-acrylic acid-acrylamide-sodium methallyl sulfonate(PMAAS)was synthesized by solution polymerization with maleic anhydride(MA),acrylic acid(AA), acrylamide(AM),sodium methallyl sulfonate(SMAS),etc.IR spectrum shows that PMAAS contains carbonyl, hydroxyl,phosphatic and sulfonic acid group.SEM indicates that PMAAS blocks the normal growth of scale CaCO3 and CaSO4 crystals.The influences of PMAAS concentration,Ca 2+ concentration,temperature and pH value of the system on the inhibition efficiency are investigated.The inhibition efficiency of PMAAS is superior to com- mercial inhibitors T-225 and XF-192.

Genesis of Qujiashan manganese deposit, Shaanxi Province: constraints from geological, geochemical, and carbon and oxygen isotopic evidences

The Qujiashan manganese deposit is located in the Longmen-Daba fold belt along the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. The layered ore bodies are distributed within the purple-red calcareous shale. Qujiashan is a high-grade w(MnO)=8.92% to 18.76%) manganese deposit with low-phosphorus w(P2O5)=0.08% to 0.16%) content. It also has a low total REEs contents(with an average of 101.3×10-6), and has inconspicuous Ce(0.81 to 1.29) and Eu(1.00 to 1.25) anomalies. lg(Ce/Ce*) values are from-0.02 to 0.11. The ores have high SiO2/Al2O3 and Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) ratios. In figures of Fe–Mn–[(Ni+Cu+Co)×10] and lgU–lgTh, all samples show that hydrothermal exhalative fluids played an important role during mineralisation. The δ13CPDB and δ18OSMOW values of eight ore samples are from-20.7‰ to-8.2‰(with an average of-12.4‰) and from 14.3‰ to 18.7‰(with an average of 17.0‰), respectively. These carbon and oxygen isotopic features indicate that hydrothermal fluids derived from deep earth are participation in the metallogenic process, which is also supported by high paleo-seawater temperatures varying from 47.08 to 73.98 °C. Therefore, the geological and geochemical evidences show that the Qujiashan deposit formed from submarine exhalative hydrothermal sedimentation.

Enzymatic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) after exposure to low doses of chlorsulfuron and cadmium

The aim of this research was to study the influence of chlorsulfuron residue and cadmium on the enzymatic activity and photosynthetic apparatus of maize(Zea mays L.) plants. Chlorsulfuron and cadmium at 0.001 and 5.0 mg kg–1, respectively, were mixed and applied to soil prior to planting. The levels of chlorsulfuron-and cadmium-induced stress to plants were estimated by growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxide content, enzyme activities, and major fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll(revealed by the fluorescence imaging system Fluor Cam). Chlorsulfuron negatively affected the chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the dark-adapted state, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II, photochemical quenching coefficient, and steady-state fluorescence decline ratio in the leaves of maize seedlings. However, cadmium did not produce noticeable changes. Plants that were exposed to both chlorsulfuron and cadmium showed an obvious increase in the steady-state fluorescence decline ratio. These results implied that the seedlings possessed more resistance to cadmium than to chlorsulfuron and their resistance to chlorsulfuron toxicity was enhanced by the presence of cadmium. The results also suggested that chlorophyll fluorescence imaging reveals overall alterations within the leaves but may not reflect small-scale effects on tissues, as numeric values of specific parameters are averages of the data collected from the whole leaf.

Measuring and modeling evapotranspiration of a Populus euphratica forest in northwestern China

Vegetation is sparsely distributed in the arid regions of northwestern China,and accurately measuring and partitioning of evapotranspiration is of importance for ecosystems in such areas.In this study,we measured and analyzed diurnal and phenological variations in evapotranspiration using the eddy-covariance method based on the Penman-Monteith,Priestley-Taylor,Shuttleworth-Wallace models,a newly proposed improved dual source model and a clumped model in a forest reserve in the Ejin oasis of Populus euphratica in 2015 and 2016 growing seasons.A sensitivity analysis was performed for the models with higher accuracies and we examined the biotic and abiotic controls on evapotranspiration.The results show that the total amounts of evapotranspiration during the two growing seasons in 2015 and 2016 were 622 and 612 mm,respectively.Phenological variations in evapotranspiration produced single-peak curves,while diurnal variations reflected the influence of high temperatures on some afternoons.The Priestley-Taylor and the improved dual source models gave the most accurate evapotranspiration values at the daily scale and appeared to be most suitable for the estimation of evapotranspiration for the species in arid regions.In addition,both models were the most sensitive to net radiation(Rn).

Combined Toxicity of an Environmental Remediation Residue,Magnetite Fe3O4 Nanoparticles/Cr(Ⅵ)Adduct

Objective This paper aims to elucidate the combined toxicity of magnetite nanoparticles/Chromium [MNPs/Cr（Ⅵ）] adducts. Methods The HEK293 cell was exposed to either Cr（Ⅵ） or MNPs, or their adducts MNPs/Cr（Ⅵ）. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by assessing the cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress induction, and cellular uptake. Results The toxicity of formed adducts is significantly reduced when compared to Cr（Ⅵ） anions. We found that the cellular uptake of MNPs/Cr（Ⅵ） adduct was rare, only few particles were endocytosed from the extracellular fluid and not accumulated in the cell nucleus. On the other hand, the Cr（Ⅵ） anions entered cells, generated oxidative stress, induced cell apoptosis, and caused cytotoxicity. Conclusion The results showed minor effects of the nanoadducts on the tested cells and supported that magnetite nanoparticles could be implemented in the wastewater treatment process in which advantageous properties outweigh the risks.

Seed Germination and Callus Induction in Leymus chinensis of Different Seed Colors

[ Objective] To explore the effects of different seed colors on seed germination and callus induction of Leymus chinensis. [ Method ] According to the color of mature seeds of Leymus chinensis, they were divided three color types, namely, pale yellow, yellow and black. Their seed germination and callus induction were observed. [ Result] The pale yellow Leymus chinensis seeds had higher germination rate （32.5%） and rate of callus induction （28.5%）. Based on the results of the TI＇C method and electrical conductivity, the seed viability was decreased with the deepening seed color. [ Conclusion] The study laid the foundation for establishing highly efficient plant regeneration system of Leymus chinensis.

Effects of Equivalent Land and Equivalent Grain by Planting Melilotus officinalis

In view of Melilotus officinalis having high protein content and significant effect on improving saline alkali soil,a comprehensive experiment about improving saline alkali soil by planting M.officinalis was carried out to study its effects of potential equivalent land and equivalent grain.The results showed that the forage yield was 80 000 kg/hm^2 in the degraded grassland field( average pH of 9.06) after planting M.officinalis.The forage had a crude protein content of 17.50%,so the total content of crude protein was 1 400.64 kg/hm^2,which was equal to 15.562 t of corns produced from 3.557 hm^2 of medium-quality arable lands.Similarly,it was equal to 3.573 t of soybeans produced in 1.786 hm^2 of medium-quality arable lands.Therefore,based on such principle,the comprehensive development of creatures-soil system can acquire the equivalent land and equivalent grain resources.

Recent progress on copper catalysts with different surface states for CO_(2)electroreduction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(eCO_(2)RR),which converts CO_(2)into various hydrocarbons or alcohols,has been extensively researched because it promises a sustainable energy economy.However,only copper(Cu)can currently achieve stable and efficient hydrocarbon conversion in the eCO_(2)RR.Therefore,understanding the catalytic mechanisms and summarizing the research progress on synthesis strategies of Cu catalysts are essential for the eCO_(2)RR.This paper reviews Cu catalysts with different surface states of Cu catalysts:oxide-derived Cu,Cu nanoparticles,Cu single atoms,and Cu nanoclusters.It then reviews the development and progress of different Cu-catalyst preparation methods in recent years,focusing on the activity and selectivity of materials.Besides revealing the tendencies of catalytic selection and deep reactive mechanisms of Cu catalysts with four different surface states,this review can guide the subsequent construction of catalysts and provides an understanding of catalytic mechanisms.

Advances and perspectives in environmental health research in China

Environmental health research aims to identify environmental conditions suitable for the healthy living and reproduction of human beings.Through the interdisciplinary research bridging environmental sciences and health/medical sciences,the impacts of physical,chemical,and biological environmental factors on human health are investigated.This includes identifying environmental factors detrimental to human health,evaluating human exposure characteristics to environmental factors,clarifying causal relationships between environmental exposure and health effects,analyzing the underlying biochemical mechanisms,linking environmental factors to the onset and progression of diseases,establishing exposure-response relationships,and determining effect thresholds.Ultimately,the results of environmental health research can serve as a scientific basis for formulating environmental management strategies and guiding prevention and intervention measures at both the public and individual levels.This paper summarizes the recent advances and future perspectives of environmental health research in China,as reported by a group of Chinese scientists who recently attended a workshop in Hainan,China.While it is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of this expansive field,it offers a glimpse into the significant progress made in understanding the health impacts of environmental factors over the past decade.Looking ahead,it is imperative not only to sustain efforts in studying the health effects of traditional environmental pollution,but also to prioritize research on the health impacts of emerging pollutants and climate change.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Tobacco Ecological Suitability of Henan Province Based on GIS

The growth of tobacco is sensitive to environment conditions. The tobacco production is strictly restricted by regional cultivated land. Based on the principal of hiberarchy analysis and fuzzy mathematics and the technique of geographic information system （GIS）, the comprehensive evaluation of tobacco ecology suitability were studied according to the actual circumstances of the whole Henan tobacco planting regions, China. The evaluation index system of tobacco ecology suitability of Henan tobacco planting regions was established by choosing 17 evaluation indexes from 3 respects of climate, soil and landform with Delphi method. Furthermore, the membership function was set up according to the effects of each ecology factors on the growth and quality of tobacco suitability. And the analytical hierarchy process （AHP） was used to determine the weight of indexes by using quantitative analysis. Then the tobacco ecology suitability map of Henan tobacco plantation was drawn with GIS software mapGIS. It is found that the most areas of the western and southern parts of Henan Province, China, are the highly suitable regions, accounting for 22.52% of Henan tobacco planting areas. It is because that there are medium air temperature, sunshine and rainfall, medium soil pH value, and high contents of soil organic matter in the regions. Moreover, the topography is hill and massif, and the height above sea level is between 150-800 m there. Some areas of the southern and middle parts of Henan Province are the suitable ones, accounting for 34.99% of Henan tobacco planting areas. It is because that there are enough rainfall, medium air temperature, high contents of available N and available K in the soil in these regions. There are less suitable regions in the northern and eastern parts of the investigated regions because of drought, too high pH value and CI in the soil and irrigation water, accounting for 35.54% of the whole areas. It can be conducted rapidly and correctly by combining AHP and membership function for comprehensive evaluation of tobacco ecological suitability supported by GIS. There are above moderate ecological suitability for most part of tobacco planting fields in Henan Province. The distributions of tobacco ecological suitability calculated are identical with actual tobacco productivity completely.

NDVI-Based Lacunarity Texture for Improving Identification of Torreya Using Object-Oriented Method

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） is a very useful feature for differentiating vegetation and non-vegetation in remote sensed imagery. In the light of the function of NDVI and the spatial patterns of the vegetation landscapes, we proposed the lacunarity texture derived from NDVI to characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation landscapes concerning the ＂gappiness＂ or ＂emptiness＂ characteristics. The NDVI-based lacunarity texture was incorporated into object-oriented classification for improving the identification of vegetation categories, especially Torreya which was the targeted tree species in the present research. A three-level hierarchical network of image objects was defined and the proposed texture was integrated as potential sources of information in the rules base. A knowledge base of rules created by classifier C5.0 indicated that the texture could potentially be applied in object-oriented classification. It was found that the addition of such texture improved the identification of every vegetation category. The results demonstrated that the texture could characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation structures, which could be a promising approach for vegetation identification.

Effects of Nitrobenzenes on DNA Damage in Germ Cells of Rats

The single cell gel electrophoresis （SCGE） technique was used to detect DNA damage in germ cells of rats, which was induced by five tested nitroaromatic compounds. Mixed cultures of Sertoli and germ cells were prepared from the rats testis and their responses to rn-dinitrobenzene （ m-DNB）, 2,4-dinitrotoluene （ 2,4-DNT）, 2,6-dinitroto-luene（2,6-DNT）, 4-nitrotoluene（4-NT） and 2,4-dinitroaniline（2,4-DNAn） were studied. The results show that all the five chemicals have a reproductive toxicity. Each dose group and the control group were significantly different （ P 〈 0. 01 ）. All of them can lead to the damage to DNA in the germ cells of Kunming male rats in the definite range of concentration（m-DNB ： 0. 04-25μmol/L; 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT and 4-NT： 0. 032-500μmol/L; 2,4-DNAn ：0. 8-20μmol/L）. When the concentration increases, the damage rate will become higher, which shows an evident logarithm dose-effect relationship.

QSAR Studies on the Toxicity of Nitrobenzenes to Population Growth of Tetrahymena Pyriformis

The IGC 50 (50% inhibitory growth concentration) values of 27 nitrobenzenes were determined for the population growth endpoint of Tetrahymena pyriformis . The toxicity order of the observed compounds was found to be as follows: dinitro compounds>mononitro compounds, dichloronitrobenzenes>monochloronitrobenzenes, meta substituted nitrobenzenes>ortho /para substituted nitrobenzenes(NT, NPh, NAnis) except for the dinitrobenzenes and nitroanilines(DNB, NAn). Quantitative structure activity relationships(QSARs) were developed with the logarithm of the reciprocal of IGC 50 [lg(IGC 50 ) -1 ] in mole liter as dependent variable and six molecular descriptors lg P , 1 X Ⅴ, I, 1K a, ∑σ - and E LUMO as independent variables. Via multiple regression analysis, one best equation was obtained: lg(IGC 50 ) -1 =3.029+0.860∑ σ -+0.341I n=27, r=0.924, r 2=0.854, s=0.265, f=70.44 , Pr> f =0.000 1 The equation was used to estimate IGC 50 for five analogues.

Oscillating Cellulase Adsorption and Enhanced Lignocellulose Hydrolysis upon Ultrasound Treatment

We investigated the effects of ultrasound treatment on cellulase adsorption and lignocellulose hydrolysis. The activity of cellulase remained constant upon low-power ultrasound treatment (280 W). Oscillating cellulase adsorption occurred upon ultrasound treatment with any intensity. The maxima for desorption and adsorption were 41.9 and 83.1%, respectively, during 1 h of 90 W ultrasound treatment at 50 °C. A comparison between the short-time with long-time ultrasound experiments indicated that ultrasound treatment tended to desorb cellulase from substrate. However, ultrasound treatment also led to further surface erosion of biomass, which increased cellulase accessibility. These joint actions of ultrasound treatment induced the oscillating adsorption of cellulase. The increase in cellulase accessibility caused by ultrasound treatment led to a significant enhancement in lignocellulose hydrolysis. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Application of Matter-element Model in Soil Nutrient Evaluation of Ecological Fragile Region

On the basis of the soil environment investigation in Da＇an City, Jilin Province, China, 40 soil samples from main land use types were obtained and tested by standard method. Soil organic matter （SOM）, total N （TN）, total P （TP）, total K （TK）, available N （AN）, available P （AP） and available K （AK） were chosen as the evaluation factors. A regional soil nutrient evaluation model was developed based on the matter-element model. The results show that the soil samples with nutrient grade Ⅱ-Ⅴ respectively account for 10%, 30%, 32.5% and 27.5%, and those with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ account for 60% in all samples. The relationship between soil nutrients and land types indicates that the nutrients of farmland are relatively good, with 41.7% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The nutrients of saline-alkali land and sandy land are the worst, with 100% of soil samples with the nutrient grade IV and V. And the ratios of soil samples grade IV and V in grassland and wasteland are respectively 62.5 % and 54.55%. Generally speaking, the soil nutrients status in Da＇an City is poor, 60% of soil samples are in poor and extremely poor conditions, indicating that the soil has been severely eroded. Being a relatively superior evaluation method with more accurate resuits and spatial distribution consistency, matter-element analysis is more suitable for regional soil nutrient evaluation than previous models.

Relocation Selection for Poverty Alleviation:Factor Analysis and GIS Modeling

Resettlement is considered a major policy measure in two major Chinese policy programs,the "Great Development of the West" and poverty alleviation in the new century,and the "New Countryside Development".The selection of the target location of resettlement sites for poverty-stricken villages is of critical importance to the success of resettlement projects,yet the selection process is challenged by the need for analyzing a variety of contributing factors,and the need for many rounds of tedious data processing.So in this paper we present an in-depth analysis of the major factors and data processing model concerning mountainous povertystricken villages,which also takes a major part of China's poor villages.Our analysis shows the following factors bear the most importance in resettlement selection:1) topography:candidate areas should have slope less than 25 degrees and altitude less than 2400 meters.2) accessibility:close to market conventions places and transportation facilities.3) farming resources:with abundant land and water resources.4) non-intrusiveness:interests of receiving villages should be considered and negative impact minimized.A simple measure could be having the candidate area 1000 m away from the receiving residents.5) Minimal ecological and political footprint:candidate areas shall not conflict with nature conservation areas or nationally planned key land use projects.6) Social and cultural compatibility:residents will better off if relocated in the same county,considering language,religion,ethnic culture and other factors.Taking Makuadi,Lushui County of Nujiang Prefecture as a case study,we demonstrate how GIS analysis and modeling tools can be used in the selection process of resettlement projects in mountainous areas.

Prediction of Anoxic Sulfide Biooxidation Under Various HRTs Using Artificial Neural Networks

Objective During present investigation the data of a laboratory-scale anoxic sulfide oxidizing （ASO） reactor were used in a neural network system to predict its performance. Methods Five uncorrelated components of the influent wastewater were used as the artificial neural network model input to predict the output of the effluent using back-propagation and general regression algorithms. The best prediction performance is achieved when the data are preprocessed using principal components analysis （PCA） before they are fed to a back propagated neural network. Results Within the range of experimental conditions tested, it was concluded that the ANN model gave predictable results for nitrite removal from wastewater through ASO process. The model did not predict the formation of sulfate to an acceptable manner. Conclusion Apart from experimentation, ANN model can help to simulate the results of such experiments in finding the best optimal choice for ASO based denitrification. Together with wastewater collection and the use of improved treatment systems and new technologies, better control of wastewater treatment plant （WTP） can lead to more effective maneuvers by its operators and, as a consequence, better effluent quality.

Functions of Russian Melilotus officinalis on Degraded Soil Improvement

To improve the serious situation of soil degradation in China, tests were carried out to study the improvement effects of Russian Melilotus officinalis on the low base saturation acid soil, the alkaline-saline soil and the heavy metal contaminated soil. The results showed that M. officinalis could improve the low base saturation acid soil, increase the salt, alkali content, mineral nutrition and organic nutrient, which indicated that M. officinalis could be planted in the acid soil, and had a significant ecological effect on soil improvement. M. officinalis achieved a remarkable effect on improving the alkaline-saline soil （pH 8.5-9.5） that the soil desalted, dealkalized and had more organic nutrient. Moreover, M. officinalis could improve the heavy metal contaminated soil and had the ability to enrich and transform heavy metal elements, especially Cd and Ni, thereby presenting significant repair effects on soil improvement. Therefore, Russian M. officinalis had multiple-effects on degraded soil improvement, so it is worthy of application and popularization.

GIS-based Analysis of Main Air Pollutants of Changchun City in Summer

To gain a better understanding of the characteristics of air pollution of Changchun city, P. R. China, in summer, the analytical methods of geographical information system（GIS） and statistical analysis software SPSS were applied to the analysis of the monitored concentrations of SO2 , NO2, and O3 in July of 2002 to 2004 in Changchun city. The results obtained show that the average hourly O3 concentrations in July 2002 and 2004 were higher than the firstlevel hourly standard of China. At the same time, the dynamic distribution of the 03 concentration and the relationship between the concentration of 03 and that of NOx were studied. The air quality evaluation result of Changchun city indicates that the southwest of this city was heavily polluted during the monitored period.