Expression of NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha in the developing neonatal rat brain

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha （PDGFRct） is a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system. NG2 is also considered a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. However, whether there are differences in the distribution and morphol- ogy of oligodendrocyte precursor cells labeled by NG2 or PDGFRa in the developing neonatal rat brain remains unclear. In this study, by immunohistochemical staining, NG2 positive （NG2＋） cells were ubiquitous in the molecular layer, external pyramidal layer, internal pyramidal layer, and polymorphic layer of the cerebral cortex, and corpus callosum, external capsule, piriform cortex, and medial septal nucleus. NG2~ cells were stellate or fusiform in shape with long processes that were progressively decreased and shortened over the course of brain development. The distribution and morphology of PDGFRct positive （PDGFRa＋） cells were coincident with NG2＋ cells. The co- localization of NG2 and PDGFRu in the cell bodies and processes of some cells was confirmed by double immunofluorescence labeling. Moreover, cells double-labeled for NG2 and PDGFRa were predominantly in the early postnatal stage of development. The numbers of NG2＋/PDGFRa＋ cells and PDGFRa＋ cells decreased, but the number of NG2＋ cells increased from postnatal days 3 to 14 in the developing brain. In addition, amoeboid microglial cells of the corpus callosum, newborn brain macrophages in the normal developing brain, did not express NG2 or PDGFRu, but NG2 expression was detected in amoeboid microglia after hypoxia. The present results suggest that NG2 and PDGFRct are specific markers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells at different stages during early development. Additionally, the NG2 protein is involved in inflammatory and pathological processes of amoeboid microglial cells.

Activity Concentrations and Associated Gamma Doses of 238U and 235U in Jordan

In this study, sixteen soil and vegetable samples from Tafila district were collected and analyzed from eight locations. Measurements of specific activity of natural gamma emitter radionuclides, 23SU and 235U, in these samples using gamma spectrometry, with the help of Genie 2000 software. Measurements were used to calculate the soil-vegetable transfer factor, and then the external radiation dose and internal radiation dose due to radioactivity of the ingested food. The specific activity of238U and 235U in soil were found to vary from （in Bq/kg）： 26-575 and 1.4-35.5, respectively. The specific activity of 238U and 235U in vegetables were found to vary from （in Bq/kg）： 0.019 to 0.632 and 0.0013-0.0375, respectively. The calculated transfer factor of Z3SU and Z35U range from 5.9 × 10^-4to 14.6 × 10^-4 for 238U and 4.9 × 10^-4 to 16.1 × 10^-4 for 235U. External absorbed dose rates were calculated to be in the range from 12.42 to 266.00 nGy/h. The annual effective dose was found to vary from 28.94 to 619.78 μSv/y. The annual internal effective dose due to 23SU and 23SU for fresh weights ofvegetablesl were found to vary from 0.9 × 10^-3 to 35.1 × 10^-3 μSv/y for 238U and 0.61 × 10^-4 to 17.62 × 10^-4 μSv/y for 235U.

Selenium Nanoparticles Ameliorative Effect on Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in Male Mice

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been widely used as anti-inflammatory and anti-toxic agent. The present study used Bacillus tequilensis for biosynthesizing SeNPs from sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and investigated its ameliorative effects on acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity in male mice. The results indicated that Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) significantly elevated in mice treated with APAP, while other liver markers (total proteins and albumin) did not change. SeNPs either alone or in combination with APAP showed ameliorative effects on liver enzymes to some extents where their activities decreased to be insignificant with those of normal group. A slight variation was shown in total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Histopathologically, the hepatocytes of the mice treated with APAP showed cloudy swelling and vacuolar degeneration, while those treated with SeNPs or both SeNPs and APAP appeared more or less histologically normal. In conclusion, SeNPs can be used to improve or replace today’s therapies of APAP hepatotoxicity.

Comparison of Vacuum Metal Deposition and 1,2-lndandione/Ninhydrin Reagent Method for the Development of Fingerprints on Renminbi

It is extremely difficult to develop fingerprints from the surface of currency.There are studies reporting that the high vacuum metal deposition(VMD)method can be used to detect fingerprints on certain types of currency notes.Both VMD and 1,2-indandione/ninhydrin techniques are employed to visualize latent fingermarks on porous surfaces,such as paper.The current study explores whether the VMD method or 1,2-indandione/ninhydrin reagent method is more effective in the development of fingerprints on remninbi(RMB).Uncirculated,circulated,and water-exposed RMB was utilized in this study,along with five donors who ranged in their age and potential to leave fingermarks.Samples were aged for a determined period(for uncirculated and circulated RMB,times were 1,3,5,10,and 35 days;for watei^exposed RMB,exposure time was 1 day)and then treated with VMD and 1,2-indandione/ninhydrin.The results suggested that the 1,2-indandione/ninhydrin reagent yielded a better effect for both circulated and uncirculated RMB.For the RMB exposed to water,VMD performed better and gave limited results in terms of fingerprint development,which could serve as a reference for actual forensic cases.

Determination of Diphenylamine in Gunshot Residue by HPLC‑MS/MS

A high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)protocol was developed for the determination of diphenylamine(DPA).Four productions of DPA were selected for qualitative assay and the peak area of the main product ion for quantitation.By means of separation using an Agilent Extend-C18 column(CA,USA)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)with methanol‑water(90:10)as the mobile phase,DPA was detected by electrospray ionization(ESI)tandem mass spectrometry in positive mode.The linearity of the peak area versus concentration ranged 5‑500 ng/mL,r^(2)=0.9978.The limit of detection(S/N=3)of this method was 0.3 ng/mL.This method is applicable for the determination of DPA in gunshot residue.

Genetic polymorphisms of 44 Y chromosomal genetic markers in the Inner Mongolia Han population and its genetic relationship analysis with other reference populations

Y chromosomal genetic markers in the non-recombining region are commonly used for human evolution research,familial searching,and forensic male differentiation since they strictly follow paternal inheritance.Y chromosomal short tandem repeats(Y-STRs)possess extraordinarily advantages in forensic applications because of their high polymorphisms and special genetic pattern.Here,we assessed the genetic diversities of 41 Y-STRs and three Y chromosomal insertion/deletion(Y-InDels)loci in the Chinese Inner Mongolia Han population;besides,genetic differentiation analyses among the studied Han population and other previously reported populations were conducted based on 27 same Y-STRs.Totally,425 alleles were observed in 324 Inner Mongolia Han individuals for these Y-markers.Gene diversities of these Y-markers distributed from 0.0306 to 0.9634.The haplotype diversity and discriminatory capacity of these Y-markers in the Inner Mongolia Han population were 0.9999 and 0.98457,respectively.Haplotype resolution comparisons of different Y-marker groups in the studied Han population revealed that higher haplotype resolution could be achieved for these 44 Y-markers.Population genetic analyses of the Inner Mongolia Han population and other reference populations demonstrated that the studied Han population had relatively closer genetic affinities with Northern Han Chinese populations than Southern Han and other minority groups.To sum up,these 44 Y-markers can be utilized as a valuable tool for male differentiation in the Inner Mongolia Han population.

Ultrasound-Assisted Low-Density Solvent Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Extraction for the Determination of Amphetamines in Biological Samples Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

In order to control drug crime effectively,it is necessary to develop selective analytical methods suitable for unambiguous identification and determination of drugs in illicit samples and biological matrices.A novel microextraction technique based on ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction,(UA-LDS-DLLME)has been applied to the determination of four amphetamines(methamphetamine,amphetamine,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)in urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The parameters affecting extraction efficiency have been investigated and optimized.UA-LDS-DLLME used ultrasound energy to assist in the emulsification process without any disperser solvent.Under the optimized conditions,linearity was observed for all analytes in the 0.15-10 p,g/mL range with correlation coefficients(R)ranging from 0.9886 to 0.9894.The recoveries of75.6-91.4%with relative standard deviations of 2.5-4.0%were obtained.The limits of detection(S/N=3)were estimated to be in the 5-10 ng/mL range.The UA-LDS-DLLME technique had the advantages of shorter extraction time,suitability for simultaneous pretreatments of batches of samples,and the higher extraction efficiency.It was successfully applied to the analysis of amphetamines in real human urine samples.

Monodisperse silica nanoparticle suspension for developing latent blood fingermarks

Traditional fingermark developing methods are unsuitable for developing and extracting latent blood fingermarks on dark surfaces at crime scene because of their ineffectiveness or tedious operation procedures.In the present work,an effective and simple method was developed to serve this purpose using a suspension of monodisperse silica nanoparticles(MSNs).A suspension of 0.1 g/mL of MSNs was prepared by dispersing MSNs ultrasonically into an ethanol solution containing 1.0%Tween 80 and then uniformly sprayed onto the latent blood fingermarks on black plastic bags.Approximately 20 s later,ethanol was sprayed to clean the superfluous developing liquid.After the ethanol had evaporated,the latent fin-germarks became visible as a result of the photonic crystal effect produced by the MSNs that had adsorbed to the fingermark ridges.The developed fingermarks were then photo-graphed using a digital camera under a white or monospectral light source,revealing fine ridges and clear fingermark details.This novel,simple and effective method uses the pho-tonic crystal effect of MSNs to develop latent blood fingermarks without the need for sur-face functionalization and conjugation to dye or fluorescently label molecules.The method can detect latent blood fingermarks that have been retained on a black plastic bag surface for at least 30 d.Given the simplicity and effectiveness of the developed method,MSNs may be a useful alternative material for use in developing latent fingermarks.Further research on the topic is warranted.