Spatial and Temporal Differences of Climate Suitability of Ice and Snow Sports in Major Ski Tourism Destinations in China

Ice and snow tourism in China has grown significantly since the country successfully hosted the Beijing Winter Olympics.Climatic conditions profoundly impact the development of ice and snow tourism;however,most studies have focused on constructing different climate suitability indicators for ice and snow tourism to evaluate individual regions,lacking horizontal comparative studies across multiple regions.This study aims to enrich the connotation of climate suitability for ice and snow sports,establish an evaluation model based on snowfall amount,temperature,and wind speed,and use daily meteorological data from 1991 to 2021 to horizontally compare the climate suitability for ice and snow sports in major ski tourism destinations in China.This study boasts four major findings:1)the average ice and snow sports climate index of each region decreases over time,and the overall suitability of the climate for ice and snow sports is reducing;2)northern Xinjiang exhibits the most evident regional differentiation from‘very suitable’to‘generally suitable’;3)the spatial zoning of climate suitability for ice and snow sports exhibits heterogeneity,as northern Xinjiang is divided into two‘suitable and above’zones with rotating empirical orthogonal function(REOF).Correspondingly,the four provinces of Hebei,Heilongjiang,Jilin,and Liaoning are divided into three‘generally suitable and above’zones;4)snowfall amount is the main factor affecting the climate suitability of ice and snow sports in the major ski tourist destinations in China.

Research on the Reform Path of Ideological and Political Education in Tourism English Courses in Higher Vocational Education

Tourism English in higher vocational education has profound humanistic,strong professional orientation,and instrumental characteristics.Through analyzing the current situation of ideological and political teaching in Tourism English courses in higher vocational education,it is found that there are too few ideological and political elements in the curriculum,the skills teaching and ideological education are not unified,and the ideological and political education in the curriculum tends to be empty preaching.The reasons for this are the weak ideological and political awareness of teachers,the emphasis on skills in textbooks over ideological and political education,and the conservatism of teaching methods.Based on the requirements of curriculum ideological and political education and teaching reform,a teaching reform practice path is constructed from four aspects:anchoring curriculum ideological and political goals,improving teachers’ideological and political awareness and educational ability,creating ideological and political-oriented textbook resources,and integrating ideological and political teaching methods through multiple channels throughout the entire process,in order to cultivate students with patriotism,international vision,and professional skills.

Ecological vulnerability analysis of Tibetan towns with tourism-based economy： a case study of the Bayi District

This paper provides a generalizable mode for the ecological vulnerability evaluation for tourism planning and development in high mountain areas.The Bayi District located in southeastern Tibet is taken as a typical town to study the conflict between the protection of natural ecological environment and the exploitation of tourism resources. Based on the Sensitivity-Recovery-Pressure(SRP) framework, a set of vulnerability evaluation systems for plateau tourism regions were developed. The spatial principal component analysis(SPCA), remote sensing and GIS technologies were integrated to apply for spatial quantification of evaluation index system. The ecological vulnerability of the Bayi District was divided into five levels: potential, mild, moderate,severe, and extreme, and our results showed that significantly severe and extreme vulnerability areas were mainly distributed throughout the southwestern and central northern alpine pasture and glacial zones.Potential and mild vulnerability areas were mainly distributed in the vicinity of the Yarlung Zangbo River tributary basin. Then three tourism development and environmental protection zones were classified and appropriate measures for the protection were proposed. It also provides a reference for the spatial distribution of a range of areas that require different protection measures according to ecological vulnerability classification.

Geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation in the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains, eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains is a typical region of mountainous landscape in western China and is the core region of "Shangri-La", a world-famous ecotourism destination. The landscape classification system is an important scientific basis for landscape protection and tourism development in this region. By combining geology and geography and referring to the concepts of "system tract" and "tectonic system" in geology, this paper comes up with grading standards for the geoscience landscape system of this region. Based on the regional stratigraphic structure, tectonic fault marks and geomorphological differentiation, this paper comes up with 2 Grade Ⅰ geoscience landscape system tracts, 8 Grade Ⅱ geoscience landscape systems, 21 Grade Ⅲ geoscience landscape areas, and 165 representative Grade Ⅳ geoscience landscape attractions. According to the main classification methods for the geological heritage and tourism landscapes, the geoscience landscapes can be divided into 4 categories, 16 types and 19 subtypes. On this basis, 23 eco-tourism areas of the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains can be delimited. The study provides a theoretical direction and method reference for the geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation, which has an importantsignificance on the mountain landscape protection and tourism development in the regions of complex geo-environments.

Empirical research on construction of a measurement framework for tourism carbon emission in China

According to the logic process of carbon reduction in China which arises from the measurement to reduction,from reduction to offsetting,the measurement of carbon emission in the tourism industry was the first and key step.Based on the life cycle assessment theory and input-output analysis,this article used economic and environmental measurement technologies,The System of National Accounting(SNA),Tourism Satellite Account(TSA),System of Integrated Environment and Economic Accounting(SEEA),and so on,and built up a top-down carbon emission analysis framework for the tourism industry and estimated carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007.The finding showed that the total carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 169.78 million tons,covering 2.71%of carbon emission of all industries in China in 2007,and 2.44%of the total carbon emission in China in 2007.The direct carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 73.56 million tons,including transportation(50.14 million tons),sightseeing(1.33 million tons),lodging(4.19 million tons),accommodation(4.73 million tons),shopping(8.14 million tons),entertainment(0.67 million tons),communication(0.45 million tons),and others(3.90 million tons).The indirect carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 96.23 million tons,mostly contributed by coking,gas,and petroleum processing industries,transportation and warehousing industry,machinery and equipment manufacturing industry,and food manufacturing and tobacco processing industry,which covered 57%.

Potentials of community-based tourism in transformations towards green economies after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in West China

This study investigates the contrasting sceneries of community-based tourism after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and focuses on the potentials of tourism in transformations towards green economies. How are tourism and environment linked in a sustainable relationship? And how can potentials of community-based tourism be directed in transformations towards green economies? A qualitative research design is used to examine contrasting sceneries and specific green elements of community-based tourism in a Qiang people's fortress village in Mao County, Sichuan Province, West China and further discuss how tourism can be compatible with human wellbeing through demonstrating a commitment to sustainable development. The study argues that potential economic, social and environmental costs of tourism need to be considered when evaluating the loss of community benefits toward sustainability. The green elements suggest the potential of community-based tourism in transformations towards green economies, involving green agricultural, green building, and green energy, green governance, green service and green consumption. This study will contribute to the debate about the relationship between tourism and environment sustainability in the green economies, as well as the critique of what can be learned for community development from green tourism in mountainous regions after the inevitable natural disasters.

Exploitation Countermeasures of Farming Culture Tourism in the Dabie Mountains: Thinking on the Investigation of Hani Terrace Tourism Development in Yunan Province

Farming culture is the main part of Chinese outstanding traditional culture and also the important spiritual and cultural resources to construct the core values of the Chinese nation. In the new era, fully exploring and making full use of farming culture resources has important practical significance for the protection, inheritance and innovation of Chinese excellent traditional culture. The rapid development and successful brand shaping of Hani terrace tourism could provide experience for the exploration and utilization of farming culture tourism resources in other areas of China. Based on the analysis of development process of Hani terrace tourism as well as the successful experience of other regions for reference, ideas of developing farming culture tourism in the Dabie Mountains were proposed.

Construction of Popular Science Tourism Evaluation Index System for Geoparks and Empirical Analysis

Popular science tourism is a new tourism mode, and geopark scenic area is an important carrier of popular science tourism. It is the premise and foundation for the popular science tourism development of geoparks to establish a scientific evaluation index system and evaluation model. On the basis of analyzing relevant evaluation models, this paper explored the evaluation system and model of geopark popular science tourism in following steps. First, establish the index system. Based on the theory method, frequency method, and expert consultation method, this paper established the popular science tourism evaluation index system of geopark scenic area. The evaluation index system includes 3 primary indexes, 8 secondary indexes and 30 tertiary indexes. Second, define index weight and scoring standards. Index weights were defined using Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP), the measuring method of each index and the scoring standards were specified. Third, evaluation model and grade. The evaluation model of popular science tourism development was constructed, and the evaluation results were classified into 4 grades. Fourth, empirical study. The evaluation model was applied to measure and investigate popular science tourism of Henan Yuntain Mountain World Geopark, and the final score was 7.619, indicating a higher evaluation grade of popular science tourism of the park.

A Review of China Tourism Education during the Republic of China( 1912 - 1949 )

With the primary development of tourism industry during the Republic of China,tourism education had drawn the attention of the relevant people and a number of practical activities were carried out one after another.This article mainly analyzed the general situations of tourism education of the Republic of China from the object,the form and the content of tourism education and thought that tourism education of that period had extensive objects,various forms,rich and practical contents.Also the characteristics of tourism education during the Republic of China had a positive role in the future development of tourism education in China.

The Influence of the Closure of the East Paleo-Tethys Ocean on Southern South China:Evidences from Kinematics and^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar Geochronology of the Rongxian Ductile Shear Zone in Southeastern Guangxi

The Triassic was a crucial period in the tectonic evolution of the South China Block.Research on tectonic deformation during this period provides information on intracontinental orogenic mechanisms in South China.In this study,alongside thermochronological analyses,we examine the macroscopic and microscopic structural features of the Rongxian ductile shear zone,located south of the Darongshan granite in the southeastern part of Guangxi Province,on the southern margin of South China.Sinistral shear is indicated by the characteristics of rotatedσ-type feldspar porphyroclasts,stretching lineations defined by elongated quartz grains and the orientations of quartz c-axes.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from two samples of granitic mylonite and one of granite yielded ages of ca.256 Ma.Furthermore,two samples of granitic mylonite yield muscovite^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar plateau ages of 249-246 Ma.These results indicate that the Rongxian ductile shear zone resulted from Early Triassic deformation of the late Permian Darongshan granite.This deformation was likely related to the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the subsequent collision of the South China and Indochina blocks,during the early stage of the Indosinian orogeny.

Jiuzhaigou Ecotourism Areal System:Temporal Evolution of Entropic Change

The temporal evolution of entropy of Jiuzhaigou ecotourism areal system has been quantitatively analyzed by using equation of system entropy V = k In M - k In C. The computed entropy for Jiuzhaigou ecotourism areal system for 20 years indicates a negative value during 1986-1996, which implies that the system had remained a healthy state during this period. The system entropy value, however, showed a constant increase since 1996 until it turned to be positive in 2000 when the system became chaotic. After 2000 the entropy value declined until 2003 when it escalated once again. By analyzing the causes and process of entropy change of the system, it is argued that fluctuation of entropy value is due to the overloading of tourist service capacity by tourism activities. It is desired to curb the flow of tourist volume and reinforce conservation efforts as well as, so that an ideal balance between conservation and development could be maintained.

An Evaluation System for Agriculture and Tourism Coupling Degree of Rural Complex Based on Production-living-ecological Space

Rural complex is a bright spot for China to realize the development of new industries for rural revitalization.Starting from the concept,development history and current situation of rural complex,based on the perspective of production-living-ecological space,according to the different characteristics of agriculture and tourism,3 secondary indices and 18 tertiary indices were selected,and each of them was weighted using the Delphi expert consultation method and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)to construct an evaluation system for the coupling degree of agriculture and tourism in rural complex.The results show gross domestic product and forest coverage have the most significant impact on agriculture,economic benefits and the ecological water quality of tourist attractions have the most significant impact on the tourism industry,and tourism economic benefits and agricultural ecological benefits have the most significant impact on rural complex.

Progress in Research on the Impacts of Global Climate Change on Winter Ski Tourism

The impacts of global climate change on ski tourism, which depends heavily on climate conditions, have increasingly gained concern overseas. This paper systematically summarized the relevant research ideas, the technical methods used, and the obtained achievements through an extensive synthesis of the previous studies. Moreover, the major shortcomings and the limitations in the recent studies are pointed in order to present a useful reference for our Chinese investigators. It indicates that the future climate warming would cause the loss of skiable areas, the shortening of skiing seasons and the sharp drop of ski visitors in many low altitude and low latitude ski resorts. The paper finally stressed that future research should pay particular attention to strengthening interdisciplinary cooperation and consider more factors about the impacts of climate-induced environmental changes on tourist flows. In the future ski resort planning and management, the possible impacts of global climate change should be taken into account.

Tourism Marketing Strategies for Satellite City against the Background of New Urbanization

Considering the development features of new urbanization, and tourism development conditions of Xinzhou District, Wuhan City, this paper explored the inner integrated point of new urbanization and tourism industry, and on this basis proposed strategies for tourism marketing of satellite city by innovating traditional marketing, and applying new marketing methods, so as to build a high-efficiency, high-coverage marketing network, to promote the development of urban tourism, the integration of industries, and economic strength of satellite city, and to push forward the further implementation of new urbanization.

Vulnerability Assessment of Tourism Environment in the South China Sea Islands : Construction of Evaluation Model Based on Interpretation System of Formation Mechanism

Tourism vulnerability research is an important theoretical basis for sustainable research of tourism.In this study,it hopes to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system for vulnerability of tourism environment in the South China Sea Islands,to achieve the sound development of island tourism in the South China Sea.Therefore,based on the study of the geographical environment and geographical background of the South China Sea Islands,the mechanism analysis method is used to form three interpretation systems.First,interpretation system of meridional causality mechanism.4 evaluation levels and 52 indicators are screened out,and the mathematical and physical criteria for each indicator is established.Second,interpretation system of latitudinal factor relationship mechanism.The AHP is used to obtain the weights of each index,and the contribution rate of factor at each level to the vulnerability is determined.Third,sharing platform of connecting meridional and latitudinal interpretation system.Likert 5-level scale is used to make the factors belong to different orders of magnitude,and factors from different systems could be comparable.Finally,through the formulation of mathematical and chemical standards of indexes and weights of evaluation indexes,a comprehensive evaluation model for vulnerability of tourism environment in the South China Sea Islands is established.

Effectiveness of Informatization Teaching Design:A Cause Study on Mountain Tourism Resources

With the rapid development of network technology,education informatization has become an inevitable trend in education reform and development.An important aspect of information teaching is the effective integration of information technology and course teaching.On the basis of fully understanding and considering the learning needs of students,we should clarify the teaching goals of mountain tourism resources,integrate relevant teaching content,select appropriate information teaching strategies and methods,and achieve the optimization of teaching effects,so that students can really effectively play the role of the main body in teaching.In the teaching process of mountain tourism resources,the use of information-based teaching methods is not the more the better,but an effective combination of corresponding information teaching methods should be explored instead,such as learning the formation of Mount Tai through 3D animation,learning the lithology of Mount Tai through VR,etc.,so that not only can students learn easily and efficiently,but the workload of teachers can be reduced as well.

Study on Construction of Tourism Security Early Warning System in Tourist Destinations-Take Yangshuo, China as an Example

Tourism security is the necessary foundation for sustainable development of tourism destinations.The application of next-generation information technology for early warning of tourism safety can achieve the management goals of tourism destinations such as accuracy,economy,and rapid response.The tourist destination safety early warning system mainly consists of video surveillance-based passenger flow assessment,traffic safety early warning system,emergency intelligent guidance system and intelligent rescue simulation system.

A Study on Eco-Tourism and Sustainable Development of Economic Underdevelopment Areas—An Example from Kanas Nature Reserve, Xingjiang Province, Northwest China

Based on the assessment of eco-tourism resource and its location advantage, the paper has discussed the principle, projects, and facilities of eco-tourism, in the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang as well as the direction of related industries. To solve the problems occurred at present in the Kanas Nature Reserve, strategic counter measures of sustainable development of eco-tourism have also been put forward, including: 1) The establishment of eco-tourism planning legislative system of eco-tourism;2) The establishment of environmental protection planning system of eco-tourism;3) The establishment of environmental audit system of eco-tourism;4) The establishment environmental legislation and law enforcement system of eco-tourism;5) The establishment ethic education and management system of eco-tourism.

Strategy on the High-Quality Development of the Tourism of the Grand Canal National Culture Park

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is a lineal cultural heritage site extending across 8 provinces(municipalities)with a length of nearly 3,200 kilometers.It has abundant cultural and tourist resources.At the 38th session of UNESCO World Heritage's committee held on June 22,2014,the Grand Canal was listed as the world heritage site,and became a new tourist destination of cultural heritage in China.

On scientif ic expedition tourism of desert region:a case of eastern Ulan Buh Inner Mongolia

Desert-based adventure tourism is a rapidly expanding tourism market segment after the late 20^th century around the world. Perhaps the most significant factor in the development of desert adventure tourism is the extent to which common tourists are really engaged in scientific expedition. Inner Mongolia has long been considered as the resources accumulation area of desert tourism. The investigation on the Ulan Bah Desert has discovered that the desert animals, the vegetation, the insects, the fungus, tire landfrom and the climate are impressive for both the researchers and the mass tourists. After the resources investigation a survey was carried out in 2007 to get the detailed information of the tourists＇ attitude toward the planning desert scientific product in the Ulan Buh Desert. Based on the resources and market analysis, this paper tries to make a planning of the desert scientific expedition tour of the Ulan Bah Desert. The planning includes the functional division, expedition route design, tour-explaining system, facility of safety guaranty and service planning, and the professional training base.