Future Directions of Quinoa Research and Innovation

Quinoa research aims to deeply understand its nutritional value,develop planting techniques,and explore food applications to promote quinoa industry development and improve human health.Future research directions include further exploring nutritional functions,adaptive breeding,cultivation techniques and food processing of quinoa,so as to promote innovation and development in the quinoa industry.Expected outcomes include increased production,improved quality,expanded markets,diversified food sources,reduced environmental impact,and biodiversity protection.There are still challenges such as fluctuating market demand,resource constraints,insufficient nutritional knowledge,and fierce competition.Solutions may include education and publicity,diversified product lines,health certification and brand building,partnerships,new variety cultivation and sustainable farming,and resource sharing.Future research and practice will further promote innovation and development in the quinoa industry,making it one of the most important food and functional ingredients globally.

Nitrogen uptake and transfer in broad bean and garlic strip intercropping systems

Utilization and transfer of nitrogen （N）in a strip intercropping system of garlic （Allium safivum L.） and broad bean （Vicia faba L.） have been investigated rarely. The objectives of this study were to quantify N uptake and utilization by intercropped broad bean and garlic and determine the magnitude of N transfer from broad bean to garlic. Field and pot trials were carried out in the Erhai Lake Basin in China using ^15N tracer applied to the soil or injected into broad bean plants. Strip intercropping of garlic and broad bean increased N absorption （47.2%） compared with sole crop broad bean （31.9%） or sole crop garlic （40.7%） and reduced soil residual N. Nearly 15% of 15N injected into petioles of broad bean intercropped with garlic was recovered in garlic at harvest, suggesting that N could be transferred from broad bean to strip intercropped garlic. The findings provide a basis for evaluating legumes＇ role in optimizing N fertilization when intercropped with non-legumes.

Research Note: Bird-Resistant Pollination Bags for Sorghum Breeding and Germplasm Maintenance

Bird damage is a problem in sorghum breeding and germplasm maintenance operations. Paper pollination bags are damaged by rain and provide only a minimal deterrent to birds. To overcome these limitations we fabricated pollination bags from spun polyethylene fiber sheeting. No seed yield difference was found between plants bagged with either spun polyethylene or paper. Seed loss by bird damage was nearly eliminated under the polyethylene bags. In areas where bird damage is problematic bird resistant pollination bags can allow for a reduction in the plot size required for breeding and germplasm maintenance operations, increase the productivity of such operations as genetic diversity per unit land area, and make direct measurement of seed yield possible in agronomic field experiments.

Stable Carbon Isotope Discrimination (δ13C) of Cotton Burrs and Seeds as a Season-Long Integrator of Crop Water Stress

Plant-based irrigation management schemes typically use surrogates such as canopy temperature, alone, or in conjunction with environmental variables, to infer the degree of “crop stress” (biological strain) induced by drought. Few systematic studies of the relationship between “crop stress”, as defined by such surrogates, and physiological estimates of water use efficiency (WUE) exist over both daily and seasonal time scales relevant to agronomic irrigation control. The systematic application of stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) might allow post hoc evaluation of irrigation scheduling schemes and might also be a useful germplasm screening tool if the source(s) of variability can be uncovered and/or controlled. Results from preliminary efforts comparing leaf and cotton seed δ13C to season-long water deficits showed that seeds are more useful indicators of season-long water stress and water use efficiency during crop development.

Research on Extraction and Purification Technology of Flavonoids from Quinoa (Cheuopodium quinoa) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the extraction process of quiona(Cheuopodium quinoa)leaves.[Methods]Firstly,single factor experiments were carried out with the volume fraction of ethanol,extraction time,extraction temperature and liquid-to-material ratio as factors.Based on the single factor experiments,a response surface test was designed by the central composite design method of Design-Expert software to establish a mathematical model.[Results]The optimal extraction conditions of quinoa flavonoids were obtained as follows:the ethanol volume fraction of 70%,the liquid-to-material ratio at 30∶1,the extraction time of 100 min and the extraction temperature at 60℃.[Conclusions]The results of the study are stable with small deviation,and can provide reference for related processes.

Research on the Sustainable Development of Agriculture

Based on the background of sustainable development of agriculture, its concepts and characteristics were analyzed, and the present situation of research on the sustainable development of agriculture at home and abroad was studied. Furthermore, some measures to promote the sustainable development of agriculture in China were proposed.

Evaluation of a Wireless Solar Powered Personal Weather Station

We are evaluating dryland cotton production in Martin County, Texas, measuring cotton lint yield per unit of rainfall. Our goal is to collect rainfall data per 250 - 400 ha. Upon selection of a rainfall gauge, we realized that the cost of using, for example, a tipping bucket-type rain gauge would be too expensive and thus searched for an alternative method. We selected an all-in-one commercially available weather station;hereafter, referred to as a Personal Weather Station (PWS) that is both wireless and solar powered. Our objective was to evaluate average measurements of rainfall obtained with the PWS and to compare these to measurements obtained with an automatic weather station (AWS). For this purpose, we installed four PWS deployed within 20 m of the Plant Stress and Water Conservation Meteorological Tower that was used as our AWS, located at USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX. In addition, we measured and compared hourly average values of short-wave irradiance (Rg), air temperature (Tair) and relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS), and calculated values of dewpoint temperature (Tdew). This comparison was done over a 242-day period (1 October 2022-31 May 2023) and results indicated that there was no statistical difference in measurements of rainfall between the PWS and AWS. Hourly average values of Rg measured with the PWS and AWS agreed on clear days, but PWS measurements were higher on cloudy days. There was no statistical difference between PWS and AWS hourly average measurements of Tair, RH, and calculated Tdew. Hourly average measurements of Rg and WS were more variable. We concluded that the PWS we selected will provide adequate values of rainfall and other weather variables to meet our goal of evaluating dryland cotton lint yield per unit rainfall.

中美几个棉花品种育种应用价值研究(英文)

用3个美国陆地棉品种为母本与2个中国品种配制6个杂交组合。5个亲本与其6个杂交组合F2和F3种植在美国密西西比州立大学农业试验站。利用加性 显性 加×加互作遗传模型(ADAA)进行数据分析。结果表明,除了加性和显性效应外,加×加互作效应控制大多数农艺性状和纤维性状。两个中国品种均可用于纤维麦克隆值的改良。品种CR110及Deltapine90(DP90)在纤维长度和强度方面具有较好的一般配合力。与品种DP90的杂交组合可以在较晚世代用于产量的改良。杂交组合Stoneville474(ST474)×CR110可用于在早期提高皮棉产量。除ST474×CR110之外,其它各组合均具有产量改良的潜力。组合Sure Grow747(SG747)×86 1在早期和晚期均比其它组合有较高的纤维强度。考虑到皮棉和纤维品质的基因型值,组合SG747×86 1可用于提高早期和晚期产量的改良且有好的纤维品质。

Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Changes in Foxtail Millet Planting Area in Hebei Province

Since reform and open to the outside world,foxtail millet planting area in Hebei Province has constantly reduced,and its planting region has changed from the whole province into some regions,with obvious changes. In this paper,by using qualitative and quantitative approaches like chart analysis,summarizing,Delphi method and osculating value model,the influencing factors of changes in millet growing region in Hebei Province were studied. The results showed that the changes of millet planting area were closely related to many factors,such as little investment in scientific research,weak policy support,a single consumer product demand,the rapid development of other staple crops, labor migration,relatively low comparative effectiveness and physiological characteristics of the millet itself. Then some suggestions were put forward,such as increasing research support,strengthening scientific research strength,researching and developing deeply processed products, expanding consumer groups,improving millet policy support,providing subsidies for planting the improved varieties,researching and developing various types of machinery,and increasing millet production technology training.

Irrigation Termination Thermal Time and Amount on Cotton Lint Yield and Fiber Quality

Cotton irrigation in the Texas High Plains (THP) is often dictated by the well capacity and not by the water needs of the crop. The source of irrigation-water is the Ogallala aquifer and in many areas of the THP, the water table has declined to well capacities that deliver 1.3 to >7.6 mm/d. There is plenty of information on cotton responses to irrigation frequency and amount;however, information on when to terminate irrigation and its effect on cotton lint yield and fiber quality is scarce. Our objective was to evaluate over a 4-year period three irrigation termination thermal times corresponding to cumulative daily heat units (∑HU) of 890 °C, 1000 °C and 1110 °C from crop emergence, and three levels of irrigation (2.5, 5.1 and 7.6 mm/d) on cotton lint yield and fiber quality. Irrigation was applied with a sprinkler system on a 3-day frequency in Lubbock, TX. Results showed that on average the 7.6 mm/d level produced the most cotton lint yield regardless of the irrigation termination thermal time. Terminating cotton at 1000- °C ∑HU resulted in water savings of 25 to 50 mm for the 2.5 and 5.1 mm/d levels without significantly affecting lint yield. For the 7.6 mm/d and terminating at 890- °C ∑HU resulted in water savings of 100 to 115 mm. Average fiber length statistically increased with termination thermal time and level. This effect was most significant in years with the least rain and warmer air temperature. Micronaire increased with the termination thermal time in years with >500 mm of rain. Average fiber length uniformity and fiber strength were minimally affected by termination thermal time. As irrigation level increased, the average micronaire decreased, and fiber strength increased for the 5.1 and 7.6 mm/d irrigation. We concluded that in the THP for well capacities that deliver 2.5 - 5.1 mm/d irrigation can be terminated when the ∑HU reaches about 1000 °C from emergence without impacting cotton lint yield.

Analysis of Nutritional Ingredients and Planting Techniques of Quinoa

Quinoa( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to South America,and its grains are mainly used. In recent years,using quinoa seedlings as a vegetable have become more and more popular. In this paper,the biological characteristics,nutritional ingredients and health functions of quinoa were introduced in detail,and on the basis of experiments and production,a set of scientific cultivation techniques was summarized to promote the large-scale cultivation of this characteristic vegetable.

Canopy Light Interception of a Conventional and an Erect Leafed Sorghum

Two sorghum lines, an erect leafed mutant sorghum and the wild type from which the mutant was generated, were field grown in rectilinear arrays at low (10 plants m-2) and high (23 plants m-2) population densities. Canopy light interception, biomass accretion and yield were measured. Photosynthetically active radiation under the canopy at ground level and midway through the canopy were higher in the erect leafed line, as compared to the normal leafed line. Planting density had less effect on mean grain yield and biomass in the erect leaf line than in the wild type. Though not conclusive, when taken together, the results suggested that optimal planting densities are higher for the erect leaf line and that the erect leaf trait could be useful for incorporation into breeding programs.

Review Paper: Challenges and Limitations in Studying the Shrink-Swell and Crack Dynamics of Vertisol Soils

The need to study the shrink-swell and crack properties of vertic soils has long been recognized given their dynamics in time and space, which modifies the physical properties that impact water and air movement in the soil, flow of water into the subsoil and ground water, and generally alter the hydrology of vertic soils. Measurement of crack properties has been made by numerous researchers with the purpose to understand and quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of shrinking and swelling and the associated formation of cracks. These crack properties, which are important in modifying hydrology of soils are: width, length, depth and orientation of soil’s cracks. To better understand the hydrology of vertic soils and incorporate crack properties into hydrologic simulation models, several techniques have been developed to measure crack properties. However, little attention is given to evaluate both the advantages and the limitations associated with these techniques. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight challenges and limitations that have been used or might be used to measure cracking in vertic soils.

Regulations on Planting Techniques of Harmless Feeding Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench in Hebei

According to many years of experimental summary, regulations on planting technique of harmless feeding Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moenchwere studied from the application scope, basic demands of planting, preparation be fore seeding, demands of seeding, field management, clipping and harvesting, transportation, storage, ledger management and other technical requirements, and specific measures and technical indicators of the technical regulations were analyzed, so as to provide normalized, standardized, industrial and marketization technical support for the planting of harmless feeding S. bicolor （L.） Moench.

Influence of deficit irrigation on nutrient indices in wine grape (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>L.)

Deficit irrigation is widely used in wine grape production (Vitis vinifera L.) to meet wine quality goals yet its influence on tissue nutrient indices has not been well studied. The objective of this research was to determine whether response to water deficit compromised the prescriptive usefulness of tissue nutrient analyses. Tissue macro and micronutrient composition at bloom and veraison were evaluated over multiple seasons in nine wine grape cultivars grown under well-watered or deficit-irrigated conditions. Deficit-irrigated vines sampled at veraison had 2 to 12-fold higher petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentration, 6% lower blade nitrogen concentration and 13% lower blade copper concentration compared to well-watered vines. Water deficit influenced blade potassium concentration at veraison differently according to cultivar and was lower (cv. Malbec, Petite syrah, Viognier, Lemberger and Sangiovese), higher (cv. Merlot, Cabernet franc and Cabernet Sauvignon) or similar (cv. Grenache) to well-watered vines. Results from this study indicate that nutrient analysis of petiole or blade tissue sampled at veraison has limited diagnostic and prescriptive usefulness when vines are grown under a water deficit.

Interspecific Chromosome Substitution Lines as Genetic Resources for Improvement,Trait Analysis and Genomic Inference

The genetic base that cotton breeders commonly use to improve Upland cultivars is very narrow.The AD-genome species Gossypium barbadense,G.tomentosum,and G.mustelinum are part of

Characteristics of Cheuopodium quinoa and Development Recommendations

Cheuopodium quinoa is annual Chenopodiaceae Cheuopodium herbaceous dicotyledon. It originated in the Andes in South America and has a planting history of more than 5000 years. Due to its unique characteristics,Cheuopodium quinoa has received wide attention in recent years. This paper elaborated the biological characteristics,nutritional value,utilization approach and economic benefits of Cheuopodium quinoa,introduced main problems in the development of Cheuopodium quinoa industry,and finally came up with recommendations for the development Cheuopodium quinoa industry in China.

Test of the Rosetta Pedotransfer Function for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Simulation models are tools that can be used to explore, for example, effects of cultural practices on soil erosion and irrigation on crop yield. However, often these models require many soil related input data of which the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the most important ones. These data are usually not available and experimental determination is both expensive and time consuming. Therefore, pedotransfer functions are often used, which make use of simple and often readily available soil information to calculate required input values for models, such as soil hydraulic values. Our objective was to test the Rosetta pedotransfer function to calculate Ks. Research was conducted in a 64-ha field near Lamesa, Texas, USA. Field measurements of soil texture and bulk density, and laboratory measurements of soil water retention at field capacity (–33 kPa) and permanent wilting point (–1500 kPa), were taken to implement Rosetta. Calculated values of Ks were then compared to measured Ks on undisturbed soil samples. Results showed that Rosetta could be used to obtain values of Ks for a field with different textures. The Root Mean Square Difference (RMSD) of Ks at 0.15 m soil depth was 7.81 × 10–7 m·s–1. Further, for a given soil texture the variability, from 2.30 × 10–7 to 2.66 × 10–6 m·s-1, of measured Ks was larger than the corresponding RMSD. We conclude that Rosetta is a tool that can be used to calculate Ks in the absence of measured values, for this particular soil. Level H5 of Rosetta yielded the best results when using the measured input data and thus calculated values of Ks can be used as input in simulation models.

Continuously Monitored Canopy Temperature as a Proxy for Plant Water Status

Water deficits are major limiters of crop yield worldwide. The detection of water deficits can be difficult. Measurements of the aerial and soil environment are often used to infer the water status and detect water deficits. Since crop yield accumulates incrementally and cumulatively over seasonal time scales, continuous direct monitoring of the water status of the crop may provide needed insight into plant/environment interactions. Canopy temperature can be measured near continuously on seasonal scales in the field. Cotton was grown under 11 irrigation regimes in 2009 and 2010 with water deficits from 26% to 86% of crop evapotranspiration. Yield varied accordingly from ~500 kg·ha-1 to ~2600 kg·ha-1. Canopy temperature was measured on a 15-minute interval for ~65 days in each year. Yield was described by a linear function of total water (irrigation + rain) for each year with similar slopes and different intercepts. When canopy temperature was used as a surrogate for total water, yield was linearly related to daytime leaf-to-air VPD, mean seasonal canopy temperature, mean seasonal daytime canopy temperature, and cumulative seasonal daytime canopy temperature. Limiting the analysis to daytime periods improved the ability to account for yield variation. Mean daytime seasonal canopy temperature and cumulative seasonal daytime temperature were most effective in accounting for yield variation across the seasons with a single regression line for both years.

Effect of Ambient UV-B on Stomatal Density, Conductance and Isotope Discrimination in Four Field Grown Soybean [<i>Glycine max</i>(L.) Merr.] Isolines

An experiment was designed to test whether ambient levels of UV-B radiation affect stomatal development, decrease stomatal density, and lead to increased water-use efficiency (WUE). Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] isolines with different stomatal distribution and flavonol expression patterns were field grown under shelters that either transmitted or blocked solar UV-B. All isolines exposed to solar UV-B accumulated higher concentrations of UV-screening phenolic pigments but other responses were isoline dependent. Solar UV-B decreased stomatal density and conductance in isolines expressing a unique branched kaempferol triglycoside. Decreased stomatal density was associated with increased season-long WUE and decreased internal CO2 concentration of leaf (estimated by δ13C discrimination). We concluded that photomorphogenic responses to UV-B affected stomatal density and WUE in field grown soybean;but that the magnitude and direction of these response were associated with isogenic pleiotropic differences in stomatal distribution and pigment expression. UV-B radiation had no effect on biomass accumulation or yield in a cultivar expressing only trace levels of kaempferol suggesting that flavonol expression is not prerequisite to UV-B tolerance.