An analysis of the interaction mechanism between the social history of medicine research and health communication from the perspective of mass communication

The mass communication model and interactive ritual chain theory,which serve as communication paradigms in the new media era,facilitate and enhance the synergy between the fields of social history of medicine and health communication.This study employs a comprehensive framework based on the five elements of the mass communication model:information source,communication subject,communication object,message content,and post-communication feedback.Additionally,it incorporates the interactive ritual chain theory to examine the evolving dynamics and developmental trajectory of research in the social history of medicine during the new media era.Conclusively,this paper acknowledges the existing interaction gaps in the interaction between health communication and the social history of medicine research while outlining the challenges for fostering collaboration and proposing strategic optimizations for effective integration.

Understanding Poison:Study of a Word Du from the Perspective of Comparative History

This article investigates the word Du(毒)in premodern Chinese medicine and culture.It highlights the paradoxical meaning of the word that served as a foundation for the therapeutic use of poisons in traditional Chinese medicine.The article then situates the study in a comparative framework.By comparing the Chinese notion of Du with the Greek concept of pharmakon,it demonstrates significant similarities on the medical use of poisons in the two cultures.It further identifies a striking difference:While the European pharmacy started to separate poisons from medicines in the medieval era,poisons remained an integral part of healing repertoire throughout imperial China.The article ends with offering some cultural explanations for this divergence,and more broadly,a distinct worldview as revealed by the intimate relationship between poisons and medicines in traditional Chinese pharmacy.

Globalization and Glocalization in the History of Chinese Medicine

The globalization of Chinese medicine, forged through successive waves of migration, cultural exchanges, and economic imperatives, constitutes a nuanced and intricate process with historical roots extending over millennia. It stands as the culmination of interconnected historical events that reverberated beyond the confines of China, emerging as a phenomenon characterized by the adjustment of Chinese medical theories, clinical practices, and materia medica to indigenous customs and healthcare traditions prevalent in both proximate and distant regions. In these glocalized processes, the global and the local intersect and mix. The frameworks of globalization and glocalization allow a critical interpretation of the many hybridizations that have shaped overseas Chinese medicine's history and present.

A historical overview of nano-optics:From near-field optics to plasmonics

Nano-optics is an emergent research field in physics that appeared in the 1980s,which deals with light–matter optical interactions at the nanometer scale.In early studies of nano-optics,the main concern focus is to obtain higher optical resolution over the diffraction limit.The researches of near-field imaging and spectroscopy based on scanning near-field optical microscopy(SNOM)are developed.The exploration of improving SNOM probe for near-field detection leads to the emergence of surface plasmons.In the sense of resolution and wider application,there has been a significant transition from seeking higher resolution microscopy to plasmonic near-field modulations in the nano-optics community during the nano-optic development.Nowadays,studies of nano-optics prefer the investigation of plasmonics in different material systems.In this article,the history of the development of near-field optics is briefly reviewed.The difficulties of conventional SNOM to achieve higher resolution are discussed.As an alternative solution,surface plasmons have shown the advantages of higher resolution,wider application,and flexible nano-optical modulation for new devices.The typical studies in different periods are introduced and characteristics of nano-optics in each stage are analyzed.In this way,the evolution progress from near-field optics to plasmonics of nano-optics research is presented.The future development of nano-optics is discussed then.

The Intellectual Journey and Contributions of Riazanov Through the Lens of Marx’s Biography

The article delves into the intellectual endeavors and contributions of David Riazanov in the realm of Marxist scholarship,particularly through his pivotal role at the Marx-Engels Institute(MEI)following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.Despite an early academic setback,Riazanov’s self-taught expertise in various disciplines laid a solid foundation for his contributions to Marxism.Riazanov’s tenure at the MEI was marked by significant projects aimed at collecting,editing,and publishing Marx and Engels’works,culminating in the comprehensive compilation MEGA1.His advocacy for an authentic representation of original texts underscored his scholarly rigor.Riazanov’s pre-revolutionary activities and his critical stance on Bolshevik policies highlighted his dedication to a broader socialist movement.Despite ideological differences and challenges,Riazanov’s efforts significantly advanced the understanding and dissemination of Marxist thought,underscoring the complex interplay between political activism and academic scholarship in the development of socialist ideology.

“Luminous Conflicts:Navigating Architecture,Light,and Visitor Experience in Museums”:The Case of Yale Center for British Art

The architectural design of the YCBA(Yale Center for British Art)exemplifies Kahn’s exploration of light as a transformative element.However,preserving sensitive materials within the museum challenges the building’s original intent.The potential harm caused by light necessitates control measures,potentially compromising the intended luminous ambiance envisioned by Kahn.A comprehensive survey revealed a strong preference for natural light in the museum environment.Visitors appreciated the ethereal qualities and heightened engagement with exhibits facilitated by natural light.This research critically examines the balance between architectural vision,preservation imperatives,and visitor expectations,highlighting the museum space as a dynamic field of action.The architectural elements,interior configuration,lighting,and movement are in constant harmony and conflict.This investigation contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between architecture,light,the museum experience,and knowledge.It underscores the importance of considering preservation,design,and visitor preferences when balancing these elements in museums.

Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

The Emergence of Modern Physics Research in China:The Yenching Department of Physics and the Rockefeller Foundation

Based on archival materials discovered in America,Britain,and China,this paper carefully examines the history of the short-lived and completely overlooked Department of Physics in the Premedical School of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),and uncovers this department’s extensive interconnections with its counterpart at Yenching University.This project also looks into the Master of Science(MS)program in the Department of Physics at Yenching University,which,founded in 1927,was the first graduate program in physics in China.It was this MS program that transformed the Yenching Department from a largely premedical training center serving the PUMC into a prominent cradle of Chinese physics research.This Yenching Department,despite its small faculty and brief existence,nurtured many eminent Chinese physicists,such as Chao-Ying Meng孟昭英,Wen-Yu Chang张文裕,Ming-Chen Wang王明贞,Chia-Liu Luke Yuan袁家骝,Cheng-Shu Wang(Chang)王承书,Ho-Fu Lu卢鹤绂,Ting-Sui Ke葛庭燧,Kun Huang黄昆,and Chia-Lin Hsieh谢家麟.It would have been impossible to achieve these outstanding accomplishments without the effective leadership and pioneering work of C.H.Corbett,P.A.Anderson,Y.M.Hsieh,and W.Band—the first four Department Chairs—in combination with relatively abundant private funding,mostly from America,and extensive educational connections with Western institutions.This paper not only introduces in detail these four department heads and their contributions,but also discloses the unique role played by the Rockefeller Foundation via the China Medical Board and the PUMC in the development of the Yenching Department of Physics.

On the Present and the Past of Pandemics

During the COVID-19 pandemic,a multitude of narratives saturated the print,audiovisual,and electronic media.Improvised,uninformed,apocalyptic and voluntarist approaches abounded.These notes-written during the pandemic and delivered in the conference series-address the proliferation of such discourses,emphasizing a series of issues.First,the widespread ignorance about the history of epidemics.Then,the inability to deal with the uncertainties that reign during pandemic times,as well as the announcements that this extraordinary health/sanitary event would produce a profound watershed in all walks of life and in all corners of the world.Finally,and against the general assertion that“one learns from the past to understand the present,”these notes seek to point out how the present can illuminate the study of the past-or,more personally,what I think I have learned as a historian in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic.

From Medicine to Popular Beverage:The Spread of Singlo Tea in Europe From the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century

Singlo tea was not only highly sought after in China but also gained substantial popularity in Europe during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.From European primary sources spanning the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,the popularity of Singlo tea in Europe may have been attributed to the fascination with exotic fashions and products,as well as its medicinal properties.As a result of its popularity,Singlo became known as standard green tea.This kind of tea was eventually replaced by green and black teas of other varieties.Based on the case study of Singlo,this essay indicated that Europeans showed more interest in green tea than in black tea in the early period of Sino-European tea trade.However,Singlo was eventually replaced by other kinds of green and black tea.Its decline in European markets also marked the beginning of black tea’s gradual dominance in the Sino-European tea trade.The spread history of Singlo tea in Europe showed how medicine and commerce interacted.It provided an opportunity to learn about Chinese medicine and culture from a foreign perspective.

Research on Chinese Medical History from a Global Perspective:Theory,Method,and Historical Materials

1 Research on the History of Chinese Medicine The years 2020 to 2023 are etched in stone for most of the world’s population,an era to feel the world with the body’s sense of pain,a prevail for a time knowledge of the pandemic,and a time when physical responses will decide politics.Since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020,academic exchanges between countries have been hampered;there are signs that globalization is getting to an end.

Radio-Acoustic Study of Thunderstorms

The observation, in the past, that a thunderstorm perturbed the transmissions of an old vacuum tubes radio with noise discharges in correspondence with lightnings, suggested the possibility of radio-acoustic study of thunderstorms. The noise discharges appeared to convey not only information about lightnings, but also about any other thunderstorm electromagnetic phenomena generating noise discharges. The low-cost instrumentation involved in the radio-acoustic study, comprised a radio Telefunken mod. T33B, a 15 m long indoor wire antenna, a mobile telephone Samsung Galaxy S20 FE 5G provided with the recorder App Enregistreur vocal, a computer HP Pavillion dv5-1254eg and the s/w audio analyser Audacity. A first thunderstorm on 20 June 2023 and a second thunderstorm on 22 June 2023, both above Munich, were radio-acoustic studied. The second thunderstorm was more active than the first and released much more energy.

The Imperative of Inter-Modal Transport System in Nigeria: A Case Study of Asaba and Onitsha Transportation System

Transport system in Nigeria is predominantly uni-modal as it is estimated that over ninety per cent of goods and passengers are transported by road.The over-reliance on road transport for the transportation of bulk of goods and people has contributed greatly to the deterioration of Nigeria’s roads and the attendant increase in road maintenance costs.Researches by scholars have revealed that a single means of transport cannot adequately serve the intra and inter-transport needs of the majority of people living in urban cities.Asaba and Onitsha located at the banks of river Niger have outlets for water-based transport services,which are yet to be fully developed and integrated with the dominant road transport system.Bulky goods that arrived by sea are best transported from the port through the waterways to inland ports.The Onitsha port,which was established in the 1980s has not been functioning and this makes road transport the only option for transportation of goods and people between the two cities.It is against this background,that this paper surveys the transport modes in the two cities and advocates the need for inter-modal transport modes that would ensure seamless movement of people and goods between the two cities and with other parts of the country.The paper submits that for the two cities to derive full benefits of the different transport modes,there is need for efficient inter-modal transport systems linking the two cities and regions in order to minimize the frequent chaotic traffic congestion on the Niger bridge.The optimal utilization of inter-modal transport modes would enable each transport mode to perform its distinctive roles which would lead to faster transportation of passengers and goods as well as ensure reduction in transport costs.The paper also proffers ways of achieving an efficient inter-modal transport system between Asaba and Onitsha and Nigeria at large.

Perceptions and Controversies on Cholera in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Field in the Late Qing Dynasty

At the beginning of the initial cholera outbreak in China,Wang Qingren(王清任),after years of clinical trials,became an early representative who discovered the infectious characteristics and observed the course of cholera in the field of traditional Chinesse medicine(TCM).Kou Langao(寇兰皋)and Xu Zimo(徐子默),both medical practitioners,constructed a diagnosis and treatment system for cholera with cold patterns under the theory of typhoid.They represented“School of Cholera with Cold Patterns”(SCCP).In the 1860s,with the influence of Wang Shixiong’s(王士雄)studies on the nature of cholera under the theory of epidemic febrile disease,the“School of Cholera with Heated Patterns”(SCHP)prevailed thereafter.The two schools complemented each other in theories and contributed to the integrity of TCM in cholera diagnosis and treatment.By reviewing previous literature,books,clinical cases,and historical materials in medical field,this article aims 1)to summarise the influence of TCM on the cognitive development towards cholera in the late Qing dynasty;2)to explore the origin of the controversy between SCCP and SCHP from historical evidence;3)to summarize the historical lessons from the debate over cholera in TCM based on the principle of treatment based on pattern identification,and offer suggestions for the current prevention and treatment of new diseases using TCM.

Burril-Bernard Crohn(1884-1983)and the disease which bears his name

Background:Crohn’s disease,described by Dr.Burrill Crohn and his colleagues in 1932,continues to be of great research and clinical interest.It was initially perceived as a distinct condition and it has evolved since into a complex disease,with debates still going regarding its classification and etiology.Even though more that 80 years of research have passed,numerous significant questions regarding the disease’s causes and best possible treatment strategies still remain.Methods:This article reviews both historical and contemporary perspectives on Crohn’s disease,including its initial description,the research developments that happened in the years to follow,as well as the way it is regarded nowadays.It refers to notable contributions from medical figures,such as Dr.Crohn and his colleagues,examines related advances made in medical research and mentions the challenges and the treatment strategies that are still being discussed.Results:This article highlights the evolution of Crohn’s disease from a distinct condition to a more heterogeneous one.Furthermore,it refers to advancements made in medical research,such as the identification of CARD15(NOD2)gene mutations and the role of dysbiosis,and it examines current therapeutic approaches.Conclusion:Even though significant progress has been made since the initial description of Chron’s disease,there is no definitive cure,even though it has been determined that genetic and environmental factors are of great importance.The ongoing research could possibly lead to future discoveries and therefore aid in the discovery of efficient management and treatment of Crohn’s disease.

Areas of research and clinical approaches to the study of liver abscess

AIMTo analyze the research activity on liver abscess (LA) and identify the main topic clusters in the area.METHODSWe identified all documents using the medical subject heading “LA” indexed in the MEDLINE database between 2001 and 2015. We performed a descriptive bibliometric analysis, characterizing the evolution of scientific activity, the publication types of the documents, the document categories of clinical interest (case reports, clinical trials, evaluation studies, meta-analysis, observational studies, practice guidelines and validation studies) and the geographic distribution of the research. We also carried out an analysis of networks and research clusters in order to identify the main topic areas of research.RESULTSOur search yielded a total of 1278 documents, showing a stable scientific production over the study period and a marked multidisciplinary nature. The research was dominated by case reports (65.9% of the documents analyzed). In terms of geographic distribution, researchers from the United States led in the number of signatures (n = 229), followed by those from Taiwan (n = 185), India (n = 145), Japan (n = 144), South Korea (n = 100), and China (n = 84). With regard to amebic LA, the top-producing countries were India and Mexico (n = 69 each), followed by the United States (n = 29). In the case of pyogenic LA, Taiwan Residents researchers led scientific production (n = 71), followed by the United States (n = 39) and China (n = 29). The most active areas of research in the field are diagnosis via computerized tomography scan, differential diagnosis with regard to liver cancer, treatment with antimicrobial agents, and Klebsiella infections (including bacteremia).CONCLUSIONClinical case reports associated with diagnosis and treatment are the main topic of study, highlighting the importance of this document type in advancing knowledge.

Anti-free radical,anti-oxidative ability and anti-fatigue effects of Huanshaodan An experiment of aging mice

In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, aging is mainly thought renal deficiency caused renal failure, mainly involving decline of kidney-Yang and deficiency of kidney-essence. Huanshaodan, a Chinese traditional preparation for kidney-replenishing essence, was used to be the preparation for reinforcing renal deficiency and preventing aging for aged people. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of Huanshaodan on swimming durance and the abilities of catalase （CAT） in serum and monoamine oxidase-B （MAO-B） in brain tissue as well as in vitro anti-oxidative ability of aging mouse. DESIGN： A controlled animal experiment. SETTING： College of Basic Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MATERIALS： Fifty-four healthy NIH mice, aged 18 months old, of either gender, weighing （48.9±5.4） g, and one SD male rat, aged 16 months old, weighing 51.7 g, were provided by Animal Experimental Center, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Thirty NIH mice were randomly chosen for swimming test, and divided into experimental group and control group, with 15 in each; The other 24 NIH mice were used for enzyme activity assay, and also divided into experimental group and control group, with 12 in each. SD rat was used for in vitro anti-oxidative ability test, Huanshaodan water decoction was composed of Cheqianzi, Wuweizi, Huaishan, Danggui, Huangbai, Shudi, Baizhi, Niuxi, Baishen, Tusizi, Buguzhi, Roucongrong and Heshouwu 13 Chinese herbs. METHODS： This study was carried out in the Second Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in June 2006. Swimming and enzyme activity assay： Mice in the two experimental groups were intragastrically administrated with l0 μL/g Huanshaodan water decoction. Mice in the two control groups were intragastrically administrated with the same amount of normal saline. All the mice were intragastrically administrated for 5 days, and they were free to access to medicine in the other 2 days in a week. Each mouse was administrated for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Forty days after administration, mice in the experimental group and control group for swimming test were loaded at tails and allowed to swim in the water-tank. Swimming durance was recorded. ② Following the method of Chen Qi, the activities of CAT in serum and MAO-B in brain tissue as well as the inhibitory rate of each medicine on malonaldehyde （MDA） content in the in vitro rat hepatic tissue were determined; Meanwhile, the inhibitory rate of different doses of Tusizi liquid to MDA content in the rat hepatic tissue in vitro was also assayed. RESULTS： Fifty-four NIH mice and one SD rat were recruited in this experiment. Three mice died in the swimming test, and all the other animals were involved in the final analysis. ① Swimming durance of mice in the experimental group was significantly longer than that in the control group （ t =7.502, P 〈 0.01 ） . The activity of CAT in serum of mice in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group （ t =13.307, P 〈 0.01 ） . ② The activity of MAO-B in brain tissue of mice in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group （t =l3.27, P 〈 0.01 ） . ③The inhibitory rate of Cheqianzi, Wuweizi, Huaishan, Danggui, Huangbai, Shudi, Baizhi, Niuxi, Baishen, Tusizi, Buguzhi, Roucongrong and Heshouwu 13 Chinese herbs of Huanshaodan to MDA in the rat hepatic tissue in vitro was - 62.9, - 95.1, - 34.9, - 65.1, - 99.1, - 87.2, - 94.1, - 20.0, - 67.0, - 83.7, - 91.0, - 98.4, - 93.0, respectively. ④ The inhibitory rate of low to high dose of Tusizi liquid to MDA content in the rat hepatic tissue in vitro was - 3.41, - 18.1, - 26.6, - 83.7, respectively. CONCLUSION： Huanshaodan enhances swimming endurance, anti-oxygen free radical and anti-oxidativeabilities, and thus, it can delay aging.

Impact Factors on Distribution and Characteristics of Natural Plant Community in Reclamation Zones of Changjiang River Estuary

To identify impact factors on the distribution and characters of natural plants community in reclamation area, with survey data from 67 plant quadrats in July 2009, soil properties data from 216 sampling points in April 2009, and TM (30 m) data in 2006, the composition and characteristics of natural plants community in different time of the Fengxian area in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary were analyzed with two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The results show that: 1) The plant communities in the reclaimed area are mainly mesophytes and helophytic-mesophytic transitional communities, showing a gradient distribution trend with the change in reclamation years. Species richness (MA), species diversity (H) and above-ground biomass also increase with the increase of reclamation years. Nevertheless, they appear to decline slightly in the middle and late reclamation period (> 30 years). 2) With the rise in land use levels, the changes in species richness and species diversity tend to increase at first and then decrease; species dominance (D), however, tends to decline; and above-ground biomass increases slightly. 3) The distribution of the plant community is mainly influenced by the following factors: land use levels (R = 0.55, p < 0.05), soil moisture (R = 0.53, p < 0.05), soil salinity (R = 0.43, p < 0.05) and reclamation time (R = 0.40, p < 0.05).

Digestion process and causes of indigestion based on Avicenna's view and modern medicine

The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and indigestion. Avicenna’s view was based on the humoral theory. Avicenna has focused scrutiny on the process of digestion. He divided this process into four phases including gastric, hepatic, intravascular and intra-organ digestion. A defect in any of these phases can lead to disturbance in other stages. Avicenna approached the problem of indigestion through factors of diet, lifestyle and inherent structural characteristics of digestive organs. Modern medicine confirms Avicenna's opinion about the start of digestion from the mouth, the role of the stomach in digestion and the role of the liver in the metabolism of foods. Overeating or eating certain foods, snacking between meals, eating variety of different foods together, intense physical activity, sexual activity after a meal, stress and sleep insufficiency are among factors that may be linked to indigestion in modern medicine viewpoints and also have been mentioned in Avicenna's teachings. It seems rational to consider the medical approaches recommended by Avicenna for future studies in the field of digestive disorders.

A Geospatial Analysis of Mycenaean Habitation Sites Using a Geocumulative versus Habitation Approach

In this study GIS and spatial analysis were applied in order to thoroughly examine possible relationships between the location of Mycenaean (16th - 11th c. BC) settlements in Messenia and the geomorphological characteristics of the area of their establishment. The idea lying behind this attempt is that the Mycenaeans would not have established their habitation sites randomly but according to decisive criteria, among which geomorphological characteristics played an important role. Such criteria include land aspect, terrain slopes, the hydrographic network and the geology of the area, all significant factors which need to be taken into consideration in order to evaluate the choice of settlement establishment. The combination of all available geological and environmental data with archaeological records provides a better view of the way local environments were built up in the past in association with the human site exploration and habitation;this view, hereafter defined as the Geocumulative versus Habitation (GCH) approach, constitutes the axis of the present study. The results of the study show a clear tendency in choosing settlement locations according to GCH criteria, resulting in a preference for flat to low-lying ground, in an environmentally friendly orientation (with environmental conditions such as protection from the north wind and at the same time profit by the sunlight), facilitating exploitation of local geological resources and of the hydrographic network.