Exotic interactions between solitons of the （2＋1）-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system

Starting from the extended tanh-function method （ETM） based on the mapping method, the variable separation solutions of the （2＋1）-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik Novikov Veselov （ANNV） system are derived. By further study, we find that these variable separation solutions are seemingly independent of but actually dependent on each other. Based on the variable separation solution and by choosing appropriate functions, some novel and interesting interactions between special solitons, such as bell-like compacton, peakon-like compacton and compacton-like semifoldon, are investigated.

Fibre-Coupling Zig-Zag Beam Deflection Technology for Investigation of Attenuation Process of Laser-Induced Shock Waves

A novel fibre-coupling zig-zag beam deflection technology is developed to investigate the attenuation process of laser-induced shock waves in air. Utilizing ordinal reflections of probe beams by a pair of parallel mirrors, a zig-zag beam field is formed, which has eleven probe beams in the horizontal plane. When a laser-induced shock wave propagates through the testing field, it causes eleven deflection signals one after another. The whole attenuation process of the shock wave in air can be detected and illuminated clearly on one experimental curve.

Dependence of Arc Plasma Dispersion Capability on its Temperature

The relationship between the dispersion capability and the temperature of argon arc plasma at 1 atm is deduced in view of the plasma＇s refractive index equation. The results indicate that argon arc plasma has a normal dispersion and its dispersion capability is nonlinear to the plasma＇s temperature in a wide range of temperature and wavelength region. According to the results of numerical calculation, the preferred optical methods are believed to be suitable for the diagnosis of argon arc plasma in different temperature regions.

Iteration compensation of inside fringe in reconstructing field with an opaque object

An algorithm is suggested to compensate the inside fringe in reconstruction field for the iterative distortion when an opaque object exists.With numerical simulation, a model field with an opaque object is reconstructed by a new algebraic reconstructing technique (ART),named Simple Self-correlative ART (SSART),which shows that the inside fringe of the reconstructed field is quite irregular with serious profile distortion.An algorithm of the compensation of the inside fringe for the iterative distortion is suggested and applied to the reconstruction of the field.It is found that the reconstructed field is quite similar to the model.With the compensation algorithm, the field with an opaque object in can be accurately reconstructed by SSART.

Phase-Locking of a Gunn Oscillator at 3mm Waveband Using High Temperature Superconducting Josephson Junction Harmonic Mixer

A Gunn oscillator at 3mm waveband has been phase-locked to a synthesizer local oscillator using a high T_(c)YBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-δ) Josephson junction operated at 77K as the harmonic mixer,with harmonic numbers up to 52.The observed spectrum of the phase-locked output at the intermediate frequency(IF)shows clearly that the quality of the phase-locking is very good.To drive the analogue phase locking loop successfully,it is essential to have IF output and signal-to-noise ratio both as high as possible.

A Polydisperse Sphere Model Describing the Propagation of Light in Biological Tissue

A polydisperse sphere model with the complex refractive index is employed to describe the propagation of light in biological tissue. The scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and scattering phase function are calculated. At the same time, the inverse problem on retrieving the particles size distribution, imaginary part of the refractive index and number density of scatterers is investigated. The result shows that the retrieval scheme together with the Chahine algorithm is effective in dealing with such an inverse problem. It is also clarified that a group of parameters including the scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and phase function are associated with another group including the refractive index, particle size distribution and number density of scatterers, which is a problem described in two different ways and the anisotropy factor is not an independent variable, but is determined by the phase function.

Analysis of random laser scattering pulse signals with lognormal distribution

The statistical distribution of natural phenomena is of great significance in studying the laws of nature. In order to study the statistical characteristics of a random pulse signal, a random process model is proposed theoretically for better studying of the random law of measured results. Moreover, a simple random pulse signal generation and testing system is designed for studying the counting distributions of three typical objects including particles suspended in the air, standard particles, and background noise. Both normal and lognormal distribution fittings are used for analyzing the experimental results and testified by chi-square distribution fit test and correlation coefficient for comparison. In addition, the statistical laws of three typical objects and the relations between them are discussed in detail. The relation is also the non-integral dimension fractal relation of statistical distributions of different random laser scattering pulse signal groups.

Absorption characteristic of arc plasma in the infrared region

In this paper, argon arc plasma is chosen as an example to study the absorption characteristics of arc plasma in the infrared region. Firstly, the phase and the attenuation constants are deduced for the given temperature, pressure and probe wavelength regions. Based on those constants, the dependence of the attenuation constant on the temperature and pressure in the vicinity of a certain probe wavelength is found. Then, theoretical analysis and discussion are conducted. Maximal absorption occurs at the position where the contributions of neutral particles and electrons come to a balance in a physical point of view, which may provide some measures to take for decreasing or controlling the plasma absorption of electromagnetic waves.

Chahine algorithm to invert light scattering spectroscopy of epithelial dysplasia

To perceive the epithelial dysplasia from the light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is an inverse problem, which can be transformed into the inversion of the size distribution of epithelial-cell nuclei. Based on the simulation of single polarized LSS for epithelial-cell nuclei, Chahine algorithm is adopted to retrieve the size distribution. Numerical results show that Chahine algorithm has high inversion precision for both single-peaked and bimodal models, which implies the potential to increase diagnostic resolution of LSS.

Depth Determination of an Abnormal Heat Source in Biological Tissues

We deduce the surface temperature distribution generated by the inner point heat source in biological tissues and propose a graphic method to retrieve the depth of the point heat source.The practical surface temperature distribution can be regarded as the convolution of the temperature distribution of the inner point heat source with the heat source shape function.The depth of an abnormal heat source in biological tissues can be retrieved by using the graphic method combined with the blind deconvolution scheme.

STUDY ON PERTURBATION LAYER OF SILICON WITH "MIRAGE EFFECT" TECHNIQUE

The relative changes of thermal diffusivity lengths in ionimplanted and unirnplanted silicon wafers were studied,with "mirage effecct",i,e,OBD techique.The fundamental principle,experimental results and feasible explanation are presented.

Exact Travelling Solutions of Discrete sine-Gordon Equation via Extended Tanh-Function Approach

In this paper, we generalize the extended tanh-function approach, which was used to find new exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations or coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, to nonlinear differential-difference equations. As illustration, two series of exact travelling wave solutions of the discrete sine-Gordon equation are obtained by means of the extended tanh-function approach.

Calculations of Backscattering Mueller Matrices for Turbid Media with a Sphere Queue Model

A sphere queue model is introduced to calculate Mueller matrices of turbid media. Combined with the single scattering approximation, the backscattering Mueller matrices of turbid media can be computed rapidly by Mie theory. The numerical results agree with the azimuthal dependences of backscattering Mueller matrices＇ patterns from turbid media, which indicates that the major contribution to the Mueller matrices＇ patterns comes from the single scattering of the sphere queue, and the multiple scattering considered as a high-order correction does not change the patterns. The numerical analysis reveals that the contrast of Mueller matrices＇ patterns will decrease with increase of the concentration of media and the distance from the incident point.

Detecting Cells with the Scatter Plot Pattern of an Orthogonal Scattering Mueller Matrix

Flow cytometry is widely used in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineer- ing. In a traditional flow cytometry, the forward light scattering exhibits the cell size and the orthogonal light scattering provides additional information on the structures of the cells. Each type of cell in the im- mune system has a unique combination of forward and orthogonal scatter measurements, allowing us to count the number of each type of cells. Salzman et al. have shown that human lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes can be distinguished in unstained blood cells by light scattering measurements, mainly due to differences in orthogonal light scattering. Picking out the slightest difference of orthogonal light scattering is very important to increase measurement precision.

Reconstructing non-ideal-bordered field by simple self-correlative algebraic reconstruction technique

A new algorithm for iterative reconstruction is suggested.It is named simple self-correlative algebraic reconstruction technique (SSART).With numerical simulation experiments,SSART was applied in reconstructing a non-ideal-bordered field in order to test its reconstructive effect.For contrast,three current representative algebraic reconstruction(ARTs) including basic ART,simultaneous ART (SART) and modified SART (MSART) were simulated simultaneously.The calculated results and reconstructive accuracy are discussed with three kinds of error indexes,namely mean-square error (MSE),absolute value error (AVE) and peak error (PE).As the results,the indexes of reconstructive accuracy are much improved by the proposed SSART.The MSE and PE have been decreased by 63.6% on the order of magnitude 10-4 and 88.9% on the order of magnitude 0-2,respectively,compared to that of ART.It is concluded that SSART is one of the most super iterative reconstructing techniques.

Variable Separation Solutions in （1＋1）-Dimensional and （3＋1）-Dimensional Systems via Entangled Mapping Approach

In this paper, the entangled mapping approach （EMA） is applied to obtain variable separation solutions of （1＋1）-dimensional and （3＋1）-dimensional systems. By analysis, we firstly find that there also exists a common formula to describe suitable physical fields or potentials for these （1＋1）-dimensional models such as coupled integrable dispersionless （CID） and shallow water wave equations. Moreover, we find that the variable separation solution of the （3＋1）-dimensional Burgers system satisfies the completely same form as the universal quantity U1 in （2＋1）-dimensional systems. The only difference is that the function q is a solution of a constraint equation and p is an arbitrary function of three independent variables.

Optimization Scheme Based on Differential Equation Model for Animal Swarming

This paper is devoted to introducing an optimization algorithm which is devised on a basis of ordinary differential equation model describing the process of animal swarming. By several numerical simulations, the nature of the optimization algorithm is clarified. Especially, if parameters included in the algorithm are suitably set, our scheme can show very good performance even in higher dimensional problems.

Calculation and analysis of Mueller matrix in light scattering detection

A new criterion for target detection and identification is proposed to realize metal/dielectric identification and recognition based on Mueller matrix analysis. By using randomly rough surfaces as targets, numerical calculations are used to prove the robustness and accuracy of the criterion. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to successfully explain the criterion by theoretical analysis. We believe the work orovides an important reference for polarization imaging in laser radar and remote sensing, and so on.

Fourier analysis of elastic light scattering spectrum of epithelial cell nuclei

A new method for simultaneously determining the size and refractive index of epithelial cell nuclei is presented. The function of the modified elastic light scattering spectrum is regarded as a function of wave number factor, Q=2λ-1sin（θ/2）. The modified spectrum has a constant oscillation period with its frequency proportional to the average diameter of cell nuclei. To the same average diameter, the different relative refractive indexes of epithelial cell nuclei only induce the horizontal shift of the spectra. Both the oscillation frequency and the horizontal shift are quantified by the fast Fourier transform on the modified spectra. The average diameter can be figured out through the peak frequency divided by the value of the refractive index of the surrounding medium. The phase angle of the peak frequency has an approximate linear relationship with the relative refractive index of epithelial cell nuclei.

Sire ulator Study of SIS Parametric Amplifier

It is well known that in a superconductor-insulator-superconductor （SIS）junction the reactive part of the quasiparticle respoffse Rej1 rises steeply below the gap, whereas the resistive part Imj1 remains zero up to the gap. Thus an SIS junction may be operated as a purely reactive device, making it possible to build a reflection parametric amplifier. Lee presented a theoretical analysis of this mode and predicted that the quantum limit for